TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Definitions:    R8 = phenyl optionally substituted with R15 at fourth position; and    R2, R15 = 1-30C alkyl (optionally substituted) or H.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 2 Compounds (I) are disclosed i.e. 2-octyl-8-phenylchrysene of formula (Ia), and 2-butyl-8-(4-butylphenyl)chrysene.    EXAMPLE - 0.089 g Of metal magnesium and 2 ml of tetrahydrofuran were added to a 30 ml three-neck flask with a cooling pipe. Then 0.55 of 1-bromooctane was dropped into the mixture under a nitrogen atmosphere. The obtained mixture was then stirred at room temperature for 1 hour, and a Grignard reagent was prepared. Then, under a nitrogen atmosphere, 1 g of 2-bromo-8-phenylchrysene, 14 mg of (1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane)dichloronickel(II), and 15 ml of tetrahydrofuran were added in the flask, and the mixture was cooled to 0 degrees C. Then Grignard reagent of 1-bromooctane was added, and the mixture was stirred at 0 degrees C for 4 hours. After the end of the reaction, dilute hydrochloric acid and heptane were added and crystal was filtrated. The resultant crude product was then purified by column chromatography and recrystallization to obtain 2-octyl-8-phenylchrysene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ratio of chloroauric acid, palladium tetrachloride and nickel nitrate is 0.35:0.35:0.30.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The ferritic stainless steel comprises less than 0.95 %mass manganese, greater than 2.5 %mass silicon, and 0.5 %mass or less aluminum. An oxide film is formed on the surface of stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method comprises reacting (II) with (III) at 80-110 degrees C in presence of 0.5-1 equivalent base. (IV) Are obtained without addition of ligand. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 13 Specific compounds (I) are prepared, e.g. N-(9,9-dimethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-N-phenyl-9,9'-spirobi(fluoren)-2-amine (IVa), N-(biphenyl-4-yl)-N-(9,9-dimethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-9,9'-spirobi(fluoren)-2-amine, N-(9,9-dimethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-N-(naphthalen-2-yl)-9,9'-spirobi(fluoren)-2-amine, N-(9,9-dimethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-N-(naphthalen-1-yl)-9,9'-spirobi(fluoren)-2-amine and N-(biphenyl-4-yl)-N-(9,9-dimethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-7-phenyl-9,9'-spirobi(fluoren)-2-amine.    EXAMPLE - 5 g Phenyl-N-(9,9-dimethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)amine, 5.3 g 1,1,1-tributyl-N,N-diethylstannanamine and 40 ml anhydrous toluene were reacted for 1 hour at 85 degrees C to obtain a reaction solution. 30ml Toluene solution of bis(9,9'-spirobi(fluorene-2-yl))-bis(tri-o-tolylphosphine)palladium(II) bromide was added to the resultant solution and reacted for 4 hours at 100 degrees C, cooled, , extracted with diethyl ether and 4N hydrogen chloride solution, the layers were separated, and solvent was removed in the organic layer. The resultant solution again extracted with diethyl ether and 10% potassium fluoride mixture, the layers were separated, organic layer was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and filtered, the filtered organic layer was concentrated and separated by column using ethyl acetate and hexane mixture as eluent to obtain 5.1 g N-(9,9-dimethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-N-phenyl-9,9'-spirobi(fluoren)-2-amine with 81% yield.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Iodide is potassium iodide or sodium iodide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): Aryl compound of formula (II)-(VI) are reacted with methylene cyclopropane fullerene in presence of iodide and crown ether to obtain cyclopropane fullerene derivative (I). Alternately, cyclopropane fullerene derivative (I) is obtained by reacting indene compound of formula (VII) with methylene cyclopropane fullerene and refluxing.X=Cl or Br.Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of compound (VII) and methylene cyclopropane fullerene is 1-100:1, preferably 9-90:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The palladium source is chosen from palladium chloride, palladium acetate, tetramine dichloropalladium, palladium nitrate and diamminedichloropalladium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The acid is chosen from acetic acid, citric acid, tannic acid and tartaric acid. The concentration of the acid is 1-10 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The water-soluble polymer is chosen from chitosan, polyacrylamide and polyaniline. The usage amount of water-soluble polymer is 0.1-10 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Elements (M1-Mn) are titanium, vanadium, chromium, germanium, manganese, niobium, molybdenum, ruthenium, rhodium, tin, tellurium, tantalum, rhenium, osmium, iridium, platinum and/or lead, preferably titanium and/or molybdenum. The complex oxide is preferably W(x)Ti(z1)O2, W(x)Mo(z1)O2 or W(x)Mo(z1)Ti(z2)O2, where z1/x is 1/7 or more (for titanium) and 1/8 or less (for molybdenum), x+z1+z2 is 1, z1 is greater than 0 to x or less, z2 is greater than to 0.1304 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Rare-earth-elements ion is chosen from cerium, samarium, europium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, and thulium. Amount of rare-earth-elements ion is 0.1-2 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Photosensitization ligand is chosen from aromatic imine compound, poly pyridine derivative, pyridine oxide derivative, quinoline derivative, benzophenone derivative, 1,4-acetyl biphenyl derivative, triazole derivative, ( beta )-diketonato, and phosphine oxide compound. Amount of photosensitization ligand is greater than or equal to 2 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The substrate is glass substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The chloride of metal is tin salt compound, preferably monobutyl tin trichloride or tin tetrachloride. Preferred Process: The formation of titanium dioxide thin film involves forming silicon dioxide thin film the substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The anodic oxide coating film has thickness of 8-150 mu m. The contact angle with respect to the water in the surface portion of the composite coating film structure is 75 degrees or more. Preferred Process: The anodic oxide coating film is formed using anodizing process liquid comprising oxalic acid and phosphoric acid. Preferred Composition: The insulating material comprises silicon oxide, siloxane resin, polysilazane, silicon nitride, zirconium oxide, titanium oxide, titanium nitride, aluminum oxide, aluminum nitride or compound containing at least any one of the basic skeleton of silicon oxide, siloxane resin, polysilazane, silicon nitride, zirconium oxide, titanium oxide, titanium nitride, aluminum oxide and/or aluminum nitride and hydrophobic group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The aluminum alloy further comprises 3.5-6.5 %mass magnesium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The method further involves heating the crystalline silicon substrate at a temperature of 700 degrees C or more, preferably 800 degrees C. The deposition of silicon oxynitride layer is carried out using plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The catalyst has Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area of 600-3000 m2/g and pore volume of 0.8-3 cm3/g. Preferred Composition: The content of element chosen from phosphorus, nitrogen, boron and sulfur is 0.2-20 atomic%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon source containing 3 or more hetero atom chosen from phosphorus, nitrogen, boron and sulfur is chosen from 38 compounds e.g. pyridine, pyrrole, aniline, glucosamine and glutamine. The carbon precursor is chosen from 20 compounds e.g. urea, sucrose, glucose, xylose and divinylbenzene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The rubber component is maleic-acid-modified hydrogenated styrene-butadiene rubber component. The epoxy resin component is polyglycidyl ether compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The aluminum alloy base material consists of less than 0.05 %mass silicon, less than 0.05 %mass iron, 0.02-4 %mass copper and 3.5-6.5 %mass magnesium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The anodic oxide film is a porous filmformed by anodizing a liquid containing oxalic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The insulator is a compound chosen from silicon oxide, siloxane bond-containing compound, polysilazane, alkyd resin, fluororesin, and/or epoxy resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of magnesium and alkali metal is 0.5-2. The alkali metal ion cathode is lithium ion cathode or sodium ion cathode. The lithium ion cathode comprises lithium titanate, lithium iron phosphate, lithium cobalt(III) oxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide and lithium-nickel-cobalt-aluminide (LiNiCoAl2). The sodium ion cathode comprises sodium titanium(III)sulfide, sodium nickel sulfide, sodium copper sulfide, sodium iron fluoride, sodium iron phosphate, sodium manganese phosphate, sodium calcium phosphate, sodium vanadium phosphate, sodium manganese oxide (Na0.44MnO2) or sodium-nickel-manganese oxide (NaNi0.5Mn0.5O2).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The magnesium salt is chosen from magnesium halide of formula: MgX2, magnesium hexafluorophosphate, magnesium compound of formula: Mg(OR1)2, magnesium trifluoromethanesulfonate, magnesium(II) bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide and magnesium perchlorate, preferably magnesium chloride. The alkali metal salt of formulae: MX, MPF6, MAlCl4, MB(C2O4)4(sic), MClO4, MH2PO4, M(CF3SO3)2, M(N(CF3SO3)2)2, M(BR2aX4-a), M(AlR2aX4-a), M(GaR2aX4-a), M(AsR2aX4-a), MCN and MSCN, preferably lithium chloride, lithium aluminum chloride, sodium chloride and sodium aluminum chloride. The Lewis acid comprises metal M and supporting ligand(s) comprising halide anion(s) and organic anion(s) chosen from alkyl, aryl, alkoxide, aryloxide, thiolate and amide. The Lewis acid is of formula: M'R3zX3-z, preferably chosen from triphenylalumane, aluminum chloride, ethylaluminumdichloride and gallium trichloride, preferably triphenylalumane and ethylaluminumdichloride.R1=aliphatic, aryl, alkoxy, aryloxy, thiolate or amido;M=alkali metal;a=0-4;R2=aliphatic, aryl, alkoxy, aryloxy, thiolate or amido;R3=organic anion(s) chosen from alkyl, aryl, alkoxide, aryloxide, thiolate and amido;andz=0-3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The crack guiding layer includes aluminum arsenide, and the device layer includes III-V material. The crack guiding layer is weakened by exposing the crack guiding layer to oxygen or compound containing oxygen. A stress inducing layer (20) is formed on the device layer to assist in initiating a crack through the crack guiding layer and/or the interfaces, by depositing nickel, tungsten, cobalt, or silicon germanide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carrier is active carbon, carbon nano tube and/or graphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The iron source is ferric chloride, ferric nitrate, ferric sulfate, ferrous sulfate and/or ferrous chloride. The carbon source is melamine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The concentration of vanadium element in pentavalent vanadium solution is 0.3-0.6 M.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Properties: The glass plate has glass transition point temperature of 640 degrees C or more and average thermal expansion coefficient of (70-90)asterisk\10-7/ degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The total content of strontium oxide and barium oxide is 6-18 %mass. The total content of sodium oxide and potassium oxide is 7-15 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The substrate is glass substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of tin salt compound is 0.025-0.08 mol% with respect to amount of titanium tetraisopropoxide. The tin salt compound is monobutyl tin trichloride or tin tetrachloride. A silicon oxide (SiOx, where x is more than 0 and 2 or less) thin film is formed between substrate and tin dioxide thin film. The film thickness of tin dioxide thin film and titanium dioxide thin film is 200-500 nm and 20-60 nm, respectively. The tin dioxide thin film contains fluorine or antimony as a dopant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The functional layer comprises chromium nitride. The dielectric outer layer comprises silicon nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The patterned covering layer is made of silicon nitride and aluminum oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The doping material is selected from a group consisting of boride, aluminide, gallide, phosphide, arsenide and telluride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of hydrazine in the mixed solution is 1-99 wt.%. The source of zinc carboxylate particles is zinc formate and/or zinc acetate. The source of copper is copper, copper sulfide, copper(II) sulfide, copper formate and copper acetate. The source of selenide is tin, tin sulfide, tn(II) sulfide, tin selenide, tin(II) selenide, tin formate and tin acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The granules or powder have a mode diameter of 5-80 mu m, a median diameter of 45 mu m or less, preferably 5-45 mu m, a mode diameter/median diameter ratio of 1.7 or less, and a residual solvent content of 1500 ppm or less, preferably 800 ppm or less. The concentration of compound (I) in the ester solvent solution is 20-90 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The ferritic stainless steel further comprises 0.0002-0.01 %mass boron, 0.005-1 %mass zirconium, 0.01-1 %mass vanadium, and/or 0.01-5 %mass vanadium, and 0.0002-0.005 %mass calcium and/or 0.0002-0.005 %mass magnesium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation: No general preparation given. Preferred Composition: The mol ratio of repeating units (I) and (V) of polyimide copolymer is 40:60-99.9:0.01. Preferred Properties: The heat-resistant film has thickness of 1-200 mu m, linear thermal expansion coefficient of 15 ppm/K or less, glass transition temperature of 370 degrees C or more, 5 wt.%-loss temperature in heating by nitrogen atmosphere of 570 degrees C or more, and break elongation of 10% or more. The copolymer of polyimide precursor has intrinsic viscosity is 0.3 dL/g or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Definitions:    a = 1;    X1 = NH;    R1 = methylene;    cationic site = ammonium, imidazolium, triazolium, pyridinium or morpholinium;    x = 1-5;    A1 = C; and    R2-R3-R4 = -N+H2-, -N+H(CH3)- or -N+(CH3)2-.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No suitable preparation given. Preferred Property: The average molecular weight of compound (I) or (ii) is 350-3000. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 11 Asymmetric fused polycyclic heteroaromatic compounds are disclosed e.g. 4,11,15-trithiatetracyclo(7.6.0.03,7.010,14)pentadeca-1,3(7),5,8,10(14),12-hexaene of formula (IA), 5,9,15-trithiapentacyclo(10.7.0.03,10.04,8.014,18)nonadeca-1(19),2,4(8),6,10,12,14(18),16-octaene, 3,7,16-trithiapentacyclo(10.7.0.02,9.04,8.013,17)nonadeca-1(12),2(9),4(8),5,10,13(17),14,18-octaene, 5,11,15,19-tetrathiahexacyclo(10.10.0.02,10.04,8.014,21.016,20)docosa-1(22),2(10),3,6,8,12,14(21),16(20),17-nonaene and 5,9,19-trithiapentacyclo(10.7.0.03,10.04,8.013,18)nonadeca-1(12),2,4(8),6,10,13(18),14,16-octaene.    EXAMPLE - 0.44 g 2-(Thieno(3,2-b)thien-2-ylmethyl)thiophene-3-carbaldehyde was dissolved in 30 mL benzene, 0.5 g Amberlyst 15 (RTM: macroreticular polymeric resin-based catalyst) was added, stirred, refluxed, cooled to room temperature and separating floating material, to obtain 4,11,15-trithiatetracyclo(7.6.0.03,7.010,14)pentadeca-1(9),2,5,7,10(14),12-hexaene with 60% yield.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dispersant is octadecyl dimethyl hydroxyethyl ammonium nitrate, octadecyl dimethyl hydroxyethyl ammonium perchlorate, dodecyl dimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride, dioctadecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide, octadecyl dimethyl hydroxyethyl ammonium nitrate, triethyl ammonium chloride, triethylammonium bromide, octatriethylammonium bromide, decyltriethylammonium bromide, dodecyltriethylammonium bromide, hexadecyltriethylammonium bromide, octadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, octatrimethyl ammonium chloride, decyltrimethyl ammonium chloride, dodecyltrimethyl ammonium chloride, hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium chloride, octadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, octadimethyl ammonium chloride, dodecyldimethyl ammonium chloride, bis-dodecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, bis-stearyl dimethyl ammonium chloride bis-octadimethyl ammonium bromide, bis-decyldimethyl ammonium bromide, bis-dodecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide, bis-octadecyldicarboxylic bromide, and/or polyethylene glycol type nonionic surfactant. The stabilizer is tetrapropylene sodium benzene sulfonate, dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, dibutyl sodium naphthalenesulfonate, dodecyl sodium naphthalenesulfonate, hexadecyl sodium naphthalenesulfonate, octadecylphenyl sodium sulfate, dodecylphenyl sodium sulfonate, hexadecylphenyl sodium sulfonate, or octadecyl sodium naphthalenesulfonate. The diluent is methanol, ethanol, propanol, and/or butanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The alcohol-soluble coating is dammar resin, alkyd resin, thermoplastic phenolic resin, urea-formaldehyde resin, or polyvinyl acetate resin. The defoamer is polyether defoamer, polyether modified silicone, or silicone. The coating comprises 10 pts. wt. graphene, 30 pts. wt. thermoplastic phenolic resin, 40 pts. wt. thinner, 5 pts. wt. cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide dispersant, 5 pts. wt. hexadecylphenyl sodium sulfonate stabilizer, and 1 pt. wt. polyether defoamer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Properties: The illumination intensity of solar cell is 1000 W/m2. Subcell (12) has a thickness of 1-2 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: A substrate underlying subcell (12) comprises germanium or gallium arsenide. Subcells (16,18) comprise GaInNAs, (Al)(In)GaP, (In)(Al)GaAs, (Al)InGaP and/or (In)GaAs.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The lithium-containing oxide has a cubic garnet crystal structure, comprises 10 mol% or more fluorine, and is free of grain boundaries. The lithium-containing oxide further comprises dopant(s) chosen from aluminum, gallium, indium, silicon, germanium, tin, antimony, bismuth, scandium, yttrium, titanium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium and tantalum, and a cation dopant incorporated into the oxide as phase (II). The lithium-containing oxide is of formula: Li7La3Zr2O12.zF, where z is greater than 0 mol% to less than 40 mol%. Preferred Property: The solid membrane has an ionic conductivity of 1x 10-4 S/cm or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The precursor compounds used in manufacture of lithium-containing oxide are chosen from lithium fluoride, sodium fluoride, potassium fluoride, magnesium fluoride, calcium fluoride, and barium fluoride, and further comprise lithium carbonate, lanthanum oxide, and zirconia.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkaline earth metal oxide is beryllium oxide, the carbonate is potassium carbonate, and the sulfate is magnesium sulfate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photovoltaic absorber material is made of copper indium gallium selenide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The tubular sputtering target is made of material selected from a group consisting of alloy of molybdenum and additional metallic material that comprises tantalum, niobium, chromium, tungsten and vanadium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The silane gas, oxygen gas, and nitrogen gas are supplied to the primary injector. The tin tetra-chloride, methanol, and pure water are used as the source gas supplied to the secondary injector. The silicon dioxide film and tin dioxide film are formed on the glass substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The refrigerant is ethanol and/or methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The ceramic particles contain yttrium trioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The transparent metal film is made of germanium, bismuth, platinum group, copper, gold, molybdenum, zinc, gallium, tin, indium, neodymium, titanium, aluminum, tungsten, manganese, iron, nickel, yttrium, and magnesium. The refractive index layers are the amorphous layers that are provided with zinc sulfide, metal oxide and metal fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin composition further contains 1-40 parts mass thermoplastic resin (E), 0.1-3 parts mass surface treating agent (F) and 0.1-3 parts mass hardening agent (G) with respect to 80 parts mass epoxy resin (A). The thermoplastic resin (E) is phenoxy resin. The surface treating agent (F) is silane coupling agent. The hardening agent (G) is ionic liquid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin composition further contains silica as inorganic filler (C), and phenoxy resin as thermoplastic resin (D).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The base substance is wafer or powdery single crystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, mica and/or quartz. The hydrogen-containing atmosphere is pure hydrogen or mixture of hydrogen and nitrogen or another inert gas which is helium or argon. The volume ratio of hydrogen is 75% or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ethanol solution of biomass-derived carbonaceous mesophase is solution prepared by dissolving biomass-derived carbonaceous mesophase in absolute ethyl alcohol. The concentration of biomass-derived carbonaceous mesophase in the ethanol solution is 0.01-5 wt.%. The alcohol solvent is methanol, ethanol, normal propanol, isopropanol, normal butanol, 1-pentanol and ethylene glycol, preferably ethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The zinc oxide raw material is zinc oxide-alumina (AZO) or indium trioxide-gallium trioxide-zinc oxide (IGZO).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The coating liquid is obtained from a component containing metal-containing compound, sulfur-containing compound and/or selenium-containing compound in an organic solvent. The group-15 metallic element of periodic table is antimony.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The photoelectric-converting layer of thin film solar cell further contains organic semiconductor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameters: Holding time is 1 minute-10 hours.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Organic solvent is chosen from hydrocarbons, alcohol, ethers, ketones, and ester, preferably benzene, toluene, xylene, chlorobenzene, and Cellosolves (RTM: Glycol ether). Titanium oxide cluster compound is compound which has 2 titanium atoms and in which titanium atom is bridged by bridging-oxygen atom, or compound of formula TixOy(OR1)z1(OR2)z2(OR3)z3. Titanium oxide cluster compounds are alcohol and substituted titanium oxide cluster which are made to react. Alcohol is phenol derivative and/or aliphatic alcohol. Phenol derivative is compound of formula (2). Aliphatic alcohol is polyhydric alcohol and/or ether alcohol compound of formula R9-CH(OH)-CH(R10)-O-R11. Amount of alcohol is 0.1-4 equivalent with respect to 1 equivalent of titanium oxide cluster compounds.x,y=2;z1-z3=0;R1-R3=H, alkyl and aryl which may contain functional group containing hetero atom;R4-R8=1-20C alkyl or H;R9,R11=1-20C alkyl or H; andR10=H, OH or 1-20C alkyl.Preferred Process: Liquid which consists of titanium oxide cluster compound and organic solvent is heat-processed in nitrogen and/or argon or applied to glass and/or resin substrate, and applied board is maintained and heat-processed at 250-400 degrees C. Preferred Definitions:    x=11 or 12, preferably 11;    y=13;    z1-z3=0; and    R1=iPr.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The esterification rate of polyglycerol 2-ethylhexanoate is 30-80 mol%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Amount of lithium hydrogen carbonate is 4-13 mass% with respect to total mass of electrolyte solution. Lithium hydrogen carbonate exists in greater than or equal to 1 part of the surface of the positive electrode active material. Positive electrode active material is a lithium-containing nickel series complex oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The compound semiconductor is group 13-15 compound semiconductor. The shell layer contains group 13-15 compound semiconductor or group 13-15 compound semiconductor (different from group 13-15 compound semiconductor).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The modifying organic compound has ( pi )-conjugated structure in molecule. The ( pi )-conjugated structure contains aromatic ring.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The dielectric nanoscale features comprise metal oxide e.g. silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, titanium oxide, hafnium oxide, zirconium oxide and aluminum oxide. The substrate or semiconductor material comprises silicon, germanium and a compound semiconductor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The substrate is a germanium-on-silicon substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The hydrocarbon is selected from The method is useful for the group consisting of ethanol, methane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, nonane, decane, isobutene, methanol, glycerol, dimethyl ether, formaldehyde, acetone, acetic acit, ethyl acetate, and E-85.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solubility-altering reactive group is a cross-linkable group, preferably carboxylic or sulfonic acid-forming precursor group, or alcohol-forming precursor group. The fluorinated solvent is a hydrofluoroether. The fluorine-containing group is fluoroalkyl. When the device is OLED device, the device substrate comprises layers of an organic OLED material. When the device is organic TFT device, device substrate comprises layers of an organic semiconductor material. When, the device is bioelectronic device, device substrate comprises organic conductor material, organic semiconductor material and/or biological material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The composition further includes a sensitizing dye which is attached to the branched copolymer as an additional repeating unit, and photo-acid generator compound. The copolymer includes a chain-terminating, sulfur- or bromine-containing group, and has fluorine content of 10-55 wt.%. The content of branching units with respect to the total of all copolymer units is 1-6 mol%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of total content of lithium oxide and sodium oxide, and aluminum oxide is 1:1. The total content of silicon dioxide and boron oxide is 76-90 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): The hybrid perovskite material is prepared by dissolving organic amine in methanol or ethanol, adding hydrogen halide, stirring for 0.5-12 hours, vacuum evaporating, adding metal halide, stirring at 80-120 degrees C for 1-12 hours, vacuum evaporating, adding to conductive glass, titanium dioxide and/or crystalline silicon as substrate material, spin coating and drying at 90-160 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inert atmosphere is used in carbonization. The inert atmosphere is nitrogen atmosphere or argon atmosphere. The doping element is selected from nitrogen element, thio element, boron element or phosphorus element.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Accelerator is selected from pyrrole, aniline, phenylboronic acid, phenylphosphonic acid, 1,4-diaminobenzene, 1,2-diaminobenzene, 1,3,5-tri(4-aminophenyl)benzene, 2-mercaptoaniline, 3-mercaptoaniline, p-aminothiophenol, cyanoaniline or thiocyanate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The aluminum alloy comprises 0.1-1 wt.% scandium, 0.1-5 wt.% magnesium, 0.075-0.5 wt.% zirconium, 0.075-0.5 wt.% ytterbium and/or 0.075-0.6 wt.% manganese. The aluminum alloy further comprises alloying element comprising less than or equal to 5 wt.% a mixture of copper, manganese, magnesium-silicon, zinc, lithium and/or silver, less than or equal to 2 wt.% a mixture of iron, nickel, cobalt, chromium, vanadium, titanium, niobium, tantalum, molybdenum, wolfram and/or hafnium, less than or equal to 1 wt.% a mixture of lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium and/or lutetium, and less than or equal to 0.5 wt.% a mixture of calcium, beryllium, strontium and/or barium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation given. EXAMPLE - 1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25-octakis(5,5,6,6,7,7,7-heptafluoroheptyl)phthalocyanine and 6-bis(5,5,6,6,7,7,7-heptafluoroheptyl) phthalonitrile were dissolved in 30 mL n-pentanol, heat-stirred, 0.003 g granular lithium was added, refluxed, cooled to room temperature, 15 mL glacial acetic acid was added, stirred, solvent was distilled off, cooled, 150 mL acetone was added, filtered, cleaned with cold methanol, extracted by Soxhlet extraction using methanol and hexane, and recrystallized using toluene, to obtain 0.15 g phthalocyanine compound of formula (I-a) as fine blue needle crystals with yield of 15%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): (I) is prepared by (a) adding substituted silicon-containing precursor of formula (II) into the solvent, (b) reacting by adding basic catalyst into the obtained mixture, and (c) drying the obtained reaction product, and reacting the obtained reaction product with metal compound.R4-R6 = halo or 1-8C alkoxy optionally substituted with halo.Preferred Components: (I) is impregnated with metal including silver, gold, platinum, iron, cobalt, aluminum, nickel, ruthenium, rubidium and/or iridium, and is mixed with an adsorbent including zeolite, activated charcoal, titania, silica and/or alumina. (II) is 1-(trimethoxysilyl)-propane-1,2,3-trithiol, 3-(trimethoxysilyl)-propane-1,2-dithiol, 1-(trimethoxysilyl)-propane-1,1-dithiol, 4-(trimethoxysilyl)-butane-1,3-dithiol, 3-(trimethoxysilyl)-propane-1,1-dithiol, 1-(trimethoxysilyl)-propane-1,2-dithiol or 1-(trimethoxysilyl)-propane-1,3-dithiol. The basic catalyst includes ammonia, potassium hydroxide and/or sodium hydroxide. EXAMPLE - 100 g Water was added into 250 ml beaker, 1 g 1-(trimethoxysilyl)-propane-1,3-dithiol was added, and stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. 0.1 ml Ammonium hydroxide was slowly added into a reactor, stirred for 5 hours, then reacted, the obtained reaction product was dispersed in 50 ml ethanol, aluminum hydroxide was added, and stirred. The obtained reaction product was filtered, washed for three times with 50 ml ethanol, and vacuum dried at 40 degrees C for 5 hours to obtain (I).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkaline component is sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The stilbene derivative is hexasodium 2,2'-(vinylenebis((3-sulphonato-4,1-phenylene)imino(6-(diethylamino)-1,3,5?triazine-4,2-diyl)imino))bis(benzene-1,4-disulphonate) or 1,3,5-triazine derivative of 4,4'-diamino-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The photovoltaic cell is crystalline-silicon solar cell, amorphous-silicon solar cell, microcrystal silicon solar cell, film silicon solar battery, heterojunction-type solar cell, multi-junction-type solar cell, cadmium sulfide/cadmium telluride solar cell, copper-indium-selenide-type thin film solar cell, copper-indium-gallium-selenide-type thin film solar cell, copper-zinc-tin-sulfide-type thin film solar cell, III-V group solar cell, dye-sensitized solar cell or organic-semiconductor solar cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic materials (A) and (B) comprise perylene derivative, benzoxazole derivative, benzothiadiazole derivative, benzotriazole derivative, and fluorene derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The photovoltaic cell is chosen from crystalline silicon solar cell, amorphous silicon solar cell, microcrystalline silicon solar cell, silicon film solar battery, heterojunction-type solar cell, multi-junction-type solar cell, cadmium sulfide/cadmium telluride solar cell, copper-indium-selenide-type thin film solar cell, copper-indium-gallium selenide-type thin film solar cell, copper-zinc-tin sulfide-type thin film solar cell, group-III-V element solar cell, dye-sensitized solar cell, and organic semiconductor solar cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The primary and secondary organic substances are chosen from perylene derivative, benzoxazole derivative, benzothiadiazole derivative, benzotriazole derivative, and fluorene derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The polyester film has mechanical strength of 150 MPa or more, tensile strength retention of 80% or more after processing in saturated steam at 121 degrees C under 2 atmospheres for 10 hours, surface roughness of 0.1-0.5 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The porous substrate comprises high-density polyethylene, low-density polyethylene, linear-low-density polyethylene, ultrahigh-molecular weight polyethylene, polypropylene terephthalate, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polyester, polyacetal, polyamide, polycarbonate, polyimide, polyetheretherketone, polyethersulfone, polyphenylene oxide, and polyphenylene sulfide. The ion transport resin comprises sulfonic acid group, phosphoric acid group, carboxylic acid group, and phosphate group in the side chain. The ion transfer resin is chosen from perfluorosulfonic acid-type polymer, hydrocarbon polymer, aromatic sulfone-based polymer, aromatic ketone polymer, polybenzimidazole-based polymer, polystyrene-based polymer, polyester polymer, polyimide-based polymer, polyvinylidene fluoride-based polymer, polyether sulfone-based polymer, polyphenylene sulfide-based polymer, polyphenylene oxide-based polymer, polyphosphazene-based polymer, polyethylene naphthalate-based polymer, polyester polymer, doped-polybenzimidazole-based polymer, polyether ketone-based polymer, polyphenylquinoxaline-based polymer, polysulfone-based polymer, sulfonated polyarylenether-based polymer, sulfonated polyether ketone-based polymer, sulfonated polyetheretherketone-based polymer, sulfonated polyamide-based polymer, sulfonated polyimide-based polymer, sulfonated polyphosphazene-based polymer, sulfonation polystyrene-based polymer and sulfonated low-density polyethylene-grafted-polystyrene-based polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation is given. Preferred Composition: The oxygen-containing compound is alcohol, formic acid or formate. The carbonyl compound is ketone, aldehyde or carboxylic acid. Preferred Process: The carboxylic acid is produced by dehydrogenating primary alcohol using solvent containing water. An alkali compound is added to the mixture containing alcohol and water, and dehydrogenation is carried out in presence of organometallic compound (I) or (II).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The organic thin film is made of lead acetate and tin acetate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The organic thin film is made of metal iron lead, or tin cadmium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The organic thin film is made of methylamine, ethylamine, or three-pyrroline. The solvent comprises dimethylformamide, propylene glycol or glycerol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: In producing hydrogen, the decomposition of the formate takes place at a temperature either above or below 50 degrees C, in the presence of an acid, where the acid is formic acid. The decomposition of the formate takes place at ambient temperature. The molar ratio between potassium formate and formic acid is 10:1-10:10. The decomposition of the formate is started at a first temperature T1 below 50 degrees C in the presence of an acid, and on consumption of the acid, the reaction vessel is heated to a second temperature T2 above 50 degrees C. The T1 is ambient temperature. The concentration of the potassium formate solution is not less than 8 M. The potassium bicarbonate slurry is treated with air or oxygen, to regenerate the catalyst. The concentrated aqueous solution of potassium formate is prepared by catalytically hydrogenating a potassium bicarbonate slurry. In the storage and subsequent release of hydrogen, the catalyst is palladium on carbon support (Pd/C), with palladium loading from 0.15-1.0%, where at least a portion of the palladium is in the form of sub-nanometer particles. The Pd/C catalyst is prepared by the reduction of a palladium salt, with potassium formate as reductant, over activated carbon. Alternatively, the storage of hydrogen involves treating a mixture of potassium bicarbonate slurry and a catalyst with an oxidizer, and catalytically reducing the bicarbonate slurry in a reaction vessel to form a concentrated aqueous solution of potassium formate. Preferred Catalyst: The Pd loading is 0.2-0.5 wt.%. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The crystallographic orientation (c) and the crystallographic orientation (d) differ by at least 0.5 degrees . The thickness of each of the at least two gallium-containing nitride seed plates is increased by 2 mm or more. Each of the large-area surfaces (710) and each of the large-area surfaces (720) have a minimum lateral dimension of 3 cm or more. Each of gallium-containing nitride seed plates has a wedge angle of 1-30 degrees . The large area surface (710) and the large-area surface (720) have crystallographic orientations that are equivalent to one another to within 2 degrees . Preferred Process: At least one of the at least two gallium-containing nitride seed plates is formed by wafer-bonding or by die-bonding two crystals. The growing method of m-plane gallium-containing nitride crystal further involves slicing a boule derived from at least one of the at least two m-plane gallium-containing nitride crystals to obtain m-plane gallium-containing nitride wafer or semi-polar wafer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The tunneling dielectric is made of Aluminum oxide (Al2O3), titanium oxide and nitrous oxide. The transparent conductive layer formed between overlaying dielectric layer and conductive contact, is made of Indium Tin Oxide (ITO).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The light absorbing layer has a doped region having conductive contact made of metal containing Aluminum, Titanium, nickel, platinum or an alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The peeling film contains resin component and inorganic filler. The mass ratio of resin component with respect to inorganic filler contained in the peeling film is 100/5-100/150. The resin component contains polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cationically polymerizable monomer (A2) contains 10-99 parts mass cationically polymerizable monofunctional monomer (A11) having molecular weight of 500 or less, and 1-49 parts mass cationically polymerizable monomer (A12), which is more than bifunctional. The cationically polymerizable monomer (A12) is a compound having 2 or more oxirane rings, and free of alicyclic ring.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The cationically polymerizable composition further contains 0.1-20 parts mass energy-beam sensitive acid generator with respect to 100 parts mass cationically polymerizable compound mixture. The energy beam-sensitive acid generator is a salt of a cation and anion, of formula: (A)s+(B)s-, where A is cation, B is anion and s is valence of ion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The photo-acid generator comprises sulfonic acid, trialkyl sulfonyl methide acid, and dialkyl sulfonylimide acid, compound containing oxime sulfonate group and/or imide sulfonate group, compound containing sulfonium cation and/or iodonium cation, diazo disulfone compound and/or disulfone compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The protective film contains water-soluble resin. The photosensitive resin composition contains sensitizing dye which spectrally sensitizes the photo-acid generator (A).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The radical photo-polymerization initiator (A) is nonionic optical radical initiator.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The radically-polymerizable compound (B) is insoluble in water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The protective film contains water-soluble resin, and/or polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, and pullulan. The photosensitive resin composition further contains sensitizing dye (C) which spectrally sensitizes the radical photo-polymerization initiator (A), and binder polymer (D).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The crosslinking agent (a) is diazonium salt compound and/or azide compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The protective film contains water-soluble resin, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, and/or pullulan. The photosensitive resin composition further contains sensitizing dye which spectrally sensitizes radical photopolymerization initiator and binder polymer. The binder polymer (C) contains conjugated diene-type polymer and/or its cyclized compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photodimerization reaction of compound (A) in which crosslinking is possible is photodimerization reaction of unsaturated bond, cyclization reaction of unsaturated Bonds, and/or cyclization reaction of group chosen from maleimide group, cinnamyl group, cinnamoyl group, cinnamylidene group, cinnamylidene acetyl group, and coumarin group of the compound (A).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The photosensitive resin composition comprises compound containing maleimide group, cinnamyl group, cinnamoyl group, cinnamylidene group, cinnamylidene acetyl group, and coumarin group, and sensitizing dye (B). The protective film contains water-soluble resin. The solid content of polymerization initiator in the photosensitive resin composition is 0.01 %mass or less. The protective film contains polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, and pullulan. The compound (A) is polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The polyoxo methylate compound is of formula: K7(( alpha )1-P2W17O61Ru(H2O)).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The biaxially oriented polyester film has at least one layer containing inert particles with average particle size of 0.060-0.60 mu m in the ratio of 0.02-0.5 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The lower left-right ceramic blocks has a silicon nitride as a main component or a silicon, aluminum, oxygen, and nitrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The polyester (P1) has intrinsic viscosity of 0.5-0.8 dL/g at 25 degrees C. The polyester (P2) has intrinsic viscosity of 0.5-0.8 dL/g at 25 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent is ethanol. EXAMPLE - 46 ml Ethanol and 1 g titanium oxide nanoparticle powder having core anatase phase were mixed, dispersed for 1 hour at room temperature to obtain a solution, then 1 ml ammonia, 5 ml distilled water, 40 ml ethanol and 0.74 ml (3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane were added into the dispersed solution, stirred for 48 hours at room temperature, centrifuged and dried to obtain the surface-modified titania nanoparticles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method involves adding copper acetate in 1,10-phenanthroline in a mass ratio of 1:2, reacting the mixture at below 35 degrees C for 8-10 hours, rotary-evaporating the mixture at 80 degrees C, washing the mixture using acetone at normal temperature and drying. The heat treatment step is carried out for 1 hour. The reaction step is carried out at 80 degrees C for 1 hour in the presence of 0.5 l sulfuric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The copper precursor comprises 30 vol.% dimethylformamide and/or 70 vol.% dichloromethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The dry etching process is carried out using etching solution. Preferred Composition: The etching solution comprises 1-5 wt.% sodium hydroxide solution and mixture of hydrofluoric acid, hydrogen peroxide and deionized water in volume ratio of 1:(4-6):(8-12).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The film formation involves spin-coating the precursor, spray-coating and printing. Preferred Composition: The metal compound is chosen from hydroxide, halide and oxyhalide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solvent used in the formation of perovskite film is chosen from N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, N-methylpyrrolidone, 1,4-dioxane, 1,4-butyrolactone and ethylene glycol monomethyl ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of polyvinyl alcohol and deionized water is 0.3-1. Preferred Properties: The polyvinyl alcohol has average molecular weight of 17000000-30000000 and alcoholysis degree of 80-100%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation is given. Preferred Components: The fluorene derivative is preferably of formulae (IV)-(X). The light-emitting layer of organic electroluminescent element contains organic electroluminescent element material and phosphorescent material. The phosphorescent material comprises a metal complex compound containing ligand and iridium, platinum, osmium, gold, copper, rhenium, or ruthenium.L1=structure of formula (I);L'a=single bond, or 6-30C aryl or 5-30C heteroaryl (both optionally substituted);X1,X2=O, S, NR2, C(R2a)(R2b);Y11-Y20=CR3 or N;R2,R3=H, single bond, or 1-30C alkyl, 3-30C cycloalkyl, 6-30C aryl, or 5-30C heteroaryl (all optionally substituted);andR2a,R2b=H, or 1-30C alkyl, 3-30C cycloalkyl, 6-30C aryl, or 5-30C heteroaryl (all optionally substituted). EXAMPLE - 1.18g 12-(4,4,5,5-Tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-8-oxa-3-azatricyclo(7.4.0.02,7)trideca-1(9),2,4,6,10,12-hexaene and 0.1 g tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) were added to 5 mL aqueous sodium carbonate solution in argon atmosphere, to obtain a mixture. 1.51 g 9-(12-Bromo-8-oxatricyclo(7.4.0.02,7)trideca-1(9),2,4,6,10,12-hexaen-4-yl)-20-oxa-9-azapentacyclo(11.7.0.02,10.03,8.014,19)icosa-1(13),2(10),3(8),4,6,11,14(19),15,17-nonaene in 20 mL 1,2-dimethoxyethane was added to the mixture, and the mixture was heated and stirred for 36 hours. The resultant mixture was cooled to room temperature, and 200 mL ethyl acetate was added to the mixture, to separate an organic phase. The solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in dichloromethane and purified using silica gel column chromatography, to obtain 9-(12-(8-oxa-3-azatricyclo(7.4.0.02,7)trideca-1(9),2(7),3,5,10,12-hexaen-12-yl)-8-oxatricyclo(7.4.0.02,7)trideca-1(9),2,4,6,10,12-hexaen-4-yl)-20-oxa-9-azapentacyclo(11.7.0.02,10.03,8.014,19)icosa-1(13),2(10),3(8),4,6,11,14(19),15,17-nonaene, with yield of 75%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The imidized maleic anhydride monomer is chosen from 59 compounds e.g. N-phenylmaleimide, N-ethylmaleimide, N-benzylmaleimide, N-tert-butylmaleimide and N-hydroxymaleimide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The terpolymer has weight-average molecular weight of 1000-1000000. The optical film has glass transition temperature of 200-450 degrees C and optical transmittance rate of 90% or more, at 400-800 nm. Preferred Composition: The composition further comprises cyclic olefin homopolymer and solvent. The content of cyclic olefin-based repeating unit, styrene-based repeating unit and maleic anhydride-based repeating unit is 50-95 wt.%, 1-45 wt.% and 1-20 wt.%, respectively. The cyclic olefin-based repeating unit is derived from compound chosen from 19 compounds e.g. methyl norbornene carboxylate, ethyl norbornene carboxylate, n-propyl norbornene carboxylate, isopropyl norbornene carboxylate and n-butyl norbornene carboxylate. The styrene-based repeating unit is derived from compound chosen from 34 compounds e.g. alpha -methylstyrene, 3-methylstyrene, 4-methylstyrene, 2-chlorostyrene and 3-chlorostyrene. The maleic anhydride-based repeating unit is derived from maleic anhydride-based monomer and imidized maleic anhydride monomer. The cyclic olefin-based repeating unit is of formula (I) or (II).R=1-20C alkyl, 1-20C alkenyl, 2-20C alkynyl, 3-12C heterocyclyl, 6-40C aryl or 7-15C aralkyl (all optionally substituted), H, hydroxy, halo, -COO-, -OCO- or -O-;q=0-4;m=50-5000;R1-R4=polar functional group or non-polar functional group;andor one or more R1+R2+R3+R4=1-10C alkylidenyl or either of R1+R2 or R3+R4=saturated or non-saturated 4-12C alicyclic ring or 6-24C ring.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): N,N-Diethenylbenzamide derivative of formula (i) and ((Z)-2-(dihydroxyboranyl)ethenyl)boranediol compound of formula (ii) are reacted, to obtain 1-benzoyl-1H-azepine derivative of formula (iii). Benzoyl group of obtained product is removed, to obtain 1H-azepine derivative of formula (iv). The obtained product is subjected to Suzuki coupling reaction with groups (X1-X4) in presence of imino, to obtain heteroatom-containing aromatic compound (I) where Z is N.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Alkali solution comprising sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide aqueous solution is used in the manufacture of the catalyst. The carbon carrier is Vulcan XC-72R (RTM: powdered carbon black), Black Pearl-2000 (RTM: conductive carbon black), acetylene black, carbon nanotubes and/or activated carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Solvent comprising water, ethanol and/or water is used in the manufacturing process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal salt is chosen from nickel salt, iron salt, cobalt salt, and chromium salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal salt, reducing agent, and pH adjuster of to-be-processed fluid remain dissolved in water, water-soluble alcohol, or mixture of water and water-soluble alcohol. The reducing agent is chosen from organic-type reducing agent and inorganic-type reducing agent. The pH adjuster is chosen from organic-type alkali, inorganic-type alkali, acid, and alkaline or acidic salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The boiling point elevating agent used during the manufacturing process is chosen from polyhydric alcohol and polyether. The dispersing agent used during the manufacturing process is fatty acid salt, natural polymer dispersing agent, or synthetic macromolecule dispersing agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nickel silicide phase is of formula Ni2Si or NiSi.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The III-V semiconductor material is selected from the group consisting of gallium nitride, gallium phosphorus nitride, aluminum antimonide, aluminum arsenide, aluminum nitride, aluminum phosphide, boron nitride, boron phosphide, boron arsenide, gallium arsenide, gallium phosphide, indium nitride, indium phosphide, aluminum gallium arsenide, indium gallium phosphide, aluminum indium arsenic, aluminum indium antimonide, gallium arsenide nitride, gallium antimony nitride, gallium arsenide antimonide, aluminum gallium nitride, aluminum gallium phosphide, indium gallium nitride, indium arsenide antimonide, indium gallium antimonide, aluminum gallium indium phosphide, aluminum gallium arsenide phosphide, indium gallium arsenide phosphide, indium arsenide antimonide phosphide, aluminum indium arsenide phosphide, aluminum gallium arsenide nitride, indium gallium arsenide nitride, indium aluminum arsenide nitride, gallium arsenide antimonide nitride, gallium arsenide phosphorus nitride, gallium indium nitride arsenide aluminum antimonide, and gallium indium arsenide antimonide phosphide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The protonic polar solvent is chosen from alkyl alcohol of formula: R0-O-(C2H4-O)n-H (I), propyl alcohol of formula: R0-O-(C3H6-O)n-H, and 1-4C alkyl alcohol. The mass ratio of protonic polar solvent and water is 90/10-30/70.R0=linear or branched 1-4C alkyl;andn=1 or 2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The alkaline component is sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The tannin is condensed tannin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The chromium-based alloy preferably comprises 5 %mass iron, 1 %mass yttria, 2 %mass manganese, 2 %mass or less unavoidable impurities and remainder of chromium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The silver compound is silver oxalate. The alcohol solvent is chosen from linear alcohol, branched alcohol, and cyclic-structure containing alcohol. The cyclic-structure containing alcohol includes six-membered-ring structure. The aliphatic hydrocarbon solvent is chosen from linear hydrocarbon, branched hydrocarbon, and cyclic-structure containing hydrocarbon. The cyclic-structure containing hydrocarbon includes six-membered-ring structure. The aliphatic-hydrocarbon monoamine (A) is 6-12C alkyl monoamine. The aliphatic-hydrocarbon monoamine (B) is 2-5C alkyl monoamine. The aliphatic-hydrocarbon diamine (C) comprises alkylene diamine containing primary amino group and tertiary amino group. The usage amount of sum total of the monoamine (A), monoamine (B), and the diamine (C) is 1-50 mol with respect to 1 mol silver atoms of the silver compound. The silver nanoparticles are covered with protective agent containing aliphatic hydrocarbon group and one amino group(s), and the carbon total of the aliphatic hydrocarbon group of aliphatic-hydrocarbon monoamine (A) is six or more. The carbon total of the aliphatic hydrocarbon group of aliphatic-hydrocarbon monoamine (B) is five or less. The carbon total of the aliphatic hydrocarbon group of aliphatic-hydrocarbon diamine (C) is eight or less. The content of silver nanoparticles is 10 wt.% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal oxide nanoparticles are made of different metal oxides. The super-thin film photo absorbent is selected from copper (I) oxide, lead sulfide, zinc sulfide, cadmium sulfide, cadmium telluride, copper indium sulfide, antimony (III) sulfide, indium phosphide, cadmium selenide or bismuth (III) sulfide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hole transport is selected from poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT), poly(2,6-(4,4-bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta (2,1-b;3,4-b')dithiophene)-alt-4,7(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)) (PCPDTBT), poly(triaryl amine), poly(bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine) (PTAA) or copper (I) thiocyanate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The composition further comprises 1-10 pts. wt. thermosetting curing agent including amine-based compound, imidazole-based compound, phenolic compound, phosphorus compound and/or acid anhydride group compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The epoxy resin is cresol novolac epoxy resin, bisphenol A epoxy resin, bisphenol A novolac epoxy resin, phenol novolac epoxy resin, tetrafunctional epoxy resin, biphenyl type epoxy resin, triphenolmethane type epoxy resin, alkyl modified triphenol methane epoxy resin, naphthalene type epoxy resin, dicyclopentadiene type epoxy resin, dicyclopentadiene modified phenol type epoxy resin and/or urethane-modified epoxy resin. The phenoxy resin has weight average molecular weight of 10000-100000. The thermosetting resin comprises 100 pts. wt. epoxy resin and 30 -150 pts. wt. phenoxy resin. The rubber-containing resin additive is rubber-modified epoxy resin containing 10-30 wt.% rubber. The rubber-modified epoxy resin includes acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, carboxy terminated butadiene-acrylonitrile rubber and/or acrylic rubber. The rubber-modified epoxy resin has epoxy equivalent of 150-350. The composition comprises 100 pts. wt. thermosetting resin, and 1-15 pts. wt. rubber-containing resin additive. The thickness of the adhesive layer is 5-200 mu m. Preferred Method: The phenoxy resin is formed by reacting bisphenol with bisphenol S type epoxy resin or resin prepared by reacting bifunctional epoxy resin and bisphenol S. EXAMPLE - Typical adhesive composition comprised of: 100 pts. wt. thermosetting resin containing epoxy resin and phenoxy resin, 1 pts. wt. KR-207 (RTM: Carboxy-terminated butadiene acrylonitrile epoxy resin), 1.5 pts. wt. imidazole, and 1 pts. wt. KMB-403 (RTM: gamma -Glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The thermocouple plating layer is selected from copper, nickel, tungsten, copper, antimony and cobalt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: At least one polyimide layer further contains 4-9 %mass carbon black as color pigment.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polyimide powder is obtained by reacting oxydianiline and pyromellitic dianhydride in a molar ratio of 1:0.95-1:0.995. The polyimide powder has an average particle diameter of 2-10 mu m. Preferred Property: The multilayer film is two-layered or three-layered.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): Pyridine compound of formula (II) is reacted with alkyl halide compound of formula: R1X, to obtain pyridinium halide of formula (III). The compound (III) and alkali-metal bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide of formula: M(FSO2)2N are subjected to ion-exchange reaction, to obtain pyridinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (I).R1=9-12C alkyl or 7-13C aralkyl;X=halo;R2=H or 1-6C alkyl;andM=alkali metal. Preferred Definitions:    R1=decyl or benzyl;and    R2=H or methyl.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 76 Pyridinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide compounds are disclosed e.g. 1-benzyl-2-methylpyridinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide of formula (Ia), 1-undecylpyridinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide, 1-dodecylpyridinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide, 1-nonyl-2-methylpyridinium bis(fluorosulfonyl) imide and 1-decyl-2-methylpyridinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide.    EXAMPLE - 70.1 g 2-Methylpyridine, 114.3 g benzyl chloride and 210.1 g toluene were mixed, reacted at 110 degrees C for 19 hours, filtered, washed with 65 g toluene, and dried under reduced pressure to obtain 165.3 g 1-benzyl-2-methylpyridinium chloride. 205 g Water and 106.3 g potassium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide were added to 165.3 g 1-benzyl-2-methylpyridinium chloride, stirred at room temperature for 3 hours, separated, organic layer was washed with water, concentrated and dried under reduced pressure, to obtain 151.4 g 1-benzyl-2-methylpyridinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide having melting point of 38-42 degrees C (yield of 90.4%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Carrier is activated carbon, carbon nanotube, or graphite. Mass ratio (mg:mg) carrier:cobalt chloride hexahydrate is 310:1000-2910:1000. Mass ratio (mg:mg) 1st composite carrier:sodium hypophosphite hydrate is 390:1000-1800:1000. Mass ratio (mg:ml) 2nd composite carrier:ethylene glycol is 140-190:80-150. Preferred Conditions: Ultrasonic dispersion time is 20-60 minutes. The pH value adjusted using sodium hydroxide is 9-12. Microwave irradiation time is 60-300 s. Washing process uses deionized water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The quantum dot sensitized solar cells are assembled by dissolving an organic hole transport material in acetonitrile, dichloromethane and ethanol as solvent, added 0.01-0.5 mole/l aqueous solution dropwise by using a spin-coating process on a cell photoanode, evaporating the solvent and evaporating steam gold as a counter electrode onto the photo anode containing hole transporting material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The isocyanuric acid derivative (B) is of formula (I). The alicyclic epoxy compound (A) is a compound having cyclohexene oxide group, preferably of formula (II).R1,R2=H or 1-8C alkyl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The curable epoxy resin composition further contains rubber particles, hardening agent (D), hardening accelerator (E), and curing catalyst (F).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The isocyanuric acid derivative (B) is of formula (I). The alicyclic epoxy compound (A) is a compound having cyclohexene oxide group, preferably of formula (II). The rosin acid derivative is rosin acid glycerol ester.R1,R2=H or 1-8C alkyl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The curable epoxy resin composition further contains rubber particles, hardening agent (D), hardening accelerator (E), and curing catalyst (F).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The isocyanuric acid derivative (B) is of formula (I). The alicyclic epoxy compound (A) is a compound having cyclohexene oxide group, preferably of formula (II). The organoaluminum compound is aluminum diisopropylate.R1,R2=H or 1-8C alkyl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The curable epoxy resin composition further contains rubber particles, hardening agent (D), hardening accelerator (E), and curing catalyst (F).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solar cell is made of gallium arsenide, gallium phosphide, indium phosphide, aluminum gallium arsenide, gallium indium arsenide, aluminum gallium phosphide, gallium indium phosphide, aluminum gallium arsenide phosphide or aluminum gallium indium arsenide phosphide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Arrangement: The solar cell module consists of an acryl monomer layer containing the quantum dot structure, in the light-receiving surface side and/or back-surface side of the photovoltaic cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The laminated film consists of 2 or more types of films of laminated film (I) of thickness (I) and laminated film (II) of thickness (II).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The acceptor material (A1) and acceptor material (A2) comprises material chosen from fullerenes and derivatives. The fullerenes are chosen from 60C and 70C. The acceptor material (A1) comprises 60C fullerene, and the acceptor material (A2) comprises 70C fullerene. The photovoltaic cell comprises a charge recombination layer containing aluminum, silver, lithium, lithium fluoride, tin and titanium, and charge collecting layer containing metal oxides chosen from molybdenum oxide, vanadium oxide, zinc oxide and titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The substrate comprises silicon wafer. The device layer comprises device buffer layer which is a charge collecting layer comprising material chosen from metal oxides. The metal oxides are chosen from molybdenum oxide, vanadium oxide, zinc oxide and titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The donor material and/or acceptor material is polymeric. The acceptor material is phenyl-61C-butyric-acid-methyl ester. The donor material is poly(3-hexylthiophene). The stamp comprises polymer material, preferably material chosen from polydimethylsiloxane and polyurethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Electrically Conductive System: The electrically conductive track comprises a metal or metal alloy, where the metal is silver, gold, copper or nickel or its alloy. The electrically conductive track has a thickness of 10 nm to 100 mu m. The substrate contains another polyamide in an amount of less than 30 wt.%. Preferred Method: In the process for producing an electrically conductive system comprising a substrate and a conductive track adhered to the substrate, the jet printing technique is aerosol jet printing. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The dielectric substrate is formed of silicon dioxide (SiO2). The first flat board conductor and second flat board conductors are formed of the copper material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The chalcogen is sulfur or selenium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydrazine-coordinated copper chalcogenide complex is obtained by reacting copper or copper selenide and chalcogen in dimethylsulfoxide in presence of hydrazine, and adding alcohol solvent to the resulting solution, or concentrating and filtering the resulting solution. The hydrazine-coordinated tin chalcogenide complex is obtained by adding chalcogen and tin, tin selenide and/or tin diselenide to hydrazine to obtain crude product, and extracting the crude product with dimethylsulfoxide. The hydrazine-coordinated zinc chalcogenide complex is obtained by mixing zinc or zinc selenide and chalcogen in the presence of hydrazine to obtain a crude product, and extracting the crude product with dimethylsulfoxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The anode includes a conductive material selected from the group consisting of gold, carbon, platinum, ruthenium dioxide and palladium. The anode enzyme is a glucose-responsive enzyme. The glucose-responsive enzyme is glucose oxidase or glucose dehydrogenase. The glucose-responsive enzyme comprises an enzyme cofactor. The enzyme cofactor is pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ). The cathode further comprises a cathode enzyme. The cathode enzyme is an enzyme selected from the group consisting of tyrosinase, horseradish peroxidase, soybean peroxidase, laccase and cytochrome C peroxidase.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: In step (a), calcination is processed for 6-9 hours with 3 LPM (liters per minute) of air at 1080-1320 degrees C under a heating rate of 5 degrees C/minute. In step (b), 1.8 g cerium nitrate is dissolved in 50 g of de-ionized water to obtain the cerium nitrate solution. In steps (c) and (h), impregnating and staying still is processed for 12 hours. In step (e), drying is processed at 110 degrees C for 24 hours with the oven. In step (f), calcination is processed for 3-5 hours with 3 LPM of air at 440-660 degrees C under a heating rate of 5 degrees C/minute. In step (g), 2.125 g of chloroplatinic acid is dissolved into 50 g of de-ionized water to obtain the Pt solution. In step (i), dehydrating and drying is processed for 24 hours with the oven. The calcination is processed for 3-5 hours with 3 LPM of air at 520-780 degrees C under a heating rate of 5 degrees C/minute. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The particle mixture further comprises 0.1-1.5% of a sintering additive, where the additive is alumina, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, iron(III) oxide, cupric oxide, manganese(IV) oxide and/or silicon dioxide, or the particle mixture does not include the sintering additive. Preferred Components: In the particulate mixture, the maximum size of the particle D(99/5) is less than 100 mu m, preferably less than 10 mu m. The particulate mixture has a ratio equal to (D90-D10)/D50 of less than 5, and a specific surface area of less than 15 m2/g, preferably 5 m2/g. The yttria-stabilized zirconia particles exhibit superior yttria content of 2 mole% to less than 3.8 mole%, or 2 mole% to less than 5 mole%, preferably 2 mole% to less than 4 mole% and the particles of yttria are present at a concentration of 0.2-4%, or greater than 4% to less then 20% or greater than 0.2% to less than 4%. In the particulate mixture, the total content of oxides of zirconia, hafnium and yttrium is greater than or equal to 96%, preferably greater than or equal to 97%, of the total mass of the inorganic particles present in the mixture. The particulate mixture comprises oxides of zirconia, hafnium and yttrium. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The thickness of n-type oxide semiconductor layer is 0.5-10 mu m. The all-solid-state dye-sensitized-type photoelectric conversion element further comprises titanium oxide blocking layer having thickness of 0.1-5 mu m provided at interface between hole-transport layer and n-type oxide semiconductor layer. Preferred Process: The titanium oxide blocking layer is formed by thermally decomposing the coating film of titanium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid complex provided on transparent conductive substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The barium salt is barium chloride, barium nitrate or their mixture. The scandium salt is scandium chloride, scandium nitrate or their mixture. The tantalum salt is tantalum pentachloride, pentaethoxy tantalum or their mixture.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cross-linking agent is urea or citric acid. The cross-linking reaction is performed at 150-500 degrees C for 2-10 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Disclosed): The preparation of (I) comprises reacting substituted 9,9'-spirobi(fluorene) compounds of formula (III) with substituted halocarbonyl-acetic acid compounds of formula (X-C(=O)-(CH2)n-C(=O)-O-R) (IV) to obtain 3-oxo-propionic acid methyl ester substituted 9,9'-spirobi(fluorene)compounds of formula (V), reacting (V) with p-toluenesulfonylhydrazide to obtain p-toluenesulfonylhydrazone-9,9'-spirobi(fluorene)compounds of formula (VI), and reacting (VI) with C60 fullerene to obtain (I).X = not defined. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 2 Compounds (I) are disclosed, which are spiro-bifluoren linked C60 fullerene derivative (Ia) and spiro-bifluoren linked C70 fullerene derivative (Ib).    EXAMPLE - 613 g Methyl 5-(9,9'-spirobi (fluoren)-2-yl)-5-(2-tosylhydrazono)pentanoate, 60 mg sodium methoxide were dissolved in 7.5 ml pyridine and stirred for 30 minutes to obtain a pyridine solution. Then 360 mg C60 fullerene was dissolved in 25 ml o-dichlorobenzene to obtain dichlorobenzene solution, which was added to the pyridine solution, stirred for 24 hours at 75 degrees C and reacted for 2 hours to obtain reaction mixture. The reaction mixture was separated and purified by silica gel column chromatography using toluene, and recrystallized from chloroform and methanol to obtain 200 mg spiro-bifluoren linked C60 fullerene derivative with 35% yield.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of octadecylamine and octadecene is l g:10 mL. The ratio of octadecylamine and citric acid monohydrate is 1.5:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon carrier is carbon black, active carbon, carbon nanotube, carbon fiber, and/or graphene. The alkaline substance is potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, beryllium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, strontium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, barium hydroxide, ammonia water, and/or urea. The transition metal salt is scandium sulfate, titanium sulfate, vanadium sulfate, chromium sulfate, manganese sulfate, ferric sulfate, cobalt sulfate, nickel sulfate, copper sulfate, zinc sulfate, scandium chloride, titanium chloride, vanadium chloride, chromium chloride, manganese chloride, iron chloride, cobalt chloride, nickel chloride, copper chloride, zinc chloride, scandium bromide, titanium bromide, vanadium bromide, chromium bromide, manganese bromide, iron bromide, cobaltous bromide, nickel bromide, copper bromide, zinc bromide, scandium iodide, titanium iodide, vanadium iodide, chromium iodide, manganese iodide, iron iodide, cobalt iodide, nickel iodide, cupric iodide, zinc iodide, scandium nitrate, titanium nitrate, vanadium nitrate, manganese nitrate, iron nitrate, cobalt nitrate, nickel nitrate, copper nitrate, zinc nitrate, chromium carbonate, iron carbonate, and/or copper carbonate. The alkaline substance concentration is 0.001-100 g/L. The concentration of transition metal salt water solution is 1-200 mM. The gaseous atmosphere is nitrogen, ammonia, helium, and/or argon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon nanohorns are single walled carbon nanohorns and source of nitrogen is selected from urea and melamine. The nitrogen-doped carbon nanohorns are optionally co-doped with metal selected from iron and cobalt. The pre-treatment of carbon nanohorns to form functionalized carbon nanohorns is carried out using hydrogen peroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Metallic element is chosen from aluminum, titanium, tin, zinc, zirconium, tantalum and niobium. Solvent-free coating liquid contains. Amount of metallic element is 0.0002-0.01 mol with respect to 1 mol silicon in partial hydrolysis and condensation reactant of phenyl trialkoxysilane. Preferred Parameters: Molecular weight peak value ratio is 0.8-3.5, preferably 1-3. Viscosity is 6-18 mPa at 25 degrees C. Preferred Process: Metal is added as metal alkoxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Phenyl trialkoxysilane is 1-6 carbon containing phenyl trialkoxysilane or its mixture. Solvent is alcohol with boiling point lower than phenyl alkoxysilane. Preferred Process: Water is removed when removing solvent and alcohol based on alkoxide as by-product of reaction. ( beta )-Diketone, ( beta )-ketoester, ethyl acetoacetate or metal carboxylate with amount of 1.8-2.2 mol is added in solvent. Heating and pressure-reducing distillation of solvent and alcohol based on alkoxide as by-product of reaction is carried at 85-95 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The template agent is magnesium oxide, calcium oxide or calcium carbonate. The concentration of hydrochloric acid is 1 M. The hair is hair, pig or chicken feather.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The vacuum drying is carried out at 65-75 degrees C. The method further comprises grinding solid amino acid into powder, and pouring into mortar.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The photocurable composition (A) contains polyfunctional (meth)acrylate-type compound (A1) and photoinitiator (A2). Preferred Properties: The resin sheet has glass transition temperature of 150 degrees C or more, bending elastic modulus of 3-5 GPa, and pencil hardness of more than 3H.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: Extract of flower is extract of yellow flame tree.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Processes: Flower extract is added at varying amounts to titanium trichloride aqueous solution to change proportion of anatase and rutile. Liquid extract (5-160 ml) of flower is dripped to titanium trichloride aqueous solution at 40-200 degrees C in which aqueous solution is obtained by diluting titanium trichloride (1-50 ml) in water (100 ml). Synthesized titanium oxide nanoparticle is dried at 60-90 degrees C. Synthesized titanium oxide nanoparticle is fired at 300-800 degrees C. Synthesized anatase-type titanium oxide nanoparticle is fired at 600-1000 degrees C, and rutile-type titanium oxide nanoparticle is obtained. Extraction liquid is obtained by performing extraction of flower at 40-95 degrees C. Synthesis includes filtering liquid extract taken from flower by filter.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Solvent is dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dimethylformamide (DMF), methanol, dimethylacetamide (DMAc), toluene, tetrahydrofuran (THF), and/or ethyl acetate. Initiator is azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN), 4,4'-azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid), and/or organic peroxides.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compositions: The 1st comonomer has structure of formulae (IA)-(IC). The 2nd comonomer is n-butyl acrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, iso-octyl acrylate, methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, vinyl acetate, styrene, and/or 2-hydroxy ethyl acrylate, preferably n-butyl acrylate and/or n-butyl methacrylate. Copolymer contains 0.01-40 mol.%, preferably 0.1-8 mol.% 1st comonomer and 60-99.9 mol.%, 92-99.9 mol.% 2nd comonomer. Copolymer is random copolymer or block copolymer. Copolymer further contains 1-20 mol.%, preferably 0.1-3 mol.% crosslinker of formula (V) by weight of total copolymer. Crosslinker has structure of formulae (VA)-(VC).R7=1-18C alkylene; andY2=acryloyl, methacryloyl, or styrenic group.Preferred Conditions: Copolymerization step is performed in solvent and initiator. Polymerization temperature is 60-70 degrees C under inert gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The oxidizing acid system comprises concentrated sulfuric acid and concentrated phosphoric acid at 9:1 volume ratio. The reduction temperature is 300-900 degrees C. The reduction step comprises flowing nitrogen gas at 100 ml/minute and reducing hydrogen gas at 80 ml/minute. The method comprises ultrasonically dispersing for 1-20 hours at room temperature, naturally drying and vacuum drying at 40 degrees C for 6-12 hours.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The method comprises soaking raw material graphitized spiral carbon fiber in oxidizing acid system, subjecting to modified Hummers method, filtering graphite oxide slurry, precipitating, dissolving the precipitates in water to obtain aqueous solution of graphite oxide, centrifuging, obtaining graphene oxide with uniform number of layers, vacuum drying at 40 degrees C, placing graphite oxide in graphite boat and putting in a tubular resistance furnace for heat reduction, taking out, filtering the sample with 200-mesh filter, adding graphene with ethyl alcohol at 1:400 mass ratio and ultrasonically dispersing. It comprises soaking graphitized spiral carbon fiber in oxidizing acid system for 1-24 hours with continuous stirring.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The modified block copolymer hydride further comprises 0.1-0.8 pts. wt. UV absorbers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The reducing agent (a) is zinc and/or acetic acid, zinc and/or inorganic acid and/or tin and/or acetic acid. The reducing agent (b) is ammonium formate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): The 1-nitro-3,6-substituted carbazole is prepared by adding nitrous acid alkali metal salt to 3,6-substituted carbazole of formula (II), reacting in presence of mixed solvent of ether and carboxylic acid and obtaining 1-nitro-9H-carbazole of formula (III). Preferred Process: The 3,6-substituted carbazole is reacted with 3,6-substitution-9-nitrosocarbazole of formula (IV), to obtain1-nitro-9H-carbazole, the obtained 1-nitro-9H-carbazole (III) is reacted with aromatic compound of formula: R2X, to obtain 1-nitro-3,6-substituted carbazole. The manufacture of 1-aminocarbazole further involves adding palladium carbon to the reducing agent as a reduction catalyst.X=halo. ACTIVITY - Cytostatic.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 1 1-Nitro-3,6-substituted carbazole i.e. 3,6-dichloro-1-nitrocarbazole of formula (Ia) are disclosed.    EXAMPLE - 240 ml Acetic acid were added into 9.54 g 3,6-dichloro-9-nitrosocarbazole, stirred and heated at 140 degrees C for 20 hours. The resultant solution was cooled to room temperature, large excess of pure water was added, the resultant suspension was filtered, orange solid was separated by filtration process, and cleaned with pure water and purified, to obtain 98% 3,6-dichloro-1-nitrocarbazole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic membrane of thin-film transistor substrate contains silicon oxide, nitride oxide, or oxynitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The epoxy compound is preferably 9,9-bis(4-glycidyloxyphenyl)fluorene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The resin composition further contains a solvent. The black matrix of color filter is a resin black matrix containing black pigment dispersed in polyimide resin. Preferred Definitions:    A=group chosen from groups of formulae (iii)-(viii);and    B'=group chosen from groups of formulae (xiii)-(xviii).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic membrane of thin-film transistor substrate contains silicon oxide, nitride oxide, or oxynitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The compound (a) is epoxy compound of formula (IV).D'=single bond, O, S, sulfonyl, or 1-40C divalent organic group;R1,R2=H, halo, hydroxy, 1-10C monovalent organic group;anda,b=0-4.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The resin composition further contains a solvent. The black matrix of color filter is a resin black matrix containing black pigment dispersed in polyimide resin. Preferred Definitions:    A=group chosen from groups of formulae (vi)-(vii);and    B'=group chosen from groups of formulae (viii)-(x).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The strontium salt is strontium chloride, strontium nitrate or their mixture. The scandium salt is scandium chloride, scandium nitrate or their mixture. The tantalum salt is tantalum pentachloride or pentaethoxy tantalum or their mixture.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cross-linking agent is urea or citric acid. The cross-linking reaction is performed at 150-500 degrees C for 2-10 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The strontium salt is strontium chloride, strontium nitrate or their mixture. The aluminum salt is aluminum chloride, aluminum nitrate or their mixture. The tantalum salt is tantalum pentachloride, pentaethoxy tantalum or their mixture.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cross-linking agent is urea or citric acid. The cross-linking reaction is performed at 150-500 degrees C for 2-10 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal ion is selected from one of gold, silver, copper, iron, zinc, nickel and tin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The substrate is a sapphire substrate. The etching gas is chlorine gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydrolysis mixture (A) further contains hydrolyzate of the organosilicon compound of formula: R6O-(Si(-R8)(-R9))n-O-R7-.R6,R7=H or 1-4C alkyl;R8=aryl;R9=aryl or 1-4C alkoxy;andn=1-10. Preferred Definitions:    M=tungsten.
SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 2 Cyclopenta(a)indene derivatives are specifically claimed i.e. 3-(5-(15-(5-(2,5-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,6-dioxo-4-(thiophen-2-yl)-1H,2H,3H,5H,6H,6aH-pyrrolo(3,4-c)pyrrol-1-yl)thiophen-2-yl)-2,11-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-5,9,14,18-tetrathiapentacyclo(10.6.0.03,10.04,8.013,17)octadeca-1(12),2,4(8),6,10,13(17),15-heptaen-6-yl)thiophen-2-yl)-2,5-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-6-(thiophen-2-yl)-1H,2H,3H,3aH,4H,5H-pyrrolo(3,4-c)pyrrole-1,4-dione of formula (I-A) and 3-(5-(15-(5-(2,5-bis(2-ethyloctyl)-3,6-dioxo-4-(thiophen-2-yl)-1H,2H,3H,5H,6H,6aH-pyrrolo(3,4-c)pyrrol-1-yl)thiophen-2-yl)-2,11-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-5,9,14,18-tetrathiapentacyclo(10.6.0.03,10.04,8.013,17)octadeca-1(12),2,4(8),6,10,13(17),15-heptaen-6-yl)thiophen-2-yl)-2,5-bis(2-ethyloctyl)-6-(thiophen-2-yl)-1H,2H,3H,3aH,4H,5H-pyrrolo(3,4-c)pyrrole-1,4-dione.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The device includes an inter layer that is made of an electrically transparent conductive oxide material selected from a group consisting of indium tin oxide, aluminum doped zinc oxide, zinc indium oxide and zinc tin oxide. The device includes a cladding layer that is made of a material selected from a group consisting of indium tin oxide, aluminum doped zinc oxide, zinc indium oxide, zinc tin oxide, silicon nitride, aluminum oxide and hafnium oxide. The device includes a passivation layer that is made of an oxide material selected from a group consisting of aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide and silicon dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The device includes a metal layer that is made of a material selected from a group consisting of aluminum, titanium, chromium, copper, silver, palladium and platinum. The electrically conductive material is made of a material selected from a group consisting of aluminum, titanium, nickel, chromium, copper, silver, palladium and platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The etching solution is an aqueous solution containing hydrogen fluoride, tetramethylammonium and potassium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The anode i.e. inert metal grid, is made of silver, titanium and platinum. The galvanic or non-galvanic plating metal is selected from a group consisting of silver, gold, copper, titanium, palladium and nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal oxide precursor comprises titanium, zinc, tin, niobium, tungsten, strontium, indium, yttrium, lanthanum, vanadium, molybdenum, magnesium, aluminum, scandium, gallium or zirconium. Preferred Conditions: The solvent is selected from water and 1-3C alcohols. The substrate immersion is performed for 30-200 minutes. The sintering process is performed at 400-550 degrees C for 10-60 minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The layer containing silicon and nitrogen further contains aluminum as an element.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymerizable resin composition contains 10-55 pts. wt. (meth)acrylate compound having dicyclopentadiene skeleton, and 0.01-1 pt. wt. fluorine-type compound having branched perfluoro alkenyl group, or its derivative(s).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Parameters: Drawing speed of drawing machine is 20% faster. Preferred Compositions: Adding amount of hydrochloric acid is 2.5-8.5 pts. wt.. Adding amount of sulfuric acid is 2-8 pts. wt..
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Functional group of homopolymer resin or copolymer resin is an acid-anhydride group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: Gas barrier layer contains aluminum compound. Water adjustment layer contains epoxy resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The nanoparticles have a size of 5-70 nm, preferably 30 nm. 35 %Mass of the aluminum nanoparticles comprise organic shell layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The alane precursor comprises alane N,N-dimethylethylamine. The catalyst comprises titanium(IV) isopropoxide. The passivating agent is carboxylic acid, amine, alcohol, thiol, acyl halide, ketone, aldehyde, carbonate, ester, epoxide, and/or organic metal, preferably oleic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The porous base material is selected from polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutylene, poly pentene, PTFE, polyester, polyacetal, polyamide, polycarbonate, polyimide, polyetheretherketone, polyether sulfone, polyphenylene oxide, polyphenylene sulfide, polyethylene naphthalene and glass fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solvent further contains 10-30 vol.% fluorine-containing chain ether and 30-60 vol.% carbonate compound. The concentration of the electrolytic salt is 0.1-2.5 mol/l. Preferred Components: The sulfolane compound is selected from sulfolane and 3-methylsulfolane. The fluorine-containing chain ether is a compound of formula (Rf1-O-Rf2). The electrolytic salt comprises tetraalkyl quaternary ammonium salt, spiro-bi-pyrrolidinium salt, imidazolium salt, an N-alkyl pyridinium salt, and N,N- dialkyl pyrrolidinium salt.Rf1 = 1-10C fluorine-containing alkyl; andRf2 = 1-4C alkyl containing fluorine atom. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The use of 5,6-difluoro-4, 7-di(thien-2'-yl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole of formula (Ia), is specifically claimed as (I).    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The number average molecular weight of tackifying resin is 400-2000. The weight average molecular weight of polyisobutylene is 10000-1000000. The weight average molecular weight of block copolymer (X) is 10000-200000. Preferred Composition: The tackifying resin is chosen from rosin-type resin, terpene type-resin, alicyclic-type petroleum resin and aromatic petroleum resin. The vinyl aromatic polymer block (A) is polystyrene block. The polymer block (B) containing isobutylene is component containing 50 %mass or more of isobutylene as monomer component. The content of vinyl aromatic polymer block (A) with respect to the total mass of block copolymer (X) is 5-95 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metallic compound particles (B) are particles of tungsten oxide, and/or particles of lanthanum hexaboride. In complex oxide black pigment (A), 2-10 mol% bivalent metal of calcium and/or magnesium are introduced with respect to copper. The composition further contains infrared ray-shielding material(s) chosen from tin-doped indium oxide, antimony-dope tin oxide, aluminum-doped zinc oxide, indium-doped zinc oxide, tin-doped zinc oxide and silicon-doped zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The absolute value of thermal contraction rate of the plastic film at 200 degrees C is 2.5% or less. Preferred Composition: The polyaryl ether ketone-type resin contains poly(ether ketone ketone), poly(ether ether ketone ketone) and/or poly(ether ketone ether ketone ketone).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): Compound (I) is prepared by dissolving fluorene aldehyde derivative of formula (i) or (ii), and m-phenylenediamine derivative of formula (iii) at mol ratio of 1:1-1.2 in 1,2-dioxane solvent, adding p-toluenesulfonic acid catalyst, heating, reacting, cooling to room temperature, spin-drying organic phase, separating and purifying.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The thickness of adhesive bond layer is 15-250 mu m. The adhesive bond layer has total light transmittance of 85% or more and retardation value of 5 nm or less. The support body has retardation value of 300 nm or less, glass transition temperature of 130 degrees C or more, thermal contraction rate of 0.5% or less, and thickness of 20-120 mu m. The conveyance support component has glass transition temperature of 60 degrees C or more, thermal contraction rate of more than 0.5% and 2% or less, and thickness of 12-100 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of alicyclic skeleton is 10 %mass or more. The alicyclic skeleton is tricyclo alkane, preferably tricyclodecane. The aromatic polybasic acid is ortho-orientated aromatic dicarboxylic acid or its anhydride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin composition contains resin containing hydroxyl group. The resin containing hydroxyl group has acid value of 2 mg potassium hydroxide/g or less, and hydroxyl value of 40 mg potassium hydroxide/g or more. The resin containing hydroxyl group is polyester resin obtained from polyol containing 3 or more functional groups, and aromatic polybasic acid or alicyclic polybasic acid, or their anhydrides. The resin containing hydroxyl group is polyester polyol of formula (I). The content of glycerol residue of polyester polyol is 5 %mass or more.R1-R3=H or group of formula (i), where at least one of R1-R3 is group of formula (i);n=1-5;X=optionally substituted arylene chosen from 1,2-phenylene, 1,2-naphthylene, 2,3-naphthylene, 2,3-anthraquinone diyl and 2,3-anthracenediyl;andY'=2-6C alkylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The soluble nickel salt is nickel nitrate, nickel chloride, nickel acetate or nickel sulfate.
SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 432 Carbazole derivatives are specifically claimed e.g. 3-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-N,N-diphenyl-5-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-1-yl)aniline of formula (A), N-(3-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-5-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-1-yl)phenyl)-N-phenylnaphthalen-1-amine, N-(3-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-5-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-1-yl)phenyl)-N-phenylnaphthalen-2-amine, 3-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-N-phenyl-5-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-1-yl)-N-(4-phenylphenyl)aniline and 3-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-N-phenyl-5-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-1-yl)-N-(3-phenylphenyl)aniline.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ferrocyanide is sodium ferrocyanide, potassium ferrocyanide, ferric ferrocyanide and/or copper ferrocyanide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solar-battery acrylic-coating-containing backboard contains 50 pts. wt. benzotriazole, 40 pts. wt. acrylic acid, 60 pts. wt. benzyl triphenylphosphonium chloride, 90 pts. wt. ferrocyanide, 110 pts. wt. silane coupling agent, 60 pts. wt. phosphite and 50 pts. wt. stearate. The silane coupling agent is ethylene-based silane, gaseous silane and/or methylpropylene silane. The phosphite is decyl diphenyl phosphite and/or didecyl monophenyl phosphite. The stearate is zinc stearate, magnesium stearate and/or calcium stearate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The modified catalyst layer is formed of mixture containing thermal resistance ceramic substrate and active ingredients. The thermal resistance ceramic substrate is made of gamma -aluminum oxide. The catalyst layer is formed of a catalyst having a composition of platinum-cerium(IV) oxide and zirconium dioxide. The ceramic substrate is formed by impregnating metal salt on gamma -aluminum oxide substrate by incipient wetness impregnation method, and heating. The gamma -aluminum oxide substrate has diameter of 2.5-3.5 mm, and sphere of 3 mm. The amount of platinum-cerium(IV) oxide and zirconium dioxide is 2 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The cell includes a battery for initial operating voltage of the blower, power source for EHC, and controlling power supply inside the system. The cell off power when the temperature of the reformer reaches on 200 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The step (b) takes place at 160-190 degrees C for 8-30 hours. Preferred Components: The molar ratio of the divalent manganese salt with sodium acetate: is 1:4-20; when magnesium oxide is in nanorod shape is 1:4-9; and when magnesium oxide is in nanowire shape is 1:10-20. The concentration of the divalent manganese salt in transparent solution is 0.06-0.15 mole/l. The divalent manganese salt is manganese nitrate. The diameter of manganese oxide nanowire and nanorod is 70-500 nm. The length-diameter ratio of manganese oxide nanowire is 30-240 and manganese oxide nanorod is 7-20.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lower alcohol is methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol or isopropyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The p-type oxide conductor is made of a material that is selected from a group consisting of p-type nickel oxide, p-type copper oxide, p-type cobalt oxide, p-type zinc oxide, p-type Copper niobium oxide, p-type Strontium Cuprate, p-type Barium copper selenium ferride, and p-type Copper Aluminum Oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The nitride semiconductor and the oxynitride semiconductor are made of a metal that is selected from a group consisting of Titanium, Niobium and tantalum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation Claimed: Metal complex (I) is prepared by mixing bismuth(III) oxide and copper powder. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The strip-shaped graphite includes 1-50 graphene layers, and has width of 20-600 nm and length of 0.1-20 mu m. The carbon particles include 2-200 strip-shaped graphites, and has average particle diameter of 1-40 mu m. The content of the carbon particles is 0.05-15 wt.%. Preferred Properties: The average diameter of the core is 99% or less of the average particle diameter of the carbon particles. The core has average aspect-ratio of 10 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The anionic portion of the polymerization initiator is hexafluorophosphate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The principal chain of the polymer is manufactured by living radical polymerization or atom transfer radical polymerization. Preferred Component: The crosslinkable silicon group of the polymer is present in the molecular chain terminal. Preferred Composition: The usage amount of epoxy compound is 1-150 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: A phosphorus silicate glass layer is formed in the emitter layer, where a phosphorus silicate glass layer is also included. The emitter layer includes silicon nitride. The passivation layer includes alumina.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The liquid crystal panel is a glass form.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mixed powder comprises copper selenide, indium selenide and gallium selenide. The starting material contains copper having purity of 99.7% and selenium having purity of 99.99% in molar ratio of 2:1, indium having purity of 99.99% and selenium having purity of 99.99% in molar ratio of 2:3, and gallium having purity of 99.99% and selenium having purity of 99.99% in molar ratio of 2:3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The first semiconductor layer is made of gallium phosphide and aluminum gallium phosphide. The second semiconductor layer is made of aluminum phosphide, aluminum-yttrium-gallium-phosphide. The second semiconductor layer is doped with silicon. The semiconductor layers are formed of gallium-indium-arsenide-sodium-phosphide. The tunnel junction is made of doped silicon layers. The contact scheme is employed in a silicon-based foundry.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The semiconductor layers are formed of aluminum or gallium. The semiconductor layers are tellurium doped layers. The first semiconductor layer is doped with dopant selected from carbon, zinc and magnesium. The second semiconductor layer is doped with dopant selected from tellurium and selenium. The tunnel junction is made of doped gallium or phosphorus bearing layer. The contact layer is compatible with a silver and copper-based contact scheme.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The raw material is alloy containing different types of noble metals. The noble metal is chosen from platinum group metals, and gold. The platinum group metal is chosen from platinum, palladium and rhodium. Preferred Process: The method further involves separating the metal-ion reduction bacteria and composite noble metal nanoparticles by destroying microbial cell by ultrasonic disintegration or chemical destruction. Preferred Property: The composite noble metal nanoparticles have average particle diameter of 1-100 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): The preparation of the boron-containing compounds comprises reacting at least one aryl lithium compound with at least one halogen borane and/or at least one boric acid ester    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The boron-containing compounds are oligomer, polymer or dendrimer. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 40 Compounds (I) are disclosed, e.g. 9,9'-spirobi(fluorene)-6-yldiphenylborane (Ia), 9,9'-spirobi(fluorene)-6-ylbis(2,6-dimethylphenyl)borane, 9,9'-spirobi(fluorene)-5-yldiphenylborane, (9,9-dimethyl-9H-fluoren-4-yl)diphenylborane and bis(2,6-dimethylphenyl)(9-methyl-9-phenyl-9H-fluoren-4-yl)borane.    EXAMPLE - 39.5 g 4-Bromo-spiro-9,9'-bifluorene, 42 ml of n-butyl lithium in n-hexane and 29.5 gdi-fluoro-mesitylborane were reacted together and recrystallized with toluene/ethanol to obtain 9,9'-spirobi(fluorene)-5-yldimesitylborane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The oxygen concentration in sputtering target is 0.04 %mass or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The norbornane-2-spiro- alpha -cyclopentanone- alpha '-spiro-2"-norbornane-5,5",6,6"-tetracarboxylic dianhydride, diamine and their derivatives comprise a repeating unit of formula (I).B'=bivalent group obtained by removing amino from aromatic diamine or aliphatic diamine, preferably group of formula (i);m4,n4=0-3;V4,U4,T4=H, methyl, or trifluoromethyl;andZ4,W4=direct bond, -NHCO-, -CONH-, -COO-, or -OCO-.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The inorganic filler has primary particle size of 200 nm or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The photosensitive resin layer comprises binder polymer, photopolymerizable compound having ethylenically unsaturated bond, and photoinitiator. The binder polymer has a carboxyl group. Preferred Property: The minimum light transmittance of laminate of conductive layer and the photosensitive resin layer in wavelength of 450-650 nm, is 80% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The passivation layer includes one or more components selected from a group consisting of titanium dioxide, strontium titanate, tin dioxide, potassium2 titanium2 oxygen5, potassium2 titanium4 oxygen9, barium titanate, lead titanate, zirconium dioxide, hafnium oxide, tin dioxide, indium oxide, iron-oxygenx, manganese-oxygenx, nickel-oxygenx, cobalt-oxygenx, tungsten trioxide, zinc oxide, tantalum pentoxide, niobium-oxygenx, aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide, silicon dioxide, and bismuth-oxygenx, where x is greater than or equal to 1 and/or less than or equal to 2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The surface modifying layer includes one or more components selected from a group consisting of elemental nickel, cobalt, iron, manganese, gold, silver, iridium, ruthenium, rhodium, tungsten, and titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The buffer layer is comprised of zinc sulfide, while the light-absorbing layer is comprised of copper-indium-gallium-selenide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The substrate is made lithium alumosilicate-glass ceramic, magnesium alumosilicate-glass ceramic, silica glass, boroalumosilicate glass, alumosilicate glass, alkali-free glass and/or lime soda glass, and has thermal expansion coefficient of 1x 10-6 or less, and light transmittance of 85% at thickness of 4 mm and wavelength of 450 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The nano additive comprises silver, coppers or gold and their alloys, and has aspect ratio of 85-1000, average diameter of 60-100 Nm and electroconductivity of more than 5.107 S/m. Preferred Properties: The electroconductive layer has scratch resistance of 700 g or more and sheet resistance of less than 150 Omega /square.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The transparent matrix material exhibits thermal resistance at 200 degrees C or more, and has haze value of less than 3%. Preferred Composition: The matrix material comprises UV- or thermal-curable polymer, silicone, UV- or thermal-curable organic crosslinkable hybrid-polymeric sol gel material, hybrid-polymeric sol gel material, nanoparticles-functionalized sol gel material, sol gel material with nano-particulate fillers and/or inorganic sol gel material with thermal resistance at 140 degrees C or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The glass substrate comprises 0-0.8 %mass alkali metal oxide chosen from lithium oxide, sodium oxide and potassium oxide. The glass substrate comprises 50-70 %mass silicon dioxide, 0-15 %mass barium oxide, 10-25 %mass aluminum oxide, 0-10 %mass magnesium oxide, 0-20 %mass calcium oxide, 0-20 %mass strontium oxide, 0-15 %mass barium oxide, and 5-20 %mass alkali-metal oxide (RO) chosen from magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, strontium oxide and barium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The clarifier comprises tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The aromatic rings of monomer (m1), monomer (m2) and small molecule additive are same or different from each other. The aromatic ring is chosen from optionally substituted heterocyclic aromatic ring, optionally substituted homocyclic aromatic ring and optionally substituted polycyclic aromatic ring, preferably optionally substituted thiophene, optionally substituted furan, optionally substituted pyrrole, optionally substituted imidazole, optionally substituted oxazole, optionally substituted thiazole, optionally substituted benzene, optionally substituted pyridine, optionally substituted pyrimidine and optionally substituted pyrazine. The substituents are chosen from 1-30C alkyl group, 3-30C cycloalkyl group, 3-30C heterocycloalkyl group, 6-30C aryl group, 5-30C heteroaryl group, -R1COOR1', -R2COR2' and -R3-O-R3'.R1-R3=bond or 1-30C alkyl;andR1'-R3'=H or 1-30C alkyl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The monomer (m1) is chosen from polythiophene, 1-30C alkyl-containing poly(3-alkylthiophene), polyfluorene and poly(phenylvinylene). The monomer (m2) is poly(methyl methacrylate), polycarbonate, polypropylene, polyimide, polydimethylsiloxane, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene, polystyrene and polyethylene glycol. The small molecule additive is chosen from polythiophene, 1-30C alkyl-containing 3-alkylthiophene, dialkylphthalate, butyl benzyl phthalate and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. The weight ratio of block copolymer and small molecule additive is 1-40. Preferred Properties: The small molecule additive has boiling point of 45 degrees C or more. Thermal annealing process during enhancement is performed at 25-400 degrees C for 1-30 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The rare-earth material is erbium (Er3+) and ytterbium (Yb3+). The IGZO base composition comprises indium nitrate hydrate (In(NO3)3-xH2O), gallium nitrate hydrate (Ga(NO3)3-xH2O) and the zinc acetate dehydrate, where x is not defined.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The silicon raw material is silicon powder. The etching medium is fluoro-nitric acid solution. The substrate is silicon substrate. Preferred Process: The substrate, etching medium and silicon raw material are arranged in a container, the container is sealed, and sealed space is formed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Manufacture process further involves dispersion processing carbon nanotube oriented aggregate separated from the substrate in solvent, and contacting carbon nanotube blended aggregate with solvent in reduced pressure, before separation process. Preferred Property: The substrate is in flat form, particulate form and linear form.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Cadmium sulfide-based semiconducting photocatalyst is cadmium sulfide and zinc sulfide-coated iron oxide core-shell nanoparticles. The addition amount of catalyst is 2 g. The concentration of hydrogen sulfide gas is 10 ppm. Hydrogen sulfide gas has maximum hydrogen conversion rate of 96%. Preferred Process: Cadmium sulfide and zinc sulfide-coated iron oxide core-shell nanoparticles is obtained by synthesizing iron oxide nanoparticles, dissolving iron oxide nanoparticles in distilled water by ultrasonic processing, adding preset amount of distilled water and sodium hydroxide solution to obtained mixture, adding cadmium acetate and zinc acetate to distilled water containing iron oxide nanoparticles, mixing, adding sodium sulfide solution, washing resulting mixture with distilled water and isopropyl alcohol, and drying in oven.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alkaline solution is chosen from sodium carbonate solution, potassium carbonate solution and sodium bicarbonate solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): The N,N-diphenylaniline derivative (I) is obtained by reacting pyrazine derivative of formula (II) and aniline derivative of formula (III) in the molar ratio of 1:2-2.4, adding catalyst, organic solvent and alkaline solution, carrying out Suzuki coupling reaction at 70-130 degrees C for 12-48 hours, cooling the resultant product, extracting the resultant product with dichloromethane, drying the organic phase with anhydrous magnesium sulfate to obtain crude product, separating the resultant product using petroleum ether and ethyl acetate in the molar ratio of 10:1, purifying the resultant product by silica gel column, and drying the crystalline powder at 50 degrees C for 24 hours. Preferred Composition: The catalyst is bistriphenylphosphine palladium dichloride and tetrakistriphenylphosphine palladium. The molar ratio of catalyst and compound (II) is 1:20-1:100. The molar ratio of alkaline solution and compound (A) is 20:1. The organic solvent is chosen from toluene, N,N-dimethylformamide and tetrahydrofuran.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon layer is nitrogen-doped carbon layer. The metal nanoparticles are chosen from platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium and gold. The content of metal nanoparticles is 1-30 wt.%, preferably 10-15 wt.%. The content of nitrogen in the carbon layer is 1-10 wt.%, preferably 2-5 wt.%. The acidic solution is chosen from hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid. Preferred Properties: The particle size of metal nanoparticles is 0.1-20 nm, preferably 3-11 nm. The length of the carbon nanotube is 0.1-30 mu m, preferably 5-15 mu m. The diameter of the carbon nanotube is 1-80 nm, preferably 20-60 nm. The thickness of carbon layer is 0.1-3 nm, preferably 0.3-1.5 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The precursor is obtained by mixing polymerizing monomer with initiator and soluble salt of noble metal chosen from dichlorotetraammine platinum, palladium chloride, chloroauric acid, rhodium chloride and ruthenium chloride, and performing oxidative polymerization. The preparation of carbon nanotube composite further involves washing carbon nanotube using acidic solution and coating precursor on the outer surface of carbon nanotube. Preferred Composition: The monomer is chosen from aniline, pyrrole, diamine and benzene. The mass ratio of carbon nanotube and monomer is 1:0.5-2, preferably 1:0.5-1.5. The mass ratio of monomer, soluble salt of noble metal and initiator is 1:0.1-1.5:0.5-2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The expanded graphite preferably has BET specific surface area of 100-900 m2/g and average pore size of 10-1000 nm. The BET specific surface area of catalyst carrier is preferably 120-800 m2/g. Preferred Process: The catalyst carrier is obtained by dissolving pore blocking agent in low-boiling organic solvent, dispersing expanded graphite in mixed solution, and high-temperature calcining.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The low-boiling organic solvent is ethanol, ether, acetone and/or chloroform.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of zirconium with respect to total metal content is 50-1000 ppm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The water-based solvent includes sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid and/or or phosphoric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent includes organic solvent, water-based solvent. The anode active material includes substituent selected from hydrogen, methyl group, ethyl group, benzyl radical, butoxycarbonylmethyl group, carboxylmethyl and/or aminocarbonylmethyl. The cathode active material includes substituent selected from hydrogen, methyl group, ethyl group, benzyl radical, butoxycarbonylmethyl group, carboxylmethyl and/or aminocarbonylmethyl. The organic solvent is acetonitrile, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dimethylsulfoxide, dimethylformamide, propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, N-methypyrrolidone, and/or fluoroethylene carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic fiber is fiber comprising alumina, silica, zirconia and/or ceria. The inorganic fiber contains low crystalline fiber. Preferred Property: The BET specific surface area of layered double-hydroxide particles or composite metal oxide particles after baking at 600 degrees C for 5 hours is 100 m2/g or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The film comprises transparent oxide particles. The base material is a transparent conductive film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkali ion endohedral fullerene is lithium ion doped fullerene-C60. The anionic pigment is metalloporphyrin (MTPPS4-), where M is zinc or hydrogen. The photovoltaic apparatus further comprises an electrode made of tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The molar ratio of Mo, Yb, and Er or Tm is 69-78%:20-30%:1-2%. Trifluoroacetic acid is added to adjust pH. Preferred Method: The annealing is carried out at 800 degrees C for 4-10 hours.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The hydrophilic hyperbranched polymer is hydroxy, amino, or carboxyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The interlayer is layer comprising poly(vinyl butyral) resin having molecular weight of 140000 Daltons or less. Preferred Properties: The interlayer has flow of 0.18 mm or more and stress relaxation of 100 Pa or less at 150 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The absorber material in absorber layer is selected from the group consisting of copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) and cadmium telluride (CdTe). The buffer material is selected from the group consisting of zinc sulfide (ZnS), cadmium sulfide (CdS) and cadmium selenide (CdSe). A thin layer of the absorber layer adjacent to the buffer layer comprises zinc (Zn) or cadmium (Cd) ions.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The base material is aluminum material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The powdery coating material further contains curing agent. The composition further comprises resin other than the fluororesin. The sum total of content of resin other than the fluororesin with the fluororesin is 10-90 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass powdery coating material. The resin other than the fluororesin is hardenable acrylic resin, hardenable polyester resin, hardenable urethane resin, curable epoxy resin or curable silicone resin, preferably hardenable acrylic resin. The fluororesin is polyvinylidene fluoride. The content of anti-staining agent is 0.01-15 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of the resin component in the powdery coating material. The hardenable polyester resin contains reactive group chosen from hydroxyl group and carboxy group. Preferred Properties: The coating film has degrees of water contact angle of 1-55 degrees . The ratio of the mass mean molecular weight of resin other than the fluororesin and number average molecular weight is 1-3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of antioxidant (c) is 0.01-5 parts mass with respect to total of 100 parts mass of polyolefin (a) and fiber (b) of thermoplastic resin. The content of pore-forming agent (d) is 25-250 parts mass with respect to total content of 100 parts mass of polyolefin (a) and fiber (b) of thermoplastic resin. The content of ( beta )-crystalline nucleating agent is 0.0001-10 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of polyolefin (a).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of polyolefin (a) is 50-95 %mass with respect to the total content of polyolefin (a) and fiber (b) of thermoplastic resin. The content of fiber (b) of thermoplastic resin is 5-50 %mass. The sheet further comprises antioxidant (c), pore-forming agent (d) and ( beta )-crystalline nucleating agent (e).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solvent is tetrahydrofuran. The fullerene derivative is chosen from (6,6)-phenyl-71C-butyric acid methyl ester, (6,6)-phenyl-61C-butyric acid methyl ester and (6,6)-phenyl-85C-butyric acid methyl ester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal salt is nitrate or chloride of iron, cobalt and/or nickel. The carbon carrier is carbon powder, graphene, carbon nanotubes or carbon nanofibers. The dispersant is sodium citrate, sodium tartrate, sodium hexametaphosphate or sodium edetate. The noble metal is molybdenum and/or palladium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The aprotic solvent is methanol, ethanol, hydrazine, ethylene glycol, glycerol, sodium borohydride or ascorbic acid solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The peeling of gallium arsenide substrate and buffer layer is carried out using the etching solution containing sulfuric acid, hydrogen peroxide and water in volume ratio of 1:2:2. The peeling of gallium-indium phosphide etch-stop layer is carried out using the etching solution of concentrated hydrochloric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: Crystalline silicon solar cell is single crystal silicon solar cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The etching process is carried out using alkali solution or acid solution. The oxidation is carried out in atmosphere of mixed gas containing nitrogen and oxygen. Preferred Composition: The volume ratio of nitrogen and oxygen is 2.5:1-10:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: High-temperature treatment is carried out in protective gas atmosphere. The etching process is carried out using sulfuric acid. Preferred Composition: Ferric ion solution is ferric nitrate solution or ferric chloride solution. The concentration of ferric ion solution is 0.1-0.3 mol/L. The protective gas is argon or nitrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The elements are chosen from the group consisting of tungsten, tantalum, titanium, vanadium, and niobium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The first and second transparent conductive films are formed of indium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The indium oxide is doped with titanium, vanadium, tantalum and niobium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - An interlayer is made of partial conductive material i.e. partial conductive oxide and/or nitride such as endowed zinc oxide and/or tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The heteroatom comprises 1-10 wt.% nitrogen, 0.3-6 wt.% boron, 0.5-5 wt.% sulfur and 0.2-4 wt.% phosphorus. Preferred Components: The strong base is potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide. The alkali metal carbonate is sodium carbonate or potassium carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The acid solution is 30-40 wt.% nitric acid. The amount of aqueous ammonia is 50-55 n. Preferred Method: The heating is carried out at 50-70 degrees C for 30 minutes. Step 5 further comprises adding dispersant, stirring, aging, drying at 60-80 degrees c, heating to 600-900 degrees C for 4-6 hours, and grinding.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The concentration of citric acid solution is 1.5 mol/L as complexing agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The viscosity of vinyl terminated polydimethylsiloxane is 2000-200000 mPa.s at 25 degrees C. The vinyl MQ silicone resin is alkali condensate with low hydroxyl content. The vinyl MQ silicone resin is of formula ((ViMe2SiO(1/2))a(Me3SiO(1/2)b)(SiO2)c). The hydroxymethyl MQ silicone resin is of formula ((HMe2SiO(1/2)a')(Me3SiO(1/2)b')(SiO2)c'). The hydroxy silicone oil is organopolysiloxane containing three silicon-hydrogen bonds. The inhibitor is 1-ethynyl-1-cyclohexanol, 2-methyl-3-butyn-3-ol, 3,5-dimethyl-1-hexyne-3-ol and 3-methyl-1-dodecene-3-ol. The molybdenum metal catalyst is platinum-molybdenum treated, platinum black, chloroplatinic acid, ethyl alcohol modified chloroplatinic acid, chloroplatinic acid/olefin siloxane complex and chloromolybdate/divinyl tetramethyldisiloxane complex.(a+b)/c=0.7-0.9; and(a'+b')/c'=1.4-2.0.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The reducing agent comprises methanol, ethylene glycol, formaldehyde, paraformaldehyde, sodium borohydride, sodium thiosulfate, sodium sulfite, ethanol, citric acid or glucose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The first dielectric layer is made of material selected from a group consisting of indium tin oxide, aluminum zinc oxide and zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Heat-treating of substrate is carried out in selenide or sulfide atmosphere. The method further involves dissolving metal salt in precursor solution. Preferred Composition: The precursor solution comprises copper salt, zinc salt, tin salt, complexing agent, and sulfur salt or selenium salt. The molar ratio of copper, zinc and tin is 2:1:1. The concentration of metal salt is 0.01-0.4M. The concentration of sulfur salt or selenium salt is 0.05-0.4M.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The complexing agent is disodium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, or trisodium citrate. The concentration of complexing agent is 0.02-0.1M.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The dummy pattern is formed using the insulating material selected from isopropyl alcohol (IPA), methanol, and hexamethylene disilazane (HMDS).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Composition: The substrate further comprises inorganic material-based high-refractive layer. Preferred Property: The thickness of the high-refractive layer is 7 nm or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The substrate film comprises polymer (A) comprising condensation unit (A1) of tetracarboxylic dianhydride and diamine compound (A3), or imidization unit, and condensation unit (A4) of tetracarboxylic dianhydride and diamine compound (A5), or imidization unit, and polymer (B) comprising condensation unit (B1) of tetracarboxylic dianhydride and diamine compound (B3), or imidization unit, and condensation unit (B4) of tetracarboxylic dianhydride and diamine compound (B5). The condensation unit (A1) and condensation unit (A4) comprises polarity functional group chosen from halogen, halo alkyl group, cyano group, alkoxy group, nitro group, cyanate group and thiocyanate group. Preferred Properties: The absolute value of refractive index of condensation unit (A1) and refractive index of condensation unit (A4) is 0.01 or more. The surface roughness of substrate film is 5 nm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The heat-resistant resin includes amide group-containing compound of formula (I). The heat-resistant resin film has maximum tensile stress of 200 MPa or more. The solution containing precursor of heat-resistant resin contains photo acid generator (a), compound (b) containing phenolic hydroxyl group(s), and surfactant (c).X=2C or more tetravalent tetracarboxylic acid residue containing group of formula (II) or (III) as main component;Y'=2C or more bivalent diamine residue containing group of formula (IV) as main component;andm=positive integer.Preferred Process: The heating process is carried out using the heating furnace. The heat-resistant resin film is peeled from support component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The indium alloy sputtering target further contains 0.3-25 atomic% copper. The average particle diameter of aluminum phase contained in the indium alloy sputtering target is 350 mu m or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The copper gallide (CuGa2) comprises 90 atomic% or more gallium. The total content of gallium is 40-68 atomic%. Pure copper and gallium-containing copper-mixed crystal comprises copper-rich phase containing 80 atomic% or more copper. The copper-rich phase comprises pure copper. The total content of copper gallide (CuGa2) is 30 vol.% or more. The volume ratio of copper gallide (CuGa2) and copper gallide (Cu9Ga4) is 2 or more. The sputtering target comprises 0.01-5 atomic% one or more elements chosen from group of alkali metals.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The carbon nanotubes have carbon-monoxide desorption amount of 1000-20000 mu mol/g and carbon-dioxide desorption amount of 500-10000 mu mol/g, a nitrogen-adsorption BET specific surface area of 500-3000 m2/g, and a water-vapor-adsorption BET specific surface area of 10-500 m2/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The top layer and the middle layer comprise aluminum (Al)x gallium (Ga)(1-x) arsenide (As) and the bottom layer comprises AlyGa(1-y)As. The top layer and the middle layer comprise gallium arsenide (GaAs) and the bottom layer comprises germanium (Ge). The top layer and the middle layer comprise AlGaAs phosphorus (AlGaAsP) and the bottom layer comprises Ge or GaAs or indium phosphorus (InP) or silicon (Si).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cathodized gold nanoparticle forming method utilizes basic solution that is a glucose analyte solution, and essentially sodium hydroxide, and solid graphite member that is a mechanical pencil lead, preferably hi-polymer graphite pencil HB grade lead.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The conduction of current (c1) results in electro-polishing the silicon substrate. The conduction of currents (c1) and (c2) is based on size of silicon substrate and concentration of the solution. Preferred Process: The conduction of current (c1) forms polished layer on substrate. The conduction of current (c2) forms porous layer on substrate. The method involves electropolishing the silicon substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solution (A) and (B) comprises hydrofluoric acid, isopropyl alcohol and ethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of fluoro polymer (B) is 1-40 %mass with respect to content of fluoropolymer (A). The resin particles (B2) are obtained by carrying out seed polymerization of monomer containing (meth)acrylic acid ester in presence of particles containing fluoropolymer including vinylidene fluoride unit. The polymeric porous membrane is hollow fiber membrane or flat film. Preferred Property: The weight average molecular weight of fluorine-containing copolymer (B1) is 1000-2000000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The vapor deposition layer is formed by vacuum deposition using vapor deposition material containing metal silicon and silicon dioxide. The vapor deposition material contains 1-20 atomic% metal(s) chosen from aluminum, zinc, tin, iron, manganese and/or their oxides.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The coating liquid further contains organosilicon compound (B) of formula: Si(OR2)4 or R3-Si(OR2)3, acrylic polyol (C) containing 2 or more hydroxyl groups, and isocyanate compound (D) containing at least 2 or more cyanate groups in a molecule. The laminate further has anchor-coat layer between resin base material and vapor deposition layer. The anchor-coat layer is formed by coating anchor-coat agent containing acrylic polyol (a) containing 2 or more hydroxyl groups, isocyanate compound (b) containing at least 2 or more cyanate groups in a molecule on the base material.R2=R;andR3=organic group containing epoxy group and NCO.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The chlorotrialkylsilane is chosen from chlorotrimethylsilane, chlorotriethylsilane, t-butyl chlorodimethylsilane, chlorotriisopropylsilane, and t-butyl diphenylchlorosilane. The organic lithium compound is chosen from n-butyllithium, sec-butyllithium, tert-butyllithium, lithium diisopropylamide, lithium hexamethyldisilazane, and lithium tetramethylpiperazine. The phthalocyanine derivative is preferably of formula (IV) or (V). Preferred Process: Manufacture of phthalocyanine derivative further involves removing trialkylsilyl group from the phthalocyanine derivative having C4h symmetry, and obtaining phthalocyanine derivative of formula (VI).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The acid structure group of the component (B) is chosen from carboxyl group, sulfo group, sulfino group, phosphite group and phosphate ester group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The curable resin composition further comprises 0.01-10 pts. wt. photoinitiator (E). The curable resin composition contains 10-85 wt.% component (A), 10-85 wt.% component (B), 3-80 wt.% component (C) with respect to total amount of components (A)-(C). The polymer (D) contains component (D1) containing at least 1 group chosen from polydimethylsiloxane group, perfluoroalkyl group, perfluoroalkylene group, 6-30C saturated hydrocarbon group, (meth)acryloyl group, epoxy group and oxetane group, and component (D2) containing polydimethylsiloxane group or perfluoroalkyl group. The component (D2) is obtained by polymerizing monomer mixture containing monomer (D2a) containing at least 1 group chosen from perfluoro alkylene group and 6-30C saturated hydrocarbon group, (meth)acrylate monomer (D2b) containing epoxy group, and carboxylic acid (D2c) containing 1 or more (meth)acryloyl groups in 1 molecule. The compound (D) contains 7-78 wt.% component (D2a) with respect to total content of components (D2a and D2b). The component (A) further contains at least a group chosen from isocyanuric acid ester group, (meth)acryloyl group, carbon acid-anhydride group, epoxy group and mercapto group. The component (B) contains hydroxyl group, and is an acid anhydride addition product of poly (meth)acrylate containing 2-5 (meth)acryloyl groups, carboxyalkyl (meth)acrylate and 2-methacryloyloxy ethanesulfonic acid. The base material is plastic base material and/or glass board material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): Preparing pyreno-bis-imidazole derivative of formula I involves reacting compound of formula HC(O-1-12C alkyl)3 or HC(OCH2Cy)3 and a tetraamine compound of formula II. The pyreno-bis-imidazole derivative is coordinated with a metal selected from groups 8-11 of the periodic table, e.g. rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir), palladium (Pd), gold (Au), nickel (Ni), ruthenium (Ru), silver (Ag) or platinum (Pt). Preferably, the pyreno-bis-imidazole derivative is coordinated to a metal selected from groups 8-11 of the periodic table, where the method involves reacting with: (a) a metal precursor of formula MCILn; (b) (RhCl(COD))2, (IrCl(COD))2, (PdCl(( eta )3-allyl))2 or (AuCl(SMe2)); (c) (RuCl2(p-cymene))2; (d) (Au(C-N-C)Cl); or (e) (Pt-(C-N-C) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)).M=a metal of group 8-11 of the periodic table;L=1,5-cyclooctadiene (COD), ( eta )3-allyl or SMe2;n=1-4, depending on the meaning of M; and(C-N-C)=2,6-diphenylpyridin-2,2'-diyl.Preferred Compound: The pyreno-bis-imidazole derivative is selected from formulae 2-4. EXAMPLE - In a Schlenk tube, palladium(II) acetate (Pd(OAc)2) (24.7 mg, 0.11 mmol), 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl) imidazolium chloride (93.4 mg, 0.22 mmol), and sodium tert.-butoxide (NaOtBu) (31, 7 mg, 0.33 mmol) were introduced; 3 vacuum/nitrogen gas (N2) cycles were performed; and 10 ml of dry toluene was introduced and stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes. In another Schlenk tube, 4,5,9,10-tetrabromo-2,7-di-tert.-butylpyrene (1 g, 1.59 mmol) and NaOtBu (734 mg, 7.63 mmol) were introduced, 3 cycles of vacuum/N2 were made and 15 ml of dry toluene was added. The solution was added to first Schlenk tube. Then, tert.-butylamine (820 ml, 7.63 mmol) was added and stirred at reflux overnight. The dark brown solution was filtered, and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to give the desired product as brown solid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The phenyl compound (A) is of formula (II). The polymerization initiator (C) is light or thermal cation polymerization initiator, or light or thermal radical polymerization initiator.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The linear polymer (B) is of formula (b).R1-R8=H, or organic group;andY'=Rc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The graphene source material is graphite. The concentration of graphene in the composition is 3 mg/ml or more. Preferred Process: Deposition of graphene composition is carried out on substrate. The graphene composition is annealed or photo-annealed. Exfoliation involves shear-mixing graphene source material and medium. Graphene ink composition is applied on substrate, and annealed.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic solvent is chosen from 2-5C alcohol, ester, amide, ether and ketone, preferably ethanol and dimethylformamide. The hydrophobic fluid component comprises component chosen from terpene and terpene alcohol, preferably terpineol and cyclohexanone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: Application of composition involves decomposition product of ethyl cellulose. The dispersing agent comprises ethyl cellulose. The substrate comprises flexible polymer. The polymer is chosen from polyimide and polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carrier further comprises aluminum and the gamma -phase alumina is disposed on the surface of the aluminum as a passivation layer. The active layer comprises platinum. The catalyst is in pellet, granule or monolithic form. Preferred Method: The method further comprises combusting a fuel with oxygen produced from the decomposition of the hydrogen peroxide, to produce the exhaust gases, where the hydrogen peroxide has a concentration of 100%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The apparatus further comprises a reservoir storing hydrogen peroxide with a concentration of 80-100%, where the reservoir is arranged to provide the hydrogen peroxide to the inlet; and means for separating water vapor and oxygen produced by the decomposition of the hydrogen peroxide. The apparatus is a thruster and further comprises a nozzle in fluid communication with the decomposition chamber, where the nozzle (308) is arranged to provide thrust by directing gas produced during decomposition of the hydrogen peroxide. The apparatus is a bipropellant thruster (300), and the decomposition chamber further comprises a fuel inlet arranged to receive fuel from a fuel tank, where the fuel inlet is disposed such that the fuel combusts with oxygen produced by the decomposition of the hydrogen peroxide. The apparatus is a hybrid thruster and further comprises a solid fuel arranged to combust with oxygen produced by the decomposition of the hydrogen peroxide. The apparatus is a fuel cell and further comprises an anode comprising the catalyst, a cathode arranged to be electrically connected to the anode via a load, and an electrolyte separating the anode from the cathode, where the electrolyte is arranged to permit movement of hydrogen ions from the anode to the cathode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The method further comprises thermally crosslinking the carbonized carbon material precursor polymer in the presence of polyethylene, polypropylene, nylon and epoxy resin. The freeze-drying step comprises supplying liquid nitrogen to the macromolecular solution, and adding silica gel, carbon nanofiller or graphene oxide to the macromolecular solution. The carbonization step is conducted by heat-treating the carbon material precursor polymer. Preferred Components: The macromolecular solution is polyamic acid-based macromolecular solution. The polymer of the macromolecular solution is ladder polymer. The macromolecular solution comprises a conjugated polymer, polythiophene, poly(p-phenylene vinylene), polyimide, polybenzoxazole, polybenzimidazole, and polybenzthiazole. The ladder polymer is polyacrylonitrile or lignin. The porous carbon material comprises pores having a size of 10-50 mu m and pores having a size of 0.65 mu m, and has a honeycomb structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The elements include a first set of sub-elements and a second set of sub-elements. The first set of sub-elements is selected from a group of tungsten and tantalum. The second set of sub-elements is selected from a group of titanium, vanadium and niobium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The chloride source is selected from a group consisting of magnesium chloride, sodium chloride, calcium chloride, copper chloride, potassium chloride, antimony chloride and ammonium chloride. The solvent is alcohol or methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Amine substance is chosen from carbamide (urea), aminobutyric acid, diphenylamine (N,N-diamino benzoic acid), glutamic acid, laurylamine (N-dodecylamine), methylhexyl amine, nicotine putrescine stearylamine (octadecylamine), and beef tallow amine. Process waste gas contains a halogen family of elements. Preferred Process: Catalyst gas to which reactivity of process waste gas is increased and ammonia is supplied to the inside of trap part.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Electro-Conductive Paste: The M is preferably a metal. The Ag-metal-oxide has the general form AgxMyOz.M=metal or semiconductor element, and is not Ag;x=1-3;y=1-2; andz=3-6.M is selected from molybdenum (Mo), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), chromium (Cr), niobium (Nb), vanadium (V), tellurium (Te), zinc (Zn), and antimony (Sb). The oxidation state of M is selected from +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 or +7. The Ag-metal-oxide is selected from silver vanadate (AgVO3), silver molybdate (AG2MoO4), and silver tungstate (Ag2WO4). The aluminum (Al) metal content is less than 0.5 wt.%, based on the paste. The Ag-metal-oxide is present in the paste at 2-50 mmol/kg based on the number of Ag+ ions of the Ag-metal-oxide and the total weight of the paste. The Ag-metal-oxide has a melting temperature below 900 degrees C. The Ag-metal-oxide is crystalline. Preferred Precursor: The substrate is a wafer, where the wafer has a sheet resistance of greater than or equal to 80 Ohm/sq. The paste is on the front face of the wafer. The paste is present on both the front face and the back face. The paste is on a p-type or n-type doped face of the wafer. Preferred Method: In the process for preparing a device, the device is a photovoltaic solar cell. The maximum temperature during the firing step is less than 900 degrees C. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The flow volume mix ratio of the hydrocarbon-type gas is 0-20%. The hydrocarbon-type gas is methane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of metal-containing compound and ammonia is 1:1-2:1. The contact process is carried out in presence of catalyst. The catalyst comprises transition metal and/or lanthanide metal. The catalyst is chosen from transition metal calogenide, lanthanide metal calogenide, transition metal halide, lanthanide metal halide, transition metal pnictide, lanthanide metal pnictide, transition metal tetrel and/or lanthanide metal tetrel. Metal-containing compound and/or its precursor are introduced into the reactor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of monomer (a1) with respect to monomer (a2) contained in the monomer mixture is 8:2-3:7. The polar group of monomer (a2) is chosen from hydroxyl group, carboxyl group, amino group, amide group, acetoacetoxy group, acid anhydride group, sulfonic acid group, phosphoric acid group, thiol group, and heterocyclic group. The monomer (a2) is chosen from N-vinylpyrrolidone or 1,4-epoxy-4-vinylcyclohexane obtained from maleic acid, maleic anhydride, esterified substance of maleic acid, or esterified substance of maleic anhydride, and mixture of cyclohexylmaleimide and N-vinylpyrrolidone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The baking paste composition contains 1-15 wt.% copolymer (A), 20-70 wt.% solvent (B), and 20-70 wt.% inorganic powder (C) with respect to 100 wt.% baking paste composition. The baking paste composition further contains a dispersing agent (D). Preferred Properties: The copolymer has a solubility parameter of 7-10 and a weight average molecular weight of 15000-1500000. The difference between solubility parameter of copolymer (A) and solvent (B) is 2 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Property: The Vickers hardness of the alloy target material is 450 HV or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The surface-coating layer contains polymer of urethane (meth)acrylate monomer(s) and/or monomer having polyrotaxane structure, and is obtained by hardening a composition containing ( alpha )-hydroxyketone-type photoinitiator and ( alpha )-aminoketone-type photoinitiator.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound is organometallic compound of formula: Ma(L)bXc.M=W or Cr;L=bicyclic heterocyclic anionic compound of formula (I);X=halide;a=1 or 2;b=1-4;m,n=0-4;m+n=1 or more;andR1,R2=alkyl.Preferred Properties: The compound has oxidation potential in tetrahydrofuran of -1.5 V or less or -1.8 V or less. The compound is soluble in aprotic or nonpolar organic solvent. The compound preferably has ionization energy of 3.6 eV or less, solubility in tetrahydrofuran of 1 g/L or more, solubility in benzene of 1 g/L or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The porous carbon structure has a surface area of 300-2000 m2/g and an electrical conductivity of 100-2000 S/cm. The porous carbon structure is prepared by electro-spraying process, electro-spinning process or ultrasonic spray pyrolysis. The number average molecular weight of the intrinsic microporosity polymers is 1000-1000000. Preferred Method: The forming step is accomplished with 0.5-25 wt.% of a macromolecular solution. The carbonizing step is accomplished at a temperature of 400-3000 degrees C under an inert gas or vacuum atmosphere in the presence of a 1-5C hydrocarbon containing gas. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metals such as silver (Ag), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), tin (Sn), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), silicon nitride (SiN), amorphous silicon, polysilicon, silicon oxide (SiO2), silane (SiH4), di-borane (B2H6), boron tri-chloride (BCl) and phosphine (PH3) are deposited on selective emitter solar cell by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), atomic layer deposition (ALD), low pressure chemical vapor deposition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The substrate comprises material chosen from silicon, germanium, silicon-germanium, aluminum nitride, gallium nitride, silicon carbide and diamond, or an alloy. The transition layer comprises material chosen from germanium-silicon (GexSi1-x), gallium-aluminum nitride (GaxAl1-xN), gallium-aluminum arsenide (GaxAl1-xAs), indium-gallium arsenide (InxGa1-xAs), indium-gallium phosphide (InxGa1-xP) and indium-aluminum arsenide (InxAl1-xAs). Preferred Property: The lattice mismatch (m1) and lattice mismatch (m2) are preferably less than 1%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The conductive contact is formed by electroplating copper on the nickel and printing aluminum particles. A first conductive portion comprises a conductive alloy such as nickel silicide that is formed from a first metal such as nickel at an interface of the substrate and the semiconductor region.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The nickel (Ni) layer is mounted on the conductive layer. The copper (Cu) layer is mounted on the Ni layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The diffusion barrier layer is composed of substance selected from titanium, nickel, tungsten, and oxygen, and the diffusion barrier layer is made of titanium nitride, titanium tungsten, and titanium tungsten nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The protective layers of photovoltaic solar cell is made of silicon oxide layer and silicon nitride layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The first dopant is an element from boron, indium, gallium, and aluminum, and second dopant is an element from phosphorus, arsenic, and antimony. The diffusion barrier layer is made from silicon nitride, silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, and/or silicon oxide nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The inorganic compound film is formed by sputtering.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Ammonia adsorption agent is zeolite, acid clay mineral, silicon-oxide containing complex oxide, vanadium oxide-containing complex oxide, metal sulfate, or metal phosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): The star-like structured triphenylamine-based micromolecule is prepared by reacting 3-hexylthiophene and n-butyltin chloride, adding benzothiadiazole, 1,3-thiadiazole at 100-120 degrees C for 10-14 hours in acetic acid solution under nitrogen gas, stirring, recrystallizing, adding N-bromobutanoate imide, reacting for 10-14 hours, recrystallizing, reacting with triphenylamine boronate, performing Suzuki coupling under ice bath, adding N-bromobutoxy diimide, stirring for 10-14 hours, adding 4-pyridyl boracic acid, washing and isolating.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The composition further comprises crosslinking agent, and acid or acid generator. The polymer has vinyl structural unit of formula (I). An aliphatic polycyclic compound of polymer is 2-6 rings diene compound. An aliphatic polycyclic compound of polymer is dicyclopentadiene or norbornadiene. A vinyl-group containing compound of polymer is alkene, acrylate or methacrylate. An aromatic ring-containing compound of polymer is isocyclic-ring compound optionally substituted by benzene or naphthalene, or heterocyclic compound optionally substituted by carbazole or phenothiazine. The underlayer is antireflective film or hard mask.X=single bond, bivalent group having vinyl structure derived from vinyl-group containing compound as polymerization chain, or bivalent group having aryl-containing structure derived from aryl-containing compound as polymerization chain;andY'=bivalent group having aliphatic polycyclic structure derived from aliphatic polycyclic compound as polymerization chain.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The chemically-strengthened glass plate contains 62-68 mol% silicon dioxide, 6-12 mol% alumina, 7-13 mol% magnesium oxide, 9-17 mol% sodium oxide, 0-7 mol% potassium oxide, and 0-8 mol% zirconium dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The absolute value of the difference of linear expansion coefficient of the polyimide layer and linear expansion coefficient of the inorganic substrate (a) is 30 ppm/ degrees C or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The etching liquid further contains sulfonic acid compound of formula (I) or its salt, preferably benzenesulfonic acid, toluenesulfonic acid, xylene sulfonic acid and/or cumene sulfonic acid, and silicic acid and/or silicate.n=0-5;andR=H or 1-12C alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Formation of electrical conductor further involves locating an electrical contact (40) in electrical communication with the ultra-thin layer through the nano-layer. Preferred Properties: The ultra-thin layer has thickness of 100 nm or less. The nano-layer has thickness of 5 nm or less. The electrical resistance between electrical contact and ultra-thin layer is 2000 Omega or less, preferably 1000 Omega or less, more preferably 500 Omega or less. The sheet resistance of ultra-thin layer is 10000 Omega per square or less, preferably 250 Omega per square or less. Preferred Composition: The ratio of aluminum and zinc in the ultra-thin layer is more than 0 and 15% or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The method (f1) further comprises grinding the nanoparticles before adding the nanoparticles to the aqueous liquid medium in (b2), and shearing a mixture of the aqueous liquid medium and the ionic liquid-based stabilizer before adding the nanoparticles to the aqueous liquid medium in (b2). The step (c2) comprises performing at least one high-shear mixing process. EXAMPLE - Single wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) was cleaned using standard nitric acid-based cleaning. Small dispersion of cleaned SWCNT in imidazolium-based nanolatex was prepared by adding 0.969 g latex to 5 mg cleaned SWCNT. The nanolatex 2 was concentrated to 18 wt/wt.% solids. The SWCNT remained at the bottom of the mixture. The mixture was subjected to ultrasonication. During first 10 minutes tightly bundled and shiny SWCNT solids were expanded. Further 60 minutes mild sonication resulted in a black dispersion. After 12 days dispersion was undergone some settling, with grey supernatant over top a more concentrated black suspension in the lower half of the volume. The dispersion was treated with intermediate power sonication for 1 minute and worked up to give nanoparticle dispersion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer and nanoparticle combination comprises at least one styrene sulfonate monomer. Preferred Components: The conductive nanoparticle: is linked to the first conductive monomers and/or the second conductive monomers; and has at least one solvent compatible group comprising hydrophilic moieties. The first conductive monomers include 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene. The conductive polymer: has a degree of polymerization of 100-1000; includes at least one of cationic monomers or anionic monomers; and includes the styrene sulfonate monomers. The linker is unsubstituted or substituted. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The porous membrane has a thermal contraction rate of -0.5% to 3% in the longitudinal direction and width direction at 250 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The separation of ketal is performed in a single refining tower, during separation of carbonate ester. Preferred Components: The ketal is acetone dimethyl acetal. The alcohol is methanol. The ketone is acetone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Diboric acid ester derivative is compound represented by any one of formulas (W1-1)-(W1-8). Metal catalyst is metal catalyst containing iridium. Preferred Processes: Metal catalyst containing iridium is obtained by mixing bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)di- mu -methoxydiiridium(I) and 4,4'-di-tert.-butyl-2,2'-bipyridine. Preferred Definitions:    W1, W2=boric acid ester residue represented by any one of formulas (W-1)-(W-8);    Y1=bivalent group represented by any one of formulas (Y-1)-(Y-4); and    R=H, halo, CN, or organic group.
Preferred Definitions:    x=10;    y=40; and    z=50.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The electronic device is an organic electroluminescent device, preferably organic light emitting transistors, organic field-quench devices, organic light emitting electrochemical cells, organic laser diodes or organic light emitting diodes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): The preparation of (I) comprises reacting at least one primary arylamine with at least one beta -keto vinyl alcohol to obtain beta -keto-enamine, and cyclizing beta -keto-enamine. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 40 Compounds (I) are disclosed, e.g. 7,7,9,9-tetramethyl-8,9-dihydro-7H-benzo(h)cyclopenta (c) quinoline (Ia), 3,4,5,6,8,9-hexahydrogenio-12,12,14,14-tetramethyl-17-azatetracyclo(8.7.0.0(2,7).0(11,15))heptadeca-1(17),2,4,6,8,10,15-heptaene, 7,7,9,9,11-pentamethyl-8,9-dihydro-7H-benzo(h)cyclopenta(c)quinoline, 7,7,9,9-tetramethyl-11-phenyl-8,9-dihydro-7H-benzo(h)cyclopenta(c)quinoline and 7,7,9,9-Tetramethyl-11-phenyl-8,9-dihydro-7H-cyclopenta(c)(1,7)phenanthroline.    EXAMPLE - Mixture of 16.8 g 5-(1-hydroxy-meth-(E)-ylidene)-2,2-4,4-tetramethylcyclopentanone, and 14.3 g 1-amino naphthalene was heated to 160 degrees C. Then 100 ml toluene was added and the obtained deep brown melt is treated in a stream of argon with 300 g polyphosphoric acid and then further stirred for 16 hours at 160 degrees C. The reaction mixture was cooled to 120 degrees C and 400 ml water was added. The reaction mixture was worked up to obtain (Ia).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The countercurrent heat exchanger is within an exhaust pipe.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The alcohol and water are mixed to form the wet alcohol prior to adding the fuel constituent. The alcohol and water are co-produced by reacting hydrogen with carbon dioxide. The portion of the hydrogen and carbon is produced by heating a hydrocarbon feedstock. The method for preparing the gaseous fuel further comprises adding an odorizing agent to the wet alcohol and/or the liquid fuel. The step of converting comprises applying heat to the liquid fuel, applying electrical energy to the liquid fuel, and applying heat and electrical energy to the liquid fuel. The converting step occurs in an armored container. The step of introducing occurs through an armored conduit. The method for providing gaseous components to a combustion chamber further comprises collecting water condensates from the exhaust pipe. The method for providing gaseous components to the combustion chamber further comprises: collecting water condensates from the exhaust pipe, mixing the water condensates with an alcohol to form a second liquid fuel, and delivering the second liquid fuel to the countercurrent heat exchanger. Preferred Components: The wet alcohol comprises an alcohol and water. The liquid fuel further comprises an odorizing agent or a fuel constituent. The endothermic reactor and/or the heat exchanger are/is armored. The cooled pressurized gaseous components have: a higher chemical energy potential and/or a higher pressure energy potential than the liquid fuel; a lower availability to be ingested by animals or plants than the alcohol; a shorter half-life as a contaminant than the alcohol; and a shorter time of dispersion upon leakage than the alcohol. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Process: Manufacture of upconversion-type fluorescent substance further involves mixing coordinating organic compound and solvent, such that the amount of coordinating organic compound is 1-10 mol times with respect to total content of metals, preparing mixed solution, heating mixed solution at 120-150 degrees C, evaporating liquid component, forming a ceramic precursor, baking the ceramic precursor at 800-1500 degrees C, and adding 0.1-50 wt.% flux agent chosen from boron compound, halide of alkali metal, and halide of alkaline-earth metal with respect to 100 wt.% upconversion-type fluorescent substance.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The secondary raw material is preferably coordinating organic compound complex chosen from coordinating organic compound complex of tantalum and coordinating organic compound complex of niobium. The coordinating organic compound is citric acid. Preferred Definitions:    M1=yttrium, lanthanum, or gadolinium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The material includes antimony, zinc, arsenic, and mercury.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ( alpha )-layer (c1) and ( alpha )-layer (c2) comprise arsenic, phosphorus, nitrogen or antimony-based III-V compound, preferably gallium indium phosphide. The sub-cell (a1) comprises gallium indium phosphide, gallium arsenide, gallium indium arsenide, gallium arsenide antimonide or gallium indium arsenide nitride in emitter region, and gallium arsenide, gallium indium arsenide, gallium arsenide antimonide or gallium indium arsenide nitride in base region. The sub-cell (a2) comprises indium gallium arsenide in base and emitter regions, or indium gallium phosphide in emitter region, and gallium arsenide in base region. The sub-cell (a3) comprises indium gallium phosphide in emitter region and indium gallium arsenide in base region. The grading interlayer comprises arsenic, nitrogen or antimony-based III-V compound, preferably indium gallium compound (InxGa1-x, where x is 0-less than 1 (excluding 0)), or aluminum arsenide (Al1-yAs, where y is 0-less than 1 (excluding 0)).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The selenium is introduced as a precursor gas of diisopropyl selenide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The network structure consists of metal particles made of titanium or titanium alloy. The electroconductive metal layer contains platinum, palladium, gold, or ruthenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The side of contact bonding layer (11) is used as light-injection side. The maximum reflectance wavelength of the heat-ray reflective film is 850-1800 nm. Preferred Composition: The cholesteric liquid-crystal polymer layer is formed by polymerizing a material containing a liquid-crystal compound having a polymerizable functional group, and a chiral agent having a polymerizable functional group. Contact bonding layer (11) comprises a UV absorber, and resin(s) chosen from polyvinyl butyral resin, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin, polyvinyl acetal resin, ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer resin, polyurethane resin, and polyvinyl alcohol resin. The substrates are glass substrates or transparent resin substrates.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The first DOT dopant is selected from boron, indium, gallium and aluminum. The second DOT dopant is selected from phosphorus, arsenic and antimony.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The film layers (A and B) are polyethylene terephthalate films, and are bonded through adhesive layer (13). A biaxially-stretched polyethylene terephthalate film is stuck to the near surface on which adhesive layer (11) is provided, as separator. Preferred Properties: The adhesive forces measured when peeling the surface protection film from the transparent conductive film after heated at 150 degrees C for 1 hour, at peeling angle of 180 degrees at 0.3 m/minute and 60 m/minute are 0.4 N/25 mm or less, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The cleaning of apparatus involves carrying out drying process after the cleaning process (P3). When the apparatus is filled with water having electric conductivity of 1 ~S/cm or less at 25 degrees C, and allowed to stand at 25 degrees C for 1 hour, the increased amount of halogen ion in water is 100 mass ppb or less, and the increased amount of metallic element is 50 mass ppb or less, and particle size of 100 units/ml or less particles are increased by 0.5 mu m or more. After putting hydrogenation silane compound into the apparatus, and sealing in nitrogen atmosphere, the purity fall of the hydrogenation silane compound at the time of storing at 25 degrees C for 30 days is 0.5 %mass or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alkaline compound is chosen from hydroxide of alkali metal or alkaline-earth metal, acetate, phosphate, borate and carbonate. The carbon number of the alcohol is 1-12.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The layer (101) is a gallium arsenide layer. The arsenide raw material is arsenic molecule.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The oxygen concentration is preferably 80 vol.% or more. After heat-processing, the substrate is processed with an etching liquid containing hydrogen fluoride, ammonium fluoride, and/or ammonium hydrogen fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The tungsten-oxide nanomaterial is obtained by depositing precursor containing tungsten sulfide and tin chloride, after thermal oxidation reaction. The tungsten-oxide nanomaterial is doped with selenium or tellurium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The storage container has at least 2 pipes with valves (4 and 5), in which one pipe is liquid pipe (3) for hydrogenated silane compound, and other pipe (2) is for inert gas. Preferred Process: The method further involves connecting pipe for hydrogenated silane compound to pipe for liquid transfer, filling the inert gas in the storage container from pipe for inter gas, and carrying out liquid transfer of the hydrogenated silane compound from container at 20-40 degrees C by increasing the pressure, and removing the hydrogenated silane compound from storage container using aprotic solvent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The purity reduction of hydrogenated silane compound at the time of storage for 30 days is 1 %mass or less. When the compound is stored for 30 days, the quantity of the siloxane compound produced in the storage container is 1 %mass or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The alloy is a vanadium-nickel-platinum alloy or a vanadium-aluminum-iron alloy. The separation membrane further comprises a catalyst layer comprising palladium, platinum, ruthenium and/or iridium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The silicon melt is: polysilicon or compensated silicon; or at least one of high purity silicon melt, compensated silicon or polysilicon. Preferred Method: 5-9.99 ppmw, 10-500 ppmw, 10-250 ppmw, 20-250 ppmw, 10-150 ppmw, 20-150 ppmw,10-100 ppmw, 10-150 ppmw or 500-550 ppmw Elemental calcium is added to the silicon melt. The method of making silicon ingot comprises optionally adding silicon master alloy to a silicon melt. The silicon master alloy is added to a charge comprising silicon for producing multicrystalline silicon ingots with increased yield. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The thin oxide layers of the metals comprise zinc, indium, gallium, tin, aluminum, zirconium, titanium and hafnium, where the oxides are present as pure or mixed oxides, or as mixed oxides.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Method: (I) containing solution or dispersion is applied by spin coating, dip coating, spray coating, inkjet printing, flexographic printing or Gravure printing to the substrate surface. The step of converting the applied, dried metal complex layer is performed by heating and calcining at a temperature of 150-350 degrees C. Before heating and calcining, the solution or dispersion is applied to the substrate surface, where each layer is individually dried and annealed. Preferred Components: (I) are nitro dimethylmalonate, hydroxyimino dimethylmalonate and nitro malonic acid diamides. The solvent comprises methoxyethanol, dimethylformamide and dimethoxyethane pure or in a mixture, optionally in the presence of water. EXAMPLE - 10 g of 2-nitro-1,3-dimethylmalonate was dissolved in 200 ml of water. After the addition of 10 g of hydrozincite gave a yellow suspension, which was further stirred for 3 hours. The excess of hydrozincite was filtered off, and the solution was completely concentrated using a rotary evaporator at 65 degrees C and 130 mbar. The residual yellow oil was taken up in 50 ml of dichloromethane and filtered to obtain a product of zinc complex with nitrodimethyl malonate. The product of zinc complex with nitrodimethyl malonate was precipitated and isolated by dripping the solution in 200 ml of methyl tert-butyl ether, and dried under high vacuum at room temperature.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of matrix (a) with respect to total content of contact element is 75-99.9 wt.%. The content of foreign phase (b) with respect to total content of contact element is 0.1-25 wt.%. The foreign phase further comprises nanoparticles having particle diameter of 100-1000 nm, preferably 100-500 nm. The material (M2) is carbon-containing material chosen from fullerene, carbon nanotube, graphene, and graphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Definitions:    R1 = O, nitrate, Fe(III), Mn(IV), sulfate, CO2, tetrachloroethylene, trichlorethylene, dichloroethylene, vinyl chloride, halo, nitro, CN, carbonyl, carboxyl, benzoic acid or 2-cyano-2-phenylacetic acid; and    x, y = 1-3.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 27 Compounds (I) are disclosed, e.g. 4-((1Z,4Z,9Z,15Z)-10,15,20-tris-(1-ethyl-hexyl)-porphyrin-5-yl)-benzoic acid of formula (Ia), 4-((5Z,10Z,14Z,19Z)-15-(4-carboxyphenyl)-10,20-bis(1-ethylhexyl)-21,23-dihydroporphyrin-5-yl)benzoic acid, 4-((1Z,4Z,9Z,15Z)-15-(4-(1-cyano-2-hydroxy-2-oxo-ethyl)phenyl)-10,20-bis(1-ethylhexyl)-21,23-dihydroporphyrin-5-yl)benzoic acid, 4-((1Z,4Z,9Z,15Z)-15-(4-(4-(1-cyano-2-hydroxy-2-oxo-ethyl)phenyl)phenyl)-10,20-bis(1-ethylhexyl)-21,23-dihydroporphyrin-5-yl)benzoic acid and 4-((1Z,4Z,9Z,15Z)-15-(4-(4-(4-(1-cyano-2-hydroxy-2-oxo-ethyl)phenyl)phenyl)phenyl)-10,20-bis(1-ethylhexyl)-21,23-dihydroporphyrin-5-yl)benzoic acid.    EXAMPLE - 0.025g of Methyl-4-((5Z,10Z,14Z,19Z)-10,20-bis(1-ethylhexyl)-15-(4-methoxycarbonylphenyl)-21,23-dihydroporphyrin-5-yl)benzoate, 0.17g of potassium hydroxide and 3 ml of water were mixed to obtain a mixture. Tetrahydrofuran and ethanol were added at a ratio of 1:1 to the mixture and then stirred. Then 22.4 ml of the mixture was added to a reactor and then refluxed at a temperature of 80 degrees C for 7 hours. The temperature of the refluxed mixture was lowered to room temperature. The solvent content of the mixture was removed under reduced pressure and then diluted with 60 ml of water using a pressure filter to separate solid and liquid contents. The pH value of the mixture was adjusted to 2 by addition of 0.1 mole of hydrochloric acid and then separated using a pressure-sensitive filter to obtain purple colored 4-((5Z,10Z,14Z,19Z)-15-(4-carboxyphenyl)-10,20-bis(1-ethylhexyl)-21,23-dihydroporphyrin-5-yl)benzoic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The permselective membrane is formed using bulk carbon having particle size distribution from 0.5-0.01 mm to 3 Angstrom . The permselective carbon is protected from oxidation using inclusion of microscopically or nanoscopically distributed metals or metal oxide particles. The metal is chosen from silver, cobalt, nickel, vanadium, molybdenum, tungsten, copper, zinc and iron, preferably silver, cobalt and nickel each loaded in 0-0.02 g/cm2 of carbon PTFE membrane. Preferred Property: Bulk carbon has low apparent density of 0.005-0.5 in bulk form and is compressed to apparent density of 0.2-1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The compressed carbon membrane is held in form using sintered PTFE. The carbon PTFE membrane is reinforced using inclusion of bulk fiber chosen from carbon, graphite, fiberglass, and polymer. The carbon PTFE membrane is backed using support screen formed using fiberglass, metal, polymer, woven carbon or graphite fiber, or support screen formed using metal chosen from alloy e.g. 316 stainless steel and plated or clad material e.g. nickel plated steel. Preferred Property: The sintered PTFE carbon membrane has thickness of 0.005-0.045 inch.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Europium or terbium hydroxide is prepared using solid europium nitrate or terbium nitrate, deionized water, aqueous ammonia with concentration of 2.5%, and aqueous solution of oxalic acid. The molar ratio of europium hydroxide or terbium hydroxide, oxalic acid and deionized water is 1:0.5-1:100-150.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Processes: 4-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-2,6-bis(2-(1-methyl)benzimidazolyl)pyridine is obtained under anhydrous condition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Argon gas and hydrogen selenide gas are used during preparation of absorber layer of copper-indium-gallium selenide solar cell. The content of hydrogen selenide gas is 1-10%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Property: The thickness of the silicon dioxide window layer is 1-3 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The substrate comprises component chosen from silicon, germanium, silicon carbide, aluminum oxide and indium phosphide. The PN junction comprises silicon, germanium, indium arsenide, gallium arsenide, gallium-indium-arsenide nitride, zinc-selenium sulfide, gallium-indium phosphide, indium-gallium nitride and/or aluminum-gallium-indium phosphide. The contact layer comprises titanium/aluminum, titanium/platinum/aluminum, titanium/aluminum/gold, nickel, nickel/gold, chromium/gold, palladium, titanium/palladium/gold and/or palladium/gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The volume ratio of hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid and water is 1:30:300.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: Water decomposing device comprises solar photovoltaic power generation device which converts solar energy into electrical energy, and power transmission unit which transfers electrical energy to electrolysis cell converting water into hydrogen and oxygen. Solar photovoltaic power generation device has solar cell which is monocrystalline silicon solar cell, polycrystalline silicon solar cell, or amorphous silicon solar cell. Solar concentrating collector is trough solar concentrator, disk solar concentrator, tower solar concentrator, or composite parabolic concentrator. Disk solar collector is single disk or multi-disk. Water decomposing device using wind comprises wind power generation device which converts wind energy into electrical energy, and power transmission unit which transfers electrical energy to electrolysis cell converting water into hydrogen and oxygen. Preferred Process: Water is decomposed by absorbing solar radiation on solar concentrating collector, converting into heat, and thermochemically producing hydrogen by splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen. Catalytic reaction of hydrogen and carbon dioxide to produce methanol is carried out by reacting hydrogen and carbon dioxide in copper-based hydrogenation catalyst at 230-280 degrees C under 5-8.5 MPa pressure, where gas space velocity is 10000-20000/hour to obtain methanol, water, and carbon monoxide, gas-liquid separating unreacted hydrogen and carbon dioxide to separately obtain methanol and water, and reacting gaseous carbon monoxide with hydrogen and carbon dioxide with methanol synthesis catalyst at 230-280 degrees C under 4.8-6.5 MPa, where gas space velocity is 8000-18000/hour to obtain water and product.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: Alternatively, the catalyst according to the Formula of (Ir(cod)(NHC)(P')) + nP', is suitable for the decomposition of formates in an aqueous reaction system and for the generation of hydrogen gas (H2), or for the hydrogenation of hydrogen carbonates (HCO3-). Preferred Process: Alternatively, decomposition of the formate, preferably selected from the group of sodium formate (HCOONa), lithium formate (HCOOLi), cesium formate (HCOOCs) and potassium formate (HCOOK) in an aqueous reaction system and for the production of hydrogen gas (H2) without COx side products, and in the same system the hydrogenation of the produced hydrogen carbonate (HCO3-), preferably selected from NaHCO3, LiHCO3, CsHCO3 and KHCO3 in an aqueous reaction system, thus for the production of a formate, preferably selected from sodium formate (HCOONa), lithium formate (HCOOLi), cesium formate (HCOOCs) and potassium formate (HCOOK), involves using of the reaction system and by the flexible selection of the reaction conditions the reactants and the reaction products are generated in a reversible reaction cycle, and this reaction cycle is repeated as needed. Preferred System: The hydrogen storage system is an accumulator or a fuel cell. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The positive cathode electrode is made of Calcium, Lithium, Beryllium, Magnesium, , Manganese, Iron, Cobalt, Nickel, Chromium, vanadium, Titanium, Copper, Zirconium, Niobium, Tungsten and Molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Subsequent structure contains top layer chosen from gallium indium arsenide, gallium arsenide antimonide, gallium phosphide arsenide, gallium indium phosphide arsenide, aluminum indium phosphide, aluminum gallium indium phosphide, aluminum gallium arsenide, aluminum gallium indium arsenide, aluminum gallium arsenide antimonide, aluminum gallium phosphide arsenide, aluminum indium arsenide, indium phosphide arsenide, aluminum indium phosphide arsenide, silicon germanide, cadmium zinc selenide, cadmium zinc telluride, zinc sulfide selenide, zinc selenide telluride, copper gallium indium selenide, copper gallium indium sulfide selenide, silver gallium indium selenide and preferably gallium indium phosphide off molecular formulae of Ga0.505In0.495P and Ga0.515In0.485P. Isoelectronic surfactant contains antimony. Isoelectronic surfactant contains triethylantimony (TeSb), trimethylgallium (TMGa) and trimethyindium (TMIn) in molar ratio (TESb divide by (TMGa+TMIn)) of 1x 10-5-0.1. Top layer has molecular formulae of Ga0.515In0.485P1-xSbx, Ga0.515In0.485P1-xBix, Ga0.515In0.485P1-xAsx, and (Ga0.515In0.485)1-xTlxP.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The oxidizable material is comprised with a metal, a semi-metal or an alloy which is selected from the group comprising of aluminum, tantalum, niobium, titanium, tungsten, zirconium or silicon and aluminum silicon alloy. Two mutually electrically isolated areas are electrically or chemically coated with metal selected from the group comprising tin, zinc, nickel, copper and silver.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - A chemically stable, non-conductive open-cell sponge is made of sponge rubber, latex foam or polyurethane foam. A resistant seal portion is made of ethylene propylene diene monomer (M-class) rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Raw chips of silicon obtained during manufacture of a silicon substrate from ingot of silicon are pulverized. The physical-pulverizing is carried out by bead mill method, ball mill method, jet mill method, or shock wave pulverizing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Gene: The gene encodes hydrogenase enzyme capable of decomposing hydrogen molecule to positive and negative hydrogen ions. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The shortest gap between stationary blade and movable blade of jaw crusher is preferably adjusted to 5-16 mm. The drive gap obtained by adding shortest gap and amplitude of movable blade during the primary pulverization process is adjusted to 5-19 mm. The gap between two rolls during secondary pulverization process is preferably adjusted to 3 mm. The gap between two rolls during primary pulverization process is adjusted to 5 mm. The maximal diameter of polycrystalline silicon (C1) used during the secondary pulverization process is maintained at 5-10 cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic oxide layer comprises silicon oxide with oxygen/silicon ratio of 1.5-1.8. The thickness of inorganic oxide layer is 5-300 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The monomer is methyl (meth)acrylate, butyl (meth)acrylate, and/or hydroxyethyl methacrylate. The content of acrylic ester monomer and/or methacrylic ester monomer in the monomer composition is 5-50 mol%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The molecular weight of acrylic resin is 1000-1000000. The thickness of anchor-coat layer is 1-10000 nm. The thickness of overcoat layer is 5-300 nm. Preferred Composition: The overcoat layer comprises water-soluble polymer, and alkoxysilane or its hydrolysis product.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer dispersing agent comprises copolymer of (meth)acrylate comprising polyoxyalkylene glycol chain and chain transfer agent comprising a sulfur atom, a copolymer of (meth)acrylate comprising phosphate ester residue and a chain transfer agent comprising sulfur atom, a copolymer of (meth)acrylate comprising polyoxyalkylene glycol chain, (meth)acrylate comprising phosphate ester residue, and chain transfer agent comprising sulfur atom, polyalkylene imine or polyalkylene imine comprising polyoxyalkylene structure containing oxyethylene unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer layer is provided as a layer of polybenzoxazoles (PBO), polyimide, benzocyclobutene, siloxane-based polymer or epoxy-based polymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent is N,N-dimethylacetamide or N-methylpyrrolidone having mass dosage of 4-9 times.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (claimed): Compound (I) is prepared by dissolving 0.5-0.7 mol fluorenyl-containing sulfonated aromatic diamine monomer, 0.3-0.5 mol trifluoromethyl-containing non-sulfonated aromatic diamine monomer and 1 mol aromatic diacid monomer in organic solvent under protection of nitrogen, adding catalyst and solubilizer, performing copolycondensation reaction at 100-130 degrees C for 4-8 hours, and pouring into ethanol to obtain fiber-like polymer; and reacting with 1 mol/L acidic solution for 12-24 hours. Preferred Components: The fluorenyl-containing sulfonated diamine monomer is 9,9-bis(4-amino-phenyl)fluorene-2,7-disulfonic acid. The trifluoromethyl-containing non-sulfonated aromatic diamine monomer is 1,4-bis(4-amino-2-trifluoromethylphenoxy)benzene having mass dosage of 2-4 times. The aromatic diacid monomer is 4,4'-diphenyl ether diacid having mass dosage of 1-3 times.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The silicon substrate consists of a glass structural component chosen from silicon dioxide, potassium oxide, sodium oxide, lithium oxide, barium oxide, strontium oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, beryllium oxide, zinc oxide, lead oxide, cadmium oxide, vanadium pentoxide, tin oxide, zirconium dioxide, tungsten trioxide, molybdenum trioxide, yttrium oxide, cesium dioxide, titanium dioxide, tellurium dioxide, lanthanum oxide, niobium pentoxide, tantalum pentoxide, germanium dioxide, lutetium oxide and manganese oxide, and an acceptor element-containing material chosen from boron trioxide, alumina, and gallium oxide. The substrate has a passivation layer (19) containing silicon oxide, silicon nitride or aluminum oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The p-type impurity is chosen from boron, aluminum and gallium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The reinforced fibers are carbon fibers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin composition comprises 1-10 %mass core-shell polymer particles and 0.1-10 %mass cellulose nanofibers. The cellulose nanofibers are refined in entangled resin. The matrix resin is an epoxy resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The thermal conductive material comprises copper selenide (CuxSe), where x is more than 2, but less than or equal to 2.6.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The graphite has 99.99% purity based on atomic fraction of carbon atom. The graphite crucible has similar structure with the cyclones, and an inlet pipe fastened on a crucible main body in tangential direction, and inner periphery of the crucible main body.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): Compound (I) is prepared by:(A) dissolving 3-amino-3-nitro-tricarbazole and palladium/carbon catalyst in N, N-dimethylformamide solvent at 45-65 degrees C under nitrogen protection, slowly adding hydrazine hydrate, reacting under dark condition for 8-12 hours and purifying by column chromatography to obtain 3-amino-tricarbazole;(B) dissolving 3-amino-tricarbazole and 2,7-dibromo-9-fluorenone in anhydrous ethanol, adding glacial acetic acid, reacting under reflux at 100-130 degrees C for 5-8 hours and cooling;(C) washing with anhydrous ethanol, drying and recrystallizing with anhydrous ethanol to obtain tricarbazole derivative of formula (II); and(D) reacting compound (II) with one of compounds (i)-(vii) at 80-100 degrees C for 24-48 hours in the presence of tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) catalyst and mono-boronic acid under nitrogen protection and dark condition and purifying by column chromatography.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The fluorinating agent is amine-based fluorine compound of formula (I), 3,4-difluoro-(1,2)oxathietane-2,2-dioxide derivative of formula (II), difluorosulfane derivative of formula (III) or (difluoro-sulfanylidene)dimethylazanium derivative of formula (IV).R1-R3=optionally substituted 1-40C alkyl;or R1+R2+R3+N=optionally substituted 1-40C heteroaryl;X1,X2=H, F, Cl, Br or I;R4,R5=H, F, Cl, Br, I, or 1-40C alkyl, 3-40C cycloalkyl, 1-40C heterocycloalkyl, 1-40C alkyl, 6-40C aryl, 1-40C heteroaryl (all optionally substituted by substituent A);or R4+R5=-N(-R8)(-R9);R8,R9=1-40C alkyl, 1-40C alkoxy, 1-40C alkylamino or 1-40C cycloalkylamino (all optionally substituted by substituent A);R6,R7=1-40C alkyl or 1-40C alkoxy (both optionally substituted by substituent A);or R8+R9+N,R6+R7+N=optionally substituted 1-40C heterocycloalkyl;andsubstituent A=H, 1-40C alkyl, 3-10C cycloalkyl, 1-10C alkoxy, halo, hydroxy, carboxy, 1-10C aldehyde, 2-10C acyl, 2-10C ester, amino, or phenyl optionally substituted by halo, 1-10C alkyl, cyano, OH, nitro, 3-10C cycloalkyl, 1-10C alkoxy or amino.Preferred Process: The preparation of fluorinated graphene further involves adding a quenching agent, filtering, and washing obtained solid using a solvent. The reaction of graphene oxide and fluorinating agent is carried out in an inert solvent. Preferred Composition: The quenching agent is chosen from alcohol, thiol, amine, ketone, amide and/or water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of outgas-trapping agent in the optical post-curable resin composition is 1-50 pts. wt. with respect to the 100 pts. wt. optical post-curable resin composition. The photocationic polymerization initiator is aromatic sulfonium salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The curing retarder is polyether, preferably cyclic polyether. The cation-curable resin is cycloaliphatic epoxy resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic particles are silica particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The polyfunctional acrylate monomer is polyfunctional urethane acrylate monomer which has three or more acryloyl groups or methacryloyl groups in a molecule, or alicyclic polyfunctional acrylate monomer which has alicyclic structure.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The thermal contraction rate of the transparent laminated film in vertical direction when heating the film at 210 degrees C for 10 minutes is 80% or less of the thermal contraction rate of film in vertical direction when heating the base film at 210 degrees C for 10 minutes. The thickness of the base film is less than 100 mu m. The haze of laminated film is 3% or less. Preferred Components: The crosslinked resin film is formed by crosslinking resin film having a crosslinked structure formed using polyfunctional acrylate monomer which has two or more acryloyl groups or methacryloyl groups in a molecule. The base film is biaxially-stretched film comprising polyethylene terephthalate resin as main component, and has glass transition temperature of 130 degrees C or less. The resin particles are acrylic particles comprising acrylic resin. Any one crosslinked resin film of laminated film does not contain particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor substrate comprises silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The absorber materials comprise copper, indium, gallium, sulfur and selenium. The substrate comprises a metal foil substrate that comprises stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The III-nitride heterostructure includes aluminum gallium nitride layer, gallium nitride/aluminum nitride layer, gallium nitride /aluminum gallium nitride layer, indium gallium nitride /gallium nitride layer, indium gallium nitride/aluminum nitride layer, indium gallium nitride/aluminum gallium nitride layer, aluminum indium nitride/gallium nitride layer, aluminum indium nitride/aluminum nitride layer, aluminum indium nitride/indium gallium nitride layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The impurity comprises silicon, magnesium, selenium and tellurium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Yellow alkyl alcohol compound selected from culture catechin, catechin, epicatechin or potato maigre. Anthocyanin type compound is selected from cyanidin, delphinidin cordycepin, geranium, Chinese herbaceous or peony. Flavonoid compound is dried orange peel. Flavone is selected from quercetin or rutin. Phenolic compound is selected from gallic acid, catechin, para-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, guaiacol benzoic acid, ferulic acid, benzoic acid or salicylic acid. Vitamin is selected from vitamin C or liquiritigenin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The heat processing temperature is 1200-2800 degrees C. Preferred Composition: The carbonized material is carbon fiber. The carbon fiber is an anisotropic pitch-based carbon fiber obtained by carrying out carbonization of carbon fiber precursor at 400-750 degrees C. Preferred Properties: The graphite material has specific surface area of 1000 m2/g or more and volume resistivity of 0.1 Omega .cm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic oxide comprises alumina, barium oxide, beryllium oxide, bismuth(III) oxide, dysprosium oxide, gadolinium(III) oxide, hafnium oxide, magnesium oxide, thorium oxide, titanium dioxide, uranium oxide, tungsten oxide, yttrium oxide, zinc oxide and/or zirconium dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The binder resin comprises epoxy resin, polyimide resin, acrylic resin and/or polyurethane resin. The mold-release sheet (A) and mold-release sheet (B) comprise polyethylene terephthalate film, polytetrafluoroethylene film, polyethylene film, polypropylene film, polybutene film, polybutadiene film, polyvinyl chloride copolymer film, polyurethane film, ethylene-vinyl acetate film, ethylene-propylene copolymer film, ethylene-ethyl acrylate copolymer film, ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymer film and polyimide film. The mold-release sheet (A) and mold-release sheet (B) comprise release layer containing silicone-based resin, epoxy-based resin, melamine resin and fluorine-based resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the aqueous solution (B) is 25-50% with respect to hydrofluoric acid. The strong acid is hydrofluoric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The usage amount of group II elements is between 20 and 250 weight ppm. The group II element is chosen from calcium, beryllium, magnesium, barium and strontium. Compound of group II elements e.g. calcium oxide is provided to the silicon by applying as compounds on the top of the initial coating layer in the crucible.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The method further involves introducing an oxidizer and etching gas to the chamber. Preferred Composition: The silicon-containing layer comprises a layer of silicon oxide, silicon nitride and polysilicon. The oxidizer is chosen from oxygen, ozone, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, dinitrogen oxide, and nitrogen dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The sulfur-containing compound is chosen from tetrafluoro-1,3-dithietane, trifluoromethanethiol, 2,2,2-trifluoroethanethiol, 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethanethiol, 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propanethiol, bis(trifluoromethyl) sulfide, (difluoromethylthio)trifluoromethane, 1,1'-thiobis-1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethane, bis(perfluoro-n-propyl)sulfane, 3H-heptafluorothiolan, 2,2,3,4,5,5-hexafluorotetrahydro-thiophene, and 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6-decafluorotetrahydro-2H-thiopyran. The etching gas comprises octafluorocyclopentene, octafluorocyclobutane, octafluorocyclohexane, tetrafluoromethane, fluoromethane, trifluoromethane, difluoromethane, carbonyl sulfide, carbon disulfide, iodotrifluoromethane, iodotrifluoroethane, iodopentafluoroethane, sulfur dioxide, trans-1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene, cis-1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene, hexafluoroisobutene, trans-1,1,2,2,3,4-hexafluorocyclobutane, 1,1,2,2,3-pentafluorocyclobutane, 1,1,2,2-tetrafluorocyclobutane, and cis-1,1,2,2,3,4-hexafluorocyclobutane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of zinc acetate and diethanolamine is 1:10-10:1. The molar ratio of zinc nitrate and hexamethylenetetramine is 1:10-10:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The concentration of nitric acid is 65-75 %mass, preferably 70 %mass. The concentration of hydrofluoric acid is 45-55 %mass, preferably 49 %mass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The additive is organic acid, preferably carboxylic acid, sulfonic acid, or halogenated acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The circulation film used for preparing etching liquid is PTFE film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: (Claimed) A viologen-containing compound is prepared by (4a) reacting viologen-containing compound of formula (IIa) with amino compound of formula (R-(Y')n+1) in inert solvent to obtain viologen-containing compound of formula (Ib) and (4b) reacting with alkylated reagent.m'=1;n'=1-3; andY'=amino.Preferred Components: Viologen-containing compound is compound of formulae (P12), (P14)-(P19). Inert solvent is water, methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, propanol, acetonitrile, N,N-dimethyl formamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, 1,4-dioxane, and/or N,N-dimethyl acetamide.R3=1-30C alkyl, 6-30C aryl, or 1-30C heteroaryl.Preferred Processes: Reaction temperature in step (4a) is 0-150 degrees C, and includes washing reaction product with 2nd solvent once or multiple times, filtering, and purifying. A viologen-containing compound is prepared by (6a) reacting viologen compound of formula (III) and viologen compound of formula (IIb) in inert solvent to obtain compound (Ib) and (6b) reacting compound (Ib) with alkylated reagent. Compound (III) is prepared by reacting compound (IIa) and amino compound of formula (Y'-R-Y').masterisk=1-2; andnasterisk=1.Preferred Conditions: Reaction temperature at (6a) is 0-150 degrees C, and reaction time at (6a) is 12-20 hours. Preferred Definitions:    m=1-3;    n=1-2;    R1,R2=1-8C alkyl optionally substituted with halo, hydroxy, carboxy, carbonyl, 6-30C aryl, or 1-30C heteroaryl; and    R=Ph, naphthyl, anthryl, phenanthryl, pyrenyl, biphenyl, terphenyl, or formula (i).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The screen-printing is performed using silver electrode paste and aluminum electrode paste.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The method further involves supplying mixed gas of carbon tetrafluoride and oxygen in ratio of 9:1 to device and further immersing in mixture of 10% sodium nitrite and 2% hydrofluoric acid solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The difference of refractive index in surface (S1) and refractive index in the surface (S2), of the film is 0.01 or less. The absolute value of difference of the refractive index of the transparent resin matrix and the refractive index of the nanofiber is 0.02 or less. The transparent resin matrix and the nanofiber comprise same resin. The optical film comprises single-type nanoparticles, and the content of the nanoparticles reduces in monotone from the surface (S1) with the increase in the distance from surface (S1) to the surface (S2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alumina fiber is boehmite or pseudo boehmite with average length of 200-3000 nm, and is contained in the ratio of 3-20 %mass with respect to gross mass of the composition except solvent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The carboxyl-containing compound has acid value of 10-500 mg potassium hydroxide/g and contains a radical polymerizable group. The resin composition further contains radically polymerizable compound which does not have carboxyl group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The composition further contains radical reactive resin. Radically polymerizable compound (E) which does not have carboxyl group is blended in the resin composition containing compound (A), and the compound (E) is reacted and hardened after application and drying. Preferred Property: The birefringence (Rth) per 40 mu m thickness of the transparent film in the orthogonal direction is 30 nm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The hydrophilic domain is formed by bonding the polar groups and group having hydrophilic polarity and/or reaction which increases surface free energy. The hydrophobic matrix is formed from by bonding the nonpolar groups, and/or reaction which reduces surface free energy. Preferred Composition: The hydrophilic polarity-containing group is chosen from isocyanate group, hydroxyl group, amino group, (meth)acroyl group, epoxy group, thiol group, carboxyl group, acid anhydride-modified group and cyano group. The polar group is bonded by amide bond, urethane bond, urea bond, peptide bond, ether bond, ester bond, sulfide bonding, or thioester bond. The nonpolar group is chosen from vinyl group, aliphatic hydrocarbon group e.g. alkyl group, cycloalkyl group, alkenyl group, alkenylene group, alkoxy group and adamantly group, and aromatic hydrocarbon group e.g. aryl group, aralkyl group and arylene group. The nonpolar groups are bonded by bonding chosen from carbon-silicon bonding, siloxane bond, alkane and cycloalkane. Preferred Properties: The hydrophilic domain area on the surface of water-repellent oil-repellent material is 2-50%. The hydrophilic domain shape has anisotropy and short-axis length of 5-100 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The base material consists of metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The vinylidene fluoride resin (B) is chosen from vinylidene fluoride/tetrafluoroethylene-type copolymer, vinylidene fluoride/hexafluoropropylene-type copolymer, and vinylidene fluoride/tetrafluoroethylene/hexafluoropropylene-type copolymer. The vinylidene fluoride resin (B) contains 60-95 mol% vinylidene fluoride units. The (meth)acrylic polymer (A) is a copolymer containing polymer unit based on acidic radical containing vinyl monomer, and polymer unit based on (meth)acrylic acid ester. The acidic radical containing vinyl monomer is carboxylic acid group or carbon acid-anhydride group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The luminophore-containing compound is soluble luminophore-containing ternary coordination compound containing neutral ligand. The soluble luminophore-containing compound ternary coordination compound is chosen from terbium phenoxybenzoate with acetylacetone imine, terbium phenoxybenzoate with monoglyme or europium naphthoate with monoglyme. The organic conductive material is chosen from poly-N-vinylcarbazole, N,N'-bis(3-methylphenyl)-N,N'-bis(phenyl)benzidine, 4,4'-bis(N-carbazolyl)-2,2'-biphenyl, poly(9,9-dioctyl fluoren-2,7-diyl), polyvinyl butyral. The hole-conducting layer of organic LED comprises amine chosen from aromatic tertiary amine, poly(N-vinylcarbazole), polythiophene, polypyrrole, polyaniline, and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(4-styrene sulfonate). The hole-blocking layer (106) of organic LED comprises component chosen from 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline, 3-(4-biphenyl)-4-phenyl-5-tert-butyl-phenyl-1,2,4-triazole, tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato)aluminum, bathocuproine, and 3-(4-biphenyl)-4-phenyl-5-tert-butyl-phenyl-1,2,4-triazole.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The substrate layer (101) of organic LED consists of plastic, glass, quartz, plastic film, metals, ceramic, or polymeric material, preferably chosen from polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyethersulfone, polyetherimide, polyetheretherketone, polyphenylene sulfide, polyarylate, polyimide, polycarbonate, cellulose triacetate, and cellulose acetate-propionate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic layer consists of silicon nitride or silicon oxynitride. The oxygen content in the opposite side from the inorganic layer having organic layer (1) within 5 nm region is higher than the oxygen content of the other region of inorganic layer. The content of titanium oxide microparticles is 50-15 vol.% in the organic layers. Preferred Property: The film thickness of the inorganic layer is 15-50 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of the silane coupling agent is 10-30 %mass with respect to the total mass of the polymeric compound, polymerization initiator and silane coupling agent in organic layer (1), and mass ratio of the silane coupling agent is 5-30 %mass with respect to the total mass of the polymeric compound, polymerization initiator and silane coupling agent in organic layer (2). The barrier laminate further has organic layer (2) obtained by hardening polymerizable composition containing polymerizable compound, polymerization initiator and silane coupling agent (I), in contact with inorganic layer. The organic layer (2) contains titanium oxide microparticles. The polymeric composition does not contain silane coupling agent without polymeric group. The barrier laminate has a structure having at least 2 organic layers and 2 inorganic layers laminated alternately. The polymeric compound is polyfunctional acrylate-type compound containing bifunctional or more than bifunctional polymeric group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of (I) comprises dissolving a benzene-1,4-dicarbaldehyde compound of formula (II), an amine compound of formula (III) and a fullerene in an organic solvent and then reaction to obtain (I). Preferred Process: The dissolving step is carried out at a temperature of 100-150 degrees C. Preferred Components: The organic solvent comprises benzene, toluene, benzonitrile, tetrahydronaphthalene, decalin, carbon disulfide, anisole, chlorobenzene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 1-methyl-naphthalene, 1-chloro-naphthalene, and/or xylene. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 3 Compounds (I) are specifically claimed i.e. fullerene dimer derivatives of formulae (IA)-(IE).    EXAMPLE - 854 mg of 2-((6-Methoxy-6-oxohexyl)amino)acetic acid and 130 mg of 2,5-dimethoxyterephthalaldehyde was added to 1.1 g of C60 fullerene and dissolved in 680 ml of chlorobenzene. The reaction mixture was refluxed for 16 hours at 135 degrees C after concentrating the reaction solution by silica column chromatography. The crude product was recrystallized with chloroform and methanol to obtain 118 mg of corresponding fullerene dimer compound (C60) with yield of 4%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal contained in the sacrificial layer is zinc. The halide contained in the sacrificial layer is chosen from fluorine and chlorine. The sacrificial layer is made from zinc chloride or zinc chloride derivatives. The sacrificial layer further contains a metal chloride (B).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Production of pyromellitic dianhydride further involves cooling the raw material solution, contacting recrystallized pyromellitic dianhydride or precursor pyromellitic dianhydride with an optionally substituted aromatic hydrocarbon compound, and obtaining powder and granular pyromellitic dianhydride by performing cooling and pressure-raising process in an inert gas atmosphere. The raw material solution is prepared by heating pyromellitic dianhydride and acetic acid solvent at a temperature of 140 degrees C, which is lower or equivalent to the boiling point of acetic acid solvent. The degassing treatment is carried out at a temperature of 120 degrees C which is higher or equivalent to the boiling point of acetic acid solvent, and a temperature of 290 degrees C which is lower or equivalent to the melting point of pyromellitic dianhydride in reduced pressure conditions of 100 torr or less. Preferred Composition: The content of acetic acid in the pyromellitic dianhydride is 400 mass ppm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alkali metal chloride is lithium chloride. The alkaline-earth metal chloride is magnesium chloride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The quaternary alkyl ammonium chloride is tetrabutylammonium chloride. The positive electrode in charged state absorbs chlorine gas generated from one of alkali metal chloride, alkaline-earth metal chloride and quaternary alkyl ammonium chloride using acetylene black or activated carbon as carbon material. The anion of the ionic liquid is tetrafluoroborate anion or bis(trifluoromethanesulfonimide) anion. The cation of the ionic liquid is diethyl-(2-methoxy-ethyl)-methyl-ammonium cation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The layers are gallium arsenide and indium gallium arsenide. The graded buffer layer is aluminum gallium indium arsenide or indium gallium phosphide arsenide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The metal layer is formed by physical vapor deposition, chemical vapor deposition, evaporation deposition, electrolytic plating or electroless plating. Preferred Composition: The metal layer includes metal chosen from gold, silver, copper, aluminum, nickel and their alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of oxydianiline and phenylene diamine is 0.9:0.1-0.5:0.5. The content of matting agent is 4-15 wt.% with respect to total weight of the base film. The color pigment is chosen from red pigment, white pigment and black pigment. The color pigment contains red pigment and white pigment. The content of red pigment is 6-15 wt.%. The content of white pigment is 10-22 wt.%. The color pigment contains black pigment. The content of black pigment is 3-8 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The base film has 60 degrees gloss of 15 or less, coefficient of thermal expansion of 28 ppm/ degrees C or less, light transmission rate of 6% or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The inorganic layer has a density of 2-2.4 g/cm3. Preferred Component: The inorganic layer contains silicon nitride, in which a hydroxyl group or oxygen group is introduced in the surface.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The organic layer has a thickness of 5 mu m or less. Preferred Composition: The organic layer further contains a resin comprising (meth)acrylate containing more than 3 functional groups as main component. The content of silane coupling agent in the organic layer is 1-25 %mass. Preferred Process: Manufacture of functional film further involves conveying organic layer and inorganic layer along longitudinal direction using an elongated support material. Preferred Definitions:    R1=-OCH3 or -OCH2CH3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The white pigment (D) is chosen from titanium oxide and silica. The curable resin composition further comprises whisker (E) chosen from zinc oxide whisker and titanium oxide whisker.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The curing agent is solid-state acid anhydride at 25 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The epoxy resin (A) which does not contain aromatic ring is chosen from epoxy resin compound of formulae (I) and (II), hydrogenated bisphenol A-type epoxy resin, alicyclic epoxy group-containing silicone and 1,3,5-tris(oxiran-2-yl-methyl)-1,3,5-triazinane-2,4,6-trione, preferably epoxy resin compound (I).R1=p-valent organic group;p=1-20;q=1-50, where sum of q is 3-100;R2=group chosen from groups of formulae (a)-(c), where at least one R2 is group (a);R3=H, or alkyl, alkylcarbonyl or arylcarbonyl (all optionally substituted);andX=single bond or coupling group (bivalent group having atom(s)).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: A silicon-containing layer having film thickness of 10-500 nm is further laminated on the gas barrier layer. The silicon-containing layer contains at least 1 element (A) chosen from titanium, zirconium, iron, magnesium, aluminum, germanium, and yttrium. The content of the element (A) is 1-30% with respect to the silicon atom in the silicon-containing layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The gas-barrier layer comprises vapor deposition film and/or coating film. Preferred Properties: The fluorescent material is blue fluorescent material having maximum light emission wavelength of 500 nm or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fluorescent material comprises organic fluorescent substance or inorganic fluorescence substance.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The coating film comprises polysilazane or its modified derivative. The color tone adjustment layer is laminated on the gas-barrier layer as coating film. The compound containing metal-oxygen bond is compound containing polysilazane or polysiloxane structure. The color tone regulator comprises fluorescent material. Preferred Properties: The pencil hardness of the surface of the color tone adjusting layer is HB-4H, based on JIS K 5600-5-4 method. Preferred Process: The manufacture of gas-barrier film involves forming a thin film by coating and drying gas-barrier layer-forming-coating liquid containing polysilazane, and carrying out modification treatment of the thin film, to form gas-barrier layer on the resin base material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The monomer (A1) is a compound containing cationically-polymerizable functional group and hydroxyl group in molecules. The generator (C) is a salt of formula: (A)(power)(r+)(B')(power)(r-) (I) containing cation and anion.A=cation component;B'=anion component;andr=valence of ion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The energy beam-sensitive composition further contains 1-50 parts mass polymer (B) and 0.1-20 parts mass energy beam-sensitive acid generator (C) with respect to 100 parts mass mixture (A). The ratio of cationically polymerizable functional groups contained in the mixture (A) with respect to 1 equivalent of cationically polymerizable functional groups in polymer (B) is 100-1000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The clay is swelling mica containing sodium ion and/or lithium ion, as interlayer cation.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solvent is at least 2 or more-types of mixed solvent in which boiling points are differ with each other.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The acidic gas is carbon dioxide. Preferred Process: The oxidation and reduction processes are electrolytic oxidation and electrolytic reduction process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The compound which can adsorb-desorb gas is a compound having unpaired electron, preferably nitrogen-containing compound of formula (I) or high-molecular compound of formula (II) having group formed by removing at least one hydrogen atom from the compound (I).R1,R2,R31-R42=H, formyl, or hydrocarbyl, heteroaryl, hydrocarbyloxy, formyl, hydrocarbyl carbonyl, hydrocarbyl oxycarbonyl or aminocarbonyl (all optionally substituted);andor R1+R2=ring.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Composition: The base material is carbon cloth.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carrier is carbon black, carbon nanotube, carbon fiber, graphite, mesoporous carbon, titanium dioxide, aluminum oxide, and/or silicon dioxide, and has specific surface area of 50-2000 m2/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The molybdenum metal precursor is molybdenum chloride. The non-molybdenum metal precursor is ruthenium compound, rhodium compound, palladium compound, silver compound, rhenium compound, osmium compound, iridium compound, gold compound, iron compound, cobalt compound, nickel compound, and/or copper compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The reducing agent is formaldehyde, formic acid, lithium borohydride, sodium borohydride, potassium borohydride, methyl alcohol, ethanol, polyhydric alcohol, hydrazine hydrate, oxalic acid, malic acid, citric acid, glucose, sucrose, ascorbic acid and/or their derivatives or analogs. The surface active agent is hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, octadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, dodecyl alkyl benzene sulfonic acid sodium salt, sodium hexadecyl sulfonate, potassium stearate, sodium oleoyl polycondensates of amino acids, sodium lauryl sulfate, sorbitan laurate ester, oleic acid diethanolamide, dodecyl dimethyl betaine, myristyl alkyl dimethyl sulfonic ethyl betaine, stearic acid, oleamide, oleic acid, alkyl polyoxyethylene ether compound and/or derivatives or analogs. The cleaning process involves cleaning using solvent selected from water, methyl alcohol, ethanol, monochloromethane, dichloromethane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, benzene, toluene, or cyclohexane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The seed metal layer is made of aluminum paste, layer of aluminum, aluminum micro-particles and aluminum nano-particles. The solderable material is formed on the first exposed solder pad region by a material that is made of silver and layer of silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The metal acid salt or its oxy halide of molybdenum or tungsten is ammonium molybdate, ammonium paratungstate, or molybdenum dichloride dioxide. Preferred Definitions:    R1=H;and    R2=monovalent 1-20C alkoxy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Graphite oxide is formed by processing graphite oxide precursor with an acid and an oxidizing agent. The graphite oxide precursor is chosen from graphite, graphene, expanded graphite, diamond, fullerene, carbon black, activated carbon, charcoal, carbon nanowires, carbon nano clay, carbon nanotubes, carbon fiber and carbon glass fiber. The functionalized graphene contains 0.1-20 wt.% sulfur.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The functionalized compound is of formula: R1-S-R2 (I), R3-S(=O)2-R4 (II), or R5-C(=S)-R6 (III). The solvent is water, alcohol and/or carbon dioxide. The amount of solvent is 10-100000 pts. wt. based on 100 pts. wt. graphite oxide.R1-R6=H, amino, 1-20C alkyl, 3-20C cycloalkyl, 1-20C alkoxy, 1-20C hydroxyalkyl, 2-20C alkenyl, 6-20C aryl, 7-20C alkylaryl, 7-20C arylalkyl, 1-20C aminohydrocarbyl, 1-20C hydroxyalkylamino or 1-20C hydrocarbylamino, where at least one of R1 and R2, R3 and R4, and R5 and R6 is amino, 1-20C aminohydrocarbyl, 1-20C hydroxyalkylamino, or 1-20C hydrocarbylamino.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The method further involves adjusting recovery temperature and/or pressure of the recovery vessel by reducing pressure and temperature to less than the contactor pressure and temperature. The recovery of organic heteroatom compound involves mixing aromatic solvent with the solvent complex. The feeding process of hydrocarbon feedstock involves spraying the feedstock into bottom of the contactor, and spraying aqueous solvent into top of the contactor. The extraction of solvent complex involves removing at least a portion of solvent complex from the aqueous phase or carbon monoxide phase, which is formed above the aqueous phase in the contactor. The method further involves mixing the feedstock with supercritical carbon monoxide before feeding the hydrocarbon feedstock into the contactor, activating the electrical plates of the contactor to align ions of the ionic liquid and organic heteroatom compound, and recycling at least a portion of the carbon dioxide released during the depressurizing of solvent complex in the recovery vessel to the contactor. Preferred Composition: The pressurized carbon dioxide in the aqueous solvent comprises supercritical and/or subcritical carbon monoxide. Preferred Conditions: The contactor temperature is greater than the critical temperature of the carbon dioxide to 100 degrees C. The contactor pressure is 2-300 bar, which is greater than or equal to critical pressure of carbon monoxide. The density of the aqueous solvent is greater than the density of the hydrocarbon feedstock, where the extraction mixture phase separates into organic phase and aqueous phase and at least a portion of the solvent complex migrates into the aqueous phase.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The material comprises 5-15 wt.% manganese stabilizer, and sodium oxide. The separator structure is in the form of a sodium-ion conductor solid electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The nickel is in a form selected from nickel oxide and nickel-copper oxide. The copper is in form selected from copper (II) oxide, copper (I) oxide and nickel-copper oxide. The rare earth-doped ceria comprises gadolinium doped cerium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The nickel is in a form selected from metallic nickel and nickel-copper alloy. The copper is in a form selected from metallic copper and nickel-copper alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal nitride comprises one of aluminum nitride, gallium nitride, hafnium nitride and silicon mononitride. The metal sulfide comprises one of hafnium sulfide, titanium-sulfide, furosemide and silicon sulfide. The dielectric layer comprises one of hafnium oxide, aluminum oxide, lanthanum oxide, zirconium oxide, hafnium silicate, hafnium-silicate, hafnium lanthanum oxide, lanthanum aluminum oxide and strontium titanate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The transition metal comprises one of titanium, scandium and yttrium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Disclosed): A benzodipyrrolidone derivative of formula (III) and nitrogen-containing heterocyclic derivative of formula (IV) are reacted in presence of halogenated phosphoryl of formula: PO(X1)3 using solvent e.g. chloroform and methylene chloride, in order to obtain boradiazine intermediate component of formula (V). A boron trifluoride complex is reacted with the obtained compound (V), in order to obtain boradiazine system dye (I).X1=F, Cl or Br. EXAMPLE - 1.02 g Benzodipyrrolidone derivative and 30 ml dry toluene were mixed in nitrogen atmosphere. 0.65 ml phosphoryl chloride was added to the mixture, and refluxed at 130 degrees C for 2 hours. 0.4 ml dry pyridine and 0.81 ml 2-pyridine acetonitrile was added, and refluxed for 4 hours. Then, 1.20 ml diisopropyl ethylamine and 0.80 ml boron trifluoride diethylether complexes were added, and refluxed for 2 hours. After completion of reaction, the mixture was cooled to room temperature and quenched by sodium hydrogen carbonate solution, and solid was removed by suction filtration. Then, the mixture was washed using sodium hydrogen carbonate solution, water and brine. Then, the mixture was concentrated and dried using sodium sulfate. The obtained solid was extracted until no color with methylene chloride. Then, the mixture was washed using sodium bicarbonate solution, water and brine, concentrated, dried under reduced pressure and purified by silica gel chromatography using methylene chloride as developing agent, in order to obtain 5,5,19,19-tetrafluoro-14,28-diphenyl-4,18-tetraaza-diboraheptacyclo(15.11.0.03,15.04,13.06,11.018,27.020,25)octacosa-1(28),2,6,8,10,12,14,16,20(25),21,23,26-dodecaene-12,26-dicarbonitrile, with yield of 2%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin precursor (A) contains two or more unsaturated-hydrocarbon groups. Preferred Process: The phase-separation structure is formed by spinodal decomposition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The doped regions comprise a dopant that is an element selected from the group consisting of aluminum, nitrogen, gallium, magnesium, zinc, indium, chrome, titanium, silicon and argon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The doping ambient is formed of phosphoryl chloride. The passivating layer is formed of one of silicon nitride, aluminum oxide and silicon oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The first dopant is formed of boron. The metal paste is formed of aluminium and silver. The set of undoped semiconductor nanoparticles are formed of silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The semiconductor substrate is formed of silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The indicator is used in electronic device manufacturing apparatus for performing oxidation, nitridation, film-forming, impurity addition, washing and/or etching with respect to substrate. Preferred Composition: The indicator consists of non-discoloration layer which is not discolored or decolored by reacting with plasma, ozone, UV-rays and/or radical-containing gas. The non-discoloration layer and discoloration layer are formed on substrate, in order. The non-discoloration layer is adjacent to main surface of substrate. The discoloration layer is adjacent to main surface of non-discoloration layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The copper salt solution is prepared from copper acetate monohydrate. The zinc salt solution is prepared from zinc acetate. Tin salt solution is prepared from tin tetrachloride pentahydrate, and sulfur-source solution is prepared from L-cysteine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Mixed solution of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used during preparation of multi-walled carbon nanotube-supported nickel selenide composite material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (claimed): A selenium-containing compound (A) of formula (I) and 4,7-dibromo-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (B) in molar ratio of 1.1-1.5:1 are reacted in an organic solvent in presence of catalyst under inert gas atmosphere at 60-120 degrees C for 24-72 hours, separated and purified, to obtain conjugated polymer (I). Preferred Composition: The catalyst is tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium or bis(triphenyl phosphine)palladium dichloride. The molar ratio of the catalyst to the compound (A) is 0.0001-0.05:1. The catalyst is a mixture of organic palladium and organic phosphine ligand in molar ratio of 1:2-20. The organic palladium is tris(dibenzylideneacetone) dipalladium. The organic phosphine ligand is tri(o-methylphenyl)phosphine. The organic solvent is tetrahydrofuran, N,N-dimethyl formamide or toluene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal is nickel, cobalt, copper and/or iron. The soluble nickel salt is chosen from nickel sulfate, nickel chloride, nickel bromide, nickel acetate, nickel sulfamate, nickel nitrate and nickel hypophosphite. The cobalt salt is chosen from cobalt sulfate, cobalt chloride, cobalt nitrate and cobalt acetate. The copper salt is chosen from copper sulfate, copper chloride, copper nitrate and copper acetate. The iron salt is chosen from ferric sulfate, ferric chloride and ferric nitrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer solution comprises polymethylmethacrylate, polyacrylonitrile, polystyrene, crosslinked polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl butyral, cellulose acetate, polyethylene glycol benzoate, polybutylene terephthalate, polyetherimide, polylactic acid, polyamide and/or polylactic acid-glycolic acid copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The cellulose nanofibers are obtained by disentangling cellulose in the epoxy resin. Preferred Property: The fiber diameter of the cellulose nanofiber is 5-1000 nm. Preferred Composition: The content of cellulose is 10-90 %mass with respect to the total mass of the epoxy resin and the cellulose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The surfactant is siloxane-type surfactant. The surfactant comprises siloxane compound of formula (II) or (III). The solution further contains high-molecular compound.R3-R8=H, F, 1-10C hydrocarbyl or 1-10C hydrocarbyl containing F;andm,n=1-5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The battery epitaxial structure includes ohmic contact layer, top cell window layer, top cell emitter region, top cell base region, back surface field top cell layer, top cell tunneling junction, battery window layer, battery-emitting region, battery base region, battery back surface field layer, composition graded layer, bottom cell window layer, bottom cell emitter region, and bottom battery cell back surface field base layer. The light-emitting epitaxial structure has active layer provided between two electroconductive layers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Disclosed): Nitrogen-containing heteroaryl group-containing compound of formula (III) is reacted with carboxyl group-containing compound of formula (IV) to obtain nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic compound (I or II). Preferred Composition: The acrylic component is chosen from (meth)acrylic acid ester monomer, polyfunctional acryl-type monomer, unsaturated carboxylic monomer, homopolymer of (meth)acrylic acid ester, and copolymer of (meth)acrylic acid ester, preferably chosen from copolymer of (meth)acrylic acid ester monomer and polyfunctional (meth)acrylic acid ester monomer, homopolymer of (meth)acrylic acid ester, and copolymer of (meth)acrylic acid ester and unsaturated carboxylic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The composition contains polymerizable functional group containing nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic compound, vinylidene fluoride resin, acryl monomer or acrylic polymer. The content of polymerizable functional group containing nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic compound in the composition is 0.1-30 %mass. The vinylidene fluoride resin is copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and monomer chosen from tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene, chlorotrifluoroethylene and perfluoro(alkyl vinyl ether), preferably tetrafluoroethylene. Preferred Definitions:    L1=group of formula (1);    m1,m2=1-20;    ring B'=phenyl;and    L2=group of formula (2).    (i) When m1,m2 is 1, n1 is 1-3; and (ii) When m1,m2 is 2, n1 is 1-5.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The element is chosen from group II element, group XIII element and/or group XIV element containing aluminum, indium, gallium, magnesium, calcium, germanium and boron. Preferred Process: The gas-barrier layer is formed by vapor deposition method. After modification process, heating process is carried out.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The method further involves removing metal oxide from composite material by exposing the silicon-metal oxide composite material to acid, and mixing the composite material with iron nitrate and graphene oxide before exposing to heat-treatment. Preferred Composition: The silica is chosen from silicon oxide and silicon dioxide. The reductive metal is chosen from magnesium, aluminum, calcium, sodium, potassium and lithium. The amorphous silicon material comprises silicon, silicon crystallites, metal oxide, carbon and voids.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The amino group is a tertiary amino group. The compound having an amino group and a cationically polymerizable functional group has 2 or more cationically polymerizable functional groups in 1 molecule. The weight average molecular weight of the compound having amino group and cationically polymerizable functional group is 200-1000. The resin composition comprises 0.01-20 pts. wt. compound having amino group and cationically polymerizable functional group, with respect to 100 pts. wt. cation-curable resin. The cation-curable resin contains an epoxy resin, preferably a cycloaliphatic epoxy resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The acid (A) is hydrogen fluoride, and the acid (B) is hydrogen chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The crosslinking component is (meth)acrylate compound of formula: H2C=CR-COO-(X)n-COCR=CH2 (I) or H2C=CR-COO-(C4H8O)n-COCR=CH2 (II).X=C2H4O, C3H6O or C4H8O;R=H or methyl;andn=500 or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The dispersion-type acrylic copolymer has average diameter of 10-250 nm and mean area of 20-50000 nm2, preferably 80-35000 nm2, in local region. Preferably, the acrylic copolymer has glass transition temperature of 80 degrees C or more. The acryl sheet has thickness of 0.01-30 mm, and elongation rate of 10% or more at tensile rate of 5 mm/minute, haze of 25% or less and light transmittance of 80% or more, when the thickness is 3 mm. Preferred Process: The dispersion-type acrylic copolymer is obtained by polymerizing monomer mixture containing (meth)acrylate monomer (A), di(meth)acrylate monomer (B), and di(meth)acrylate monomer (C). The monomer mixture is in region where the mass composition is enclosed by point (60, 6, 34), point (91, 6, 3) and point (60, 37, 3) in triangular phase diagram. The content of components (A) and (B) is 60-97.5 %mass and 2.5-40 %mass, respectively. The di(meth)acrylate monomer (B) is of formula (I) in which (X)n is 2500 or more. The di(meth)acrylate monomer (C) is of formula (I) in which (X)n is 500-1800. The di(meth)acrylate monomer (B) is of formula (II) in which n is 35 or more. The di(meth)acrylate monomer (C) is of formula (II) in which n is 7-25.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cation portion of photocationic polymerization initiator (D) is aromatic iodonium. The anion portion of photocationic polymerization initiator (D) is hexafluorophosphate ion (PF6-).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer (A) comprises crosslinkable silicon group in molecular chain terminal. The photocurable composition is obtained by mixing 1-150 parts mass epoxy compound (B) and 1-100 parts mass oxetane compound (C), with respect to 100 parts mass polymer (A). Preferred Process: The principal chain of polymer (A) is manufactured by a living radical polymerization method and/or atom-transfer radical polymerization method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carrier gas is chosen from helium and nitrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The gaseous precursor comprises silicon oxide gas, carrier gas, organometallic alkoxide, tin oxide, water vapor, Lewis acid, fluorine gas and triethyl phosphite. The fluorine gas comprises trifluoroacetic acid, hydrofluoric acid and phosphorus trifluoride. The silicon oxide precursor is of formula: RuOvSim. The tin precursor is of formula: RnSnCl4-n.u=3-8;v=0-4;m=1-4;n=0, 1 or 2;andR=linear, branched or cyclic alkyl.
SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 35 Amino maleimide are disclosed e.g. 2-anilino-N-n-hexylmaleimide of formula (Ia), 2-anilino-N-n-pentylmaleimide, 2-anilino-N-n-heptylmaleimide, 2-anilino-N-n-octylmaleimide, and 2-anilino-N-n-nonylmaleimide.    EXAMPLE - 0.188 g Dimethyl anilino fumarate was dissolved in 5 ml methanol. 0.243 g N-hexylamine was dripped to the resultant solution and stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. The resultant solution was filtered and precipitated yellow solid was collected. The obtained residue was recrystallized using methylene chloride and 2-propanol, and 2-anilino-N-n-hexylmaleimide having melting point of 133 degrees C was obtained as yellow crystal with yield of 26%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Element: The photoelectric conversion element has a pair of electrodes, an active layer formed between the electrodes, and a buffer layer formed between the active layer and one of the electrode. The buffer layer contains mixed layer. The buffer layer is an electron extraction layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of metallic element different from metallic element of metal oxo complex is 0.1-50 atomic%, with respect to content of metallic element of metal oxo complex. The metallic element different from the metallic element of metal oxo complex, is lithium, sodium, potassium, cesium, aluminum, gallium and/or indium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal oxo complex is metal oxo complex containing ( beta )-diketonate ligand or metal oxo complex containing acetylacetonate ligand. The metallic element of metal oxo complex is titanium, zirconium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum and/or tungsten, preferably titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The first sub-battery is made of germanium, the second sub-battery is made of indium-gallium-arsenic compound, and the third sub-battery is made of gallium-indium-phosphide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The substrate is selected from silicon, copper, tantalum, nickel, cobalt, titanium, platinum, zirconium, chromium, molybdenum, steel, mica or their combination. The porous film includes titanium nitride, silicon oxide, carbon nitride, titanium carbon nitride, boron nitride, titanium oxide or their combination. The porous film is formed by a carbon nanomaterial. The metal is selected from gold, platinum, iron, tin, cobalt, germanium or nickel. The silicon support is monocrystalline silicon. Preferred Process Conditions: The porous film deposition is performed by spin deposition or physical vapor deposition. The physical vapor deposition is independently selected from thermal evaporation deposition, laser ablation deposition, molecular beam epitaxy or sputtering deposition. The deposition of the porous film is performed by using a mask. The heat treatment is conducted at 800-1200 degrees C for 30-60 minutes in presence of hydrogen or argon stream.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: Non-aqueous dispersion medium is a solvent, preferably polymerizable unsaturated monomer or oligomer. Preferred Definitions:    R2=formulae -CH2-C(R3)=CH3 (2), -CH=C(R3)-CH3 (3), (4)-(6), -C(=O)-C(R3)=CH2 (7), or -(CH2)4-O-C(=O)-CH=CH2 (8);    R3, R3=H or Me;    X=formula -C(=O)-Y'-;    Y'=1-15C alkylene, vinylene, phenylene, or COOH-containing phenylene; and    Z=COOH or phosphate ester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Disclosed): Amine compound of formula (3) is reacted with aldehyde compound of formula (4) to produce iminium hydroxide. The iminium hydroxide is dehydrated to produce azomethine-ylide. 1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition reaction of azomethine-ylide with fullerene is carried out to obtain fullerene derivative.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The electron donor is high molecular compound. EXAMPLE - 100 mg C60 Fullerene, 86.8 mg N-(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)-2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethanamine, 46.8 mg thiophene 2-carbaldehyde (thiophene-2-carbaldehyde) and 20 ml acetic acid were mixed, heated and refluxed at 130 degrees C for 13 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, then the solvent was removed, and washed thrice with methanol. The washed mixture was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography using toluene and ethyl acetate, in volume ratio of 1/0-1/1 and preparative thin layer chromatography using toluene and ethyl acetate, in the volume ratio of 10/1, in order to obtain 61.5 mg trans-N-methoxyethoxyethyl-2,5-di(2-thienyl)fullero pyrrolidine (A), with yield of 43%. An organic thin film solar cell formed using the compound (A) had photoelectric conversion efficiency of 2.48%, short circuit current density of 7.16 mu A/cm2, open circuit voltage of 0.65 V, and fill factor of 0.54.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The flow measurement device comprises a vibration generation portion (61) which vibrates the tubular component. The flow-control portion is control valve. The base gas supply line comprises flow measurement portion for measuring the flow volume of the base gas that flows through the base gas supply line, and control portion which control the flow of base gas so that the flow volume of the base gas turns into predetermined flow volume. The hydrogen-selenide mixed gas supply apparatus comprises a buffer tank (33), in which hydrogen-selenide mixed gas is stored, and connected with mixed gas generation tube which supplies the hydrogen-selenide mixed gas to the consumption destination.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The precursor liquid is obtained by reacting carboxylic acid-containing compound of formula: ((CH3)3C-R1)2CHCOOH with zirconium(IV) tetra-alkoxide, in a molar ratio of 1 or less. Preferred Property: The film has hardness of 1.5 GPa or more. Preferred Process: After application of precursor liquid, the precursor liquid is hardened. The coated precursor liquid is heated at 150-200 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of diol group-containing structural unit (I) is 0.1-30 mol%. The vinyl acetal-type polymer further comprises hydroxyl group-containing structural unit of formula (II).R1=H, linear or branched 1-8C alkyl, or phenyl.Preferred Properties: The saponification degree of vinyl alcohol-type polymer is 80-99.9 mol%. The vinyl acetal-type polymer has degree of acetalization of 80-90 mol%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The polymer has intrinsic viscosity of 0.8 dl/g or more. The polyamide has aromatic diamine structure Preferred Composition: The polymer further contains structural unit of formulae (II) and (III), and structural unit of formulae: -(NH-X-NH)c- (IV) and -(C(=O)-Y'-C(=O))d- (V), and includes 15 mol% or more structural unit (II) and 5 mol% or more structural unit (I), or 15 mol% or more structural unit (III) and 5 mol% or more structural unit (I). The molar fraction of structural unit (I) is 5-50. The molar fraction of structural unit (III) is 15-50. The total content of molar fraction of structural unit (IV) and molar fraction of structural unit (III) is 50. The ratio of sum of molar fraction of structural unit (IV) and molar fraction of structural unit (III), and sum of molar fraction of structural unit (I) and molar fraction of structural unit (V) is 0.9-1.R1,R2=-CF3, -F, -OCH3, -CH3, -NO2, -CN or -Br;R3,R4=group;n=1-3;R5,R6=-CF3 or -CH3;X=group of formula: -S(=O)2-, -O-, -C(-R7)(-R8)- or -Si(-R9)(-R10)- or group of formula (a);Y'=aryl;andR7-R10=H, OH, 1-20C (halo)hydrocarbyl, halo, silyl or optionally substituted phenyl.Preferred Properties: The film has change of yellowness before and after heating at 230 degrees C for 120 minutes in air, of 2 or less, light transmittance with respect to light of 365 nm wavelength of 25% or more, average thermal expansion coefficient at 100-200 degrees C along 1 direction in film plane of 0-30 ppm/ degrees C, glass transition temperature of 250 degrees C or more, and elongation at break along 1 direction in film plane of 10% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nucleating agent comprises: an inorganic nucleating agent such as e.g. a metal oxide, metallic particles, silica, alumina, clay or talc; and/or an organic nucleating agent such as an additional polyamide having a melting temperature (Tf2) above the melting temperature (Tf1) of the polyamide X.Y to be nucleated, where the melting temperature is 20 degrees C and the amount of talc is 0.2 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The step (5) is carried out at high temperature of 900-1100 degrees C. The step (6) is carried out at 900-1100 degrees C. Preferred Components: The template is silicon dioxide sol, zeolite, aluminum oxide, mesoporous silicon dioxide, magnesium acetate, magnesium gluconate, magnesium oxide, copper oxide, zinc oxide, ferrous oxide, ferric oxide, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, iron oxide, tin oxide, zirconia, sulfur trioxide, silver oxide, nano-titanium oxide powder, nickel hydroxide, metallic iron hydroxide, polystyrene microspheres, polymethylmethacrylate microspheres and one or two or more mixtures of the above components, where the particle size of the template is 5-500 nm. The metal salt is a soluble salt of IVB, VB, VIB, VIIB, VII1, IB, IIB and one or two or more of metal elements. The soluble metal salt is nitrate, carbonate, sulfate, acetate, salts, halides, dinitroso diamine salt, acetylacetonate, or a macrocyclic complex porphyrin or, phthalocyanine. The metal element is iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, iridium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, zirconium, tungsten, and one or two or more mixtures of the above components. The acid is sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid or hydrochloric acid, and has concentration of 0.2-5 M, preferably 0.5-2 M. The nitrogen atmosphere is nitrogen, argon, helium, ammonia, acetonitrile, hydrogen cyanide and one or two or more mixtures of the above components.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The nitrogen-containing precursor is ethylene diamine, hexyl amine, trimethylamine, melamine, polyurethane, poly pyridine uracil, polypyrrole, polyacrylonitrile, polyaniline, melamine formaldehyde resin, ureaformaldehyde resin and one or two or more mixtures of the above components.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic particles contain silica, zirconium oxide, alumina, magnesium oxide, titania, zinc oxide and/or aluminum nitride. Preferred Component: The semiconductor element is silicon-carbide semiconductor element.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The nanocomposite resin composition further contains reinforced fibers. The thermosetting resin is epoxy resin. The thermoplastic resin is polyamide resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrolyte comprises an aqueous solution formed with chemical selected from a group consisting of potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, hydroxide, chloride, bromide, sulfate, sulfuric acid and hydrochloride acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The heater comprises a three-dimensional (3D) supporting base body that is made of pyrolytic boron nitride. The heating element is made of pyrolytic graphite and pyrolytic graphite containing boron and/or boron carbide. The insulating layer is made of pyrolytic boron nitride and pyrolytic boron nitride containing carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The patterning process is chosen from inactivation process, blasting process, vacuum plasma processing, atmospheric-pressure plasma process, corona treatment, actinic-radiation irradiation treatment, activated gas process and chemical solution process. The polyimide film is subjected to plasma-processing, before pattern formation. The polyimide film is treated with acid between plasma processing process and pressure heating treatment process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The step of rinsing is carried by methanol or methylene chloride. Preferred Components: The molten salt is 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium and bis(trifluoro methane sulfonyl)imide. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Compositions: Fuel-containing anode liquid contains sodium lactate as electron donor having 20 plus minus 0.2 mmol/L concentration. Fuel-containing anode liquid having pH of 7 comprises 20\+0.2 mmol/L sodium lactate, 0.31 plus minus 0.02 g/L ammonium chloride, 2.772 plus minus 0.05 g/L sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate, 11.5 plus minus 0.3 g/L disodium hydrogen phosphate dodecahydrate, and solvent which is water. Initial bacteria concentration (OD600) in anode room is 1 plus minus 0.1. Cathode liquid having pH of 7 comprises 2.772 plus minus 0.05 g/L sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate, 11.5 plus minus 0.3 g/L sodium dihydrogen phosphate dodecahydrate, 0.13 plus minus 0.01 g/L potassium chloride, 40 plus minus 2 mmol/L potassium ferricyanide, and solvent which is water. Preferred Processes: Shewanella microorganism with preservation number CCTCC No. M2014340 is activated by freeze-preserving 28-30 vol.% aqueous glycerol solution in trypticase soy broth (TSB) seed culture medium, culturing at 28-30 degrees C and 150 rpm for 12-16 hours, switching inoculating amount to 5 vol.% level, and culturing at same conditions for 12-16 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The preparation of functionalized graphene-based film further involves dispersing crosslinking agent in solvent. Preferred Composition: The content of graphene in the dispersion is 0.1-20 wt.%. Preferred Properties: The transparent film has thickness of 200 nm to 20 mu m, light transmission rate of 80-95% and resistivity of 109-105 Omega /square.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solvent is water, ethanol, dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidone or acetone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The photoalignment portion (A) is chosen from photoisomerization portion, photodimerization portion, photo-Fries rearrangement portion and photolysis portion. The photoalignment portion (A) is a portion comprising structure chosen from azobenzene, cinnamoyl, coumarin, chalcone, stilbene and anthracene. The composition further comprises organic solvent, crosslinking agent, light-and-thermal polymerization initiator.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (disclosed): Monomer (A1) having photoalignment portion (A) is polymerized, and monomer (B1) having functional group is polymerized to obtain polymerizable portion (B). Monomer having photoalignment portion (A) and polymerizable portion (B) are added, and the mixture is reacted with isocyanatoethyl methacrylate to obtain polymer (I). Preferred Composition: The polymerizable portion is radically polymerizable portion. The radically polymerizable portion is obtained from acrylic group, methacrylic group, acrylamide group and vinyl group. EXAMPLE - 10 g 4-Methoxy cinnamic acid phenyl methacrylate, 2.5 g 3,4-epoxycyclohexyl methyl methacrylate, and 0.2 g 2,2'-azobisisobutyronitrile were dissolved in 29 g cyclopentanone, and nitrogen gas was passed to the resulting solution for 1 hour. The resulting mixture was heated at 80 degrees C, cooled, 1 g acrylic acid and 0.1 g triphenylphosphine were added to resulting mixture, heated at 120 degrees C for 30 hours and cooled to obtain polymer of formula (II). The polymer (II) had weight-average molecular weight of 60400 measured using gel permeation chromatography, and acid value of 10 mg potassium hydroxide/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The gas adsorbent media comprises activated charcoals, zeolites, activated aluminia, silica gels, open-pore polymer foams and/or metal-organic frameworks.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The stored gas contains: hydrocarbons and/or water; or gas comprising methane, ethane, butane, hydrogen, propane, propene, ethylene, water and/or methane, preferably natural gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: A lower part of filling device having an angle of 30-180 degrees , preferably 120 degrees is free of orifices, thus preventing gas jets directed to the bottom of the sorption store, where the angle is chosen depending on the porosity of at least one sorption material. The orifices are arranged: on the mantle in their axial direction; equidistant with respect to one another in the axial direction; or in varying distances in the axial direction with respect to one another. The orifices: are holes or slots; have an identical geometry; are arranged in rows about a circumference of the mantle, where each row has at least three orifices; form an orifice pattern on the mantle, where the orifices in adjacent rows of orifices have an offset with respect to one another; are arranged in a slotted pattern on the mantle, where the orifices have different slot-lengths; and arranged in axial direction on the mantle have decreasing or increasing diameters or slot-length seen in axial direction. The filling device: extends from an end face (30, 32, respectively) of the ANG-sorption store; and is arranged a central access as symmetry access of the ANG sorption store. The ANG-sorption store has a cylindrical shape. In the ANG-sorption store: an inlet (12) is located at a first end face and an outlet is located at a second end face, where the orifices have decreasing diameters seen in axial direction or the orifices are arranged in increasing distances in axial direction with respect to one another, or the orifices have a decreasing slot-length seen in axial direction; and the inlet and the outlet are located at one end face, where the orifices begin after a first length measuring at 40-60% by length of the total length of the filling device seen in axial direction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The acid dissociation constant of the oxo-acid salt in water is 3 or more. The oxo-acid salt is carbonate or hydrogen carbonate. The metal of the oxo-acid salt is lithium, cobalt, nickel and/or manganese. The oxo-acid salt forms a layer of thickness 12 nm or less on the surface of active material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The free-cyanide-containing solution is aqueous solution of potassium cyanide or sodium cyanide. The silver component is silver electrode (12) formed on silicon substrate (10).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The base material is electroconductive base material comprising copper or copper alloy. The nickel plating is glossy nickel plating. The solder containing bonding material is bonding material containing tin-bismuth solder or tin-lead solder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The zinc oxide-based thin film is thin film of gallium-doped zinc oxide. The oxidizing agent comprises alcohol vapor, oxygen gas, ozone gas, nitrogen oxides gas and/or steam. The substrate is silicon substrate, sapphire substrate, ceramics substrate, glass substrate, metal oxide substrate and/or metallic board.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The zinc oxide thin film is deposited by chemical vapor deposition. The thin film of gallium-doped zinc oxide is obtained by mixing organic solvent (S2), gallium precursor and zinc oxide precursor, vaporizing and depositing gallium-doped zinc oxide based thin film on substrate by supplying gas to the deposition chamber. The gallium precursor is mixed with organic solvent (S2) at concentration of 0.1-2 mol/L. The zinc oxide precursor is mixed with organic solvent (S1) at concentration of 0.1-2 mol/L. The chemical vapor deposition is atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition. The gas is carried to deposition chamber by inert carrier gas. Preferred Composition: The gallium precursor comprises trimethyl gallium. The organic solvents (S1) and (S2) contain paraffin hydrocarbon of formula: CnH2n+2 or cycloparaffin hydrocarbon of formula: CnH2n. The organic solvent (S2) comprises isohexane, dimethylbutane and cyclopentane, or heptane and octane. The zinc oxide precursor comprises diethyl zinc and/or dimethyl zinc.n=5-12.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lanthanum salt is chosen from lanthanum chloride and lanthanum nitrate. The magnesium salt is chosen from magnesium chloride and magnesium nitrate. The molten salt comprises sodium chloride and/or potassium chloride in molar ratio of 1:1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The crosslinking agent is chosen from urea and citric acid. The molar ratio of lanthanum salt, tantalum salt, magnesium salt, molten salt and crosslinking agent is 3:2:1:6:20-200. The tantalum salt is chosen from tantalum chloride and pentaethoxy tantalum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Arrangements: The gas diffusion electrode comprises a non-conductive gas permeable material (120) which is optionally impermeable to the liquid electrolyte during normal operational use of the electrode, and a porous conductive material (130) provided on liquid electrolyte side of the gas diffusion electrode. The porous conductive material is attached to gas permeable material using a binder material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The gas permeable material comprises PTFE.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The element is chosen from aluminum, indium, gallium, magnesium, calcium, germanium and boron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metal powder has a particle diameter of 5-50 mu m. The metal porous component has a thickness of 1 mm or less and a porosity of 60% or more. The metal powder is aluminum powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The volume ratio of resin powder with respect to metal powder is 25-50%. The resin powder has a particle diameter of 100-300 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The thickness of p-type silicon layer and n-type silicon layer is 20-100 microns, each. The n-type silicon layer preferably has dopant concentration of 1x 1016/cm3 and 3x 1016/cm3 and bulk silicon carrier lifetime of more than 50 mu seconds. The p-type silicon layer preferably has dopant concentration of 1x 1017/cm3 and 3x 1017/cm3, and bulk silicon carrier lifetime more than 10 mu seconds. Preferred Composition: The oxygen concentration of p-type silicon layer is less than 1x 1018/cm3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The curable composition comprises modified-polyorganosiloxane compound (A) containing group which is obtained by carrying out hydrosilylation reaction of (( alpha )1)-type-compound which has structure containing alkenyl group, 1,3-dimethyl-1,3,5-triazinane-2,4,6-trione, 1,3-dimethyl-1,3,5-triazinane-2,4,6-trione and/or 2,4,6-trimethoxy-1,3-dimethyl-1,3,5-triazinane, and ( beta )-type polyorganosiloxane compound which has two or more silane groups other than the (( alpha )1)-type-compound. The ( beta )-type polyorganosiloxane compound has linear and/or cyclic form and contains two or more silane groups in a molecule. The compound (B) is hydrosilylation reaction product of (( alpha )2)-type organic compound which has alkenyl group and ( beta )-type linear and/or cyclic polyorganosiloxane compound having three or more silane groups in a molecule which is other than (( alpha )2)-type organic compound. The component (C) is ( beta )-diketone platinum complex.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Method of thin film deposition further involves introducing a reactive gas comprising at least one of oxygen, nitrogen, and silicon-containing gas, within the sputtering chamber. Preferred Composition: Metal is niobium, tantalum, tungsten, molybdenum, zirconium, titanium, or their alloys, or at least one of chromium, vanadium, magnesium, tin, lead, aluminum, zinc, copper, rhodium, silver, gold, cobalt, iron, ruthenium, rhenium, gallium, indium, and antimony. The first region of the rejuvenated sputtering target has crystalline microstructure (I). The second region of the rejuvenated sputtering target has crystalline microstructure (II) more random than the crystalline microstructure (I). The first and second regions of the rejuvenated sputtering target consist essentially of the metal. Preferred Property: The second grain size is less than 10 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation is given. Preferred Component: The dipyrrole derivative is preferably of formula (XVIII) or (XIX).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The coating solution further contains a polymer binder. Preferred Process: The organic semiconductor film is obtained by solution coating method. EXAMPLE - 1.3 g 6,18-Diazahexacyclo(11.11.0.02,10.05,9.014,22.017,21)tetracosa-1,3,5(9),7,10,12,14,16,19,21,23-undecaene and 0.5 g sodium hydride were dissolved in 25 mL dimethylformamide, to obtain a mixture. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 minutes. 6.1 mL 1-Bromooctane was dripped into the mixture, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 minutes. The reaction liquid was poured into ice water, and extracted using ethyl acetate. The organic layer was dried, and filtered using anhydrous magnesium sulfate. The crude product was depressurizingly-distilled and purified, to obtain 6,18-dimethyl-6,18-diazahexacyclo(11.11.0.02,10.05,9.014,22.017,21)tetracosa-1,3,5(9),7,10,12,14,16,19,21,23-undecaene, with yield of 30%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The attractant includes 100% 1-octen-3-ol, 100% lactic acid, 1-5% 1-octen-3-ol, 1-5% aluminum fatty acid, 1-5% oleic acid and 85-97% isoparaffin, 5-10% lactic acid, 1-5% aluminum fatty acid, 1-5% oleic acid and 80-93% isoparaffin, or 1-5% 1-octen-3-ol, 5-10% lactic acid, 1-5% aluminum fatty acid, 1-5% oleic acid and 75-92% isoparaffin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition further comprises 1-10 pts. wt. fluorinated silane. Preferred Components: The fluorinated silane is of formula (CF3(CF2)nCH2CH2Si(OR1)3) (I), and comprises trifluoropropyl trimethoxysilane, trifluoropropyl triethoxysilane, tridecafluorooctyl trimethoxysilane, tridecafluoro octyltriethoxysilane, heptadecafluorodecyltrimethoxysilane and/or heptadecafluorodecyltriethoxysilane.R1 = alkyl; andn = 0-1. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst is palladium(II) acetate, di(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) chloride, or palladium(II) chloride. The basic compound is metal carbonate, metal hydroxide or an organic base.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises precipitating a solid mixture of (III) from the mixture using a non-polar solvent and then recrystallizing. The reacting step is accomplished in the presence of a solvent, a catalyst and quaternary ammonium salt or a basic compound at a temperature of 80-130 degrees C for 24-72 hours. Preferred Components: The solvent consists of dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylacetamide, hexamethylphosphoramide and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. The quaternary ammonium salt is tetraalkylammonium halide, tetraalkylammonium hydroxide or aryltrialkylammonium halide. Preferred Definitions:    Ar1-Ar4 = phenylene, naphthalene or furanyl.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Preparation of 8 compounds (III) is specifically claimed, e.g. 4-((E)-2-(4-(diphenylamino)phenyl)vinyl)-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid of formula (IIIa), methyl 4-((E)-2-(4-(diphenylamino)phenyl)vinyl)-2-methoxy-benzoate, methyl 4-((E)-2-(4-(diphenylamino)phenyl)vinyl)-2-hydroxy-benzoate, 4-((E)-2-(4-(diphenylamino)phenyl)vinyl)-2-methoxy-benzoic acid, and 4-((E)-2-(3-(diphenylamino)phenyl)vinyl)-2-methoxy-benzoic acid.    EXAMPLE - 2-Hydroxy-4-vinyl-benzoic acid and (4-bromo-phenyl)-diphenyl-amine were reacted with tetrabutylammonium chloride and palladium(II) acetate under the presence of potassium carbonate and dimethylformamide to obtain (IIIa).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The manufacture of separation membrane involves obtaining inorganic/organic hybrid compound by neutralizing the zirconium salt or zirconium oxy salt with alkali, when zirconium salt or zirconium oxy salt, and polyvinyl alcohol coexist, and forming separation membrane having filter pores.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The base material has a fundamental composition comprises lithium-aluminum-lanthanum-zirconium-oxide ((Li(7-y-6z)Al2z)(La(3-x)A(x-x1))(Zr(2-y)Ty)O12) as a main component, where x is 0-1.0, y is more than 0, but less than 0.75, z is 0-0.1, and x1 is greater than or equal to 0, buth less than x. The grain boundary product includes lithium, boron and calcium. The complex manufacturing method utilizes active material layer including an active material of a lithium complex compound including iron, cobalt, nickel and manganese, and lithium borate as an additive component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The volume ratio of ethylene glycol and water in the ethylene glycol aqueous solution is 1:1. The mass ratio of graphene oxide and ethylene glycol aqueous solution is 1:1000. The mass ratio of surfactant and graphene oxide is 5:1. The usage amount of surfactant is 5 %mass. The amphoteric surfactant is sodium lauryl aminopropionate aqueous solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst comprises 20-80 wt.% gold catalyst, preferably 40-60 wt.% and 20-80 wt.% iridium catalyst, preferably 40-60 wt.%. The concentration of aqueous chloroauric acid is 0.01-10 mg/L. The concentration of aqueous chloro-iridium acid solution is 0.1-10 mg/L. The mass ratio of aqueous chloroauric acid and aqueous chloro iridium acid solution is 0.04-14.85. The ratio of aqueous chloroauric acid, aqueous chloro iridium acid solution, and aqueous surfactant is 2.6-130. The concentration of aqueous reducing agent is 1-5 mg/L. The ratio of aqueous chloroauric acid, aqueous chloro-iridium acid solution, and aqueous reducing agent is not less than 1. The carbon carrier is Vulcan XC-72R (RTM: conductive carbon black pellet or powder), Black Pearls 2000 (RTM: carbon black), acetylene black, and/or carbon nanotube. The carbon reducing agent is sodium borohydride and/or potassium borohydride. The inert gas is argon, helium or nitrogen. Preferred Method: The second step is carried out at 0-100 degrees C for 0.5-48 minutes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The surfactant is cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, cetyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, tetradecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, myristyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, and/or polyvinyl pyrrolidone. The carbon reducing agent is formaldehyde.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The silica powder is ground until integrated intensity ratio (hydroxyl/silicon hydride) of silanol absorption band and silicon hydride absorption band measured by diffused reflection infrared absorption spectrum of activating silica powder, is 20 or more. The activated silica powder is subjected to pretreatment for increasing the amount of hydroxyl groups of activated silica powder surface before base treatment process. Preferred Composition: The silica powder contains amorphous silica as main component.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The basic solution contains ammonia and/or organic base. The organic base is hydroxylation quaternary alkyl ammonium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic fibers are alumina fibers, silica-alumina fibers, silica-alumina-zirconia fibers, or bio-soluble fibers. The inorganic powder particles comprise silica, alumina, titanium dioxide, zirconium silicate, zirconium oxide, and/or silicon carbide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The component (C) is benzotriazole-type ultraviolet absorber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of component (C) with respect to salt (D) in the flame-retardant polycarbonate resin composition is 10-100.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The organic solvent has boiling point of 140 degrees C or more. Preferred Layer: The organic semiconductor layer has phase-separation structure with continuous heteroacene derivative and high molecular compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nanoparticles of titanium dioxide are irradiated pure or doped with aluminum or iron. The irradiation is performed by using a confocal microscope equipped with a helium-cadmium (He-Cd) metal-vapor laser with a wavelength of 325 nm and an output power of 25 megawatts.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The active component precursor is ruthenium(III) chloride, ruthenium(III) nitrate, rhodium(III) chloride or rhodium(III) nitrate. The content of auxiliary agent is 5-10 wt.%. The auxiliary agent is sodium, potassium, magnesium, copper, lanthanum, cerium, manganese, molybdenum or platinum. The carrier is cerium oxide and/or zirconium dioxide. The active component and auxiliary agent are loaded on the carrier with specific shape, size and mechanical strength. Preferred Method: The working condition of catalyst as follows: the pressure is 0.1-5 MPa, preferably 0.1 MPa, the temperature is 60-700 degrees C, preferably 100-450 degrees C, the airspeed is 1000-25000/hour, preferably 5000-1000/hour and the molar ratio of hydrogen/carbon dioxide is 3-4, preferably 3.6-3.8.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of (I) comprises forming a mixture including indium, cobalt, tellurium and antimony, stirring the mixture, and heat-treating the stirred mixture. Preferred Components: (I) have a thermal conductivity (Zk) value of greater than 1.2 at a temperature of greater than 600 K. Preferred Method: The method further comprises pressurizing the heat-treated mixture and then sintering after the heat-treating step. The sintering step is performed at a pressure of 30-300 MPa and a temperature of 400-900 degrees C. The stirring step includes applying high frequency (10-100 KHz) on the mixture at 5-20 KW to obtain a melt phase. The heat-treating step is performed at 500-800 degrees C. EXAMPLE - Indium, cobalt and antimony were mixed at a ratio of 0.3:4:12 in a silica tube. The silica tube was subjected to melt synthesis and then vacuum-sealed. The mixture was heated to form an ingot. The ingot was charged in a quartz tube and then thermally treated for 20 hours. The treated mixture was vacuum sealed at a pressure of 70 Mpa and a temperature of 60 degrees C to obtain corresponding semiconductor metal compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The perovskite photo-sensitive layer is made of methylammonium triiodideplumbate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The core fiber further comprises a metal reduced with metal oxide including transition metal oxide, preferably at least two of metal oxides of nickel, cobalt, copper, platinum, gold, silver, iron, copper, cerium and zirconium. The ceramic has oxygen ion and hydrogen ion conductivity, and includes at least one of zirconia doped with yttrium or scandium, ceria doped with gadolinium, samarium, lanthanum, neodymium or ytterbium, and lanthanum gallate doped with strontium or magnesium, or at least one of barium zirconate, barium cerium oxide, strontium zirconate or strontium cerate doped with trivalent metal ion, and barium indium oxide doped with at least one metal cation including vanadium, niobium, tantalum, molybdenum and tungsten. The sheath layer further comprises a metal reduced with metal oxide including metal oxide of nickel, cobalt, copper, platinum, gold, silver, iron, copper, cerium or zirconium. The fiber structure body has cross-sectional diameter of 0.5-10 mu m. The core fiber has cross-sectional diameter of 0.1-5 mu m. The anode is fabric structure or mesh structure formed with the fiber structure body. The anode is round, square or tubular. The anode has cross-sectional diameter of 10-2000 mu m, and porosity of 60-99%. Preferred Method: The core fiber and the sheath layer are formed separately or simultaneously. The core fiber is formed by electrospinning, and the sheath layer is formed by coating method. The method further comprises heating the fiber structure body. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic filler (D) comprises talc.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polylactic acid-type thermoplastic resin composition comprises 10 pts. wt. or less acrylic resin (F), and 0.1-10 pts. wt. epoxy-group-containing acryl styrene-type copolymer (G), with respect to total content of 100 pts. wt. components (A)-(D). Preferred Process: A molded article is obtained by thermoforming the electroconductive lamination sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The filler contains silica particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The anchor layer further contains filler. The gas-barrier layer consists of a secondary gas-barrier layer (13). Preferred Process: The anchor layer is obtained by coating a material containing ultraviolet ray-curable resin on the film base material, and curing the ultraviolet ray-curable resin by irradiating ultraviolet ray in a nitrogen atmosphere. The secondary gas-barrier layer is obtained by coating a material containing polysilazane on the surface of gas-barrier layer, and carrying out modification process by irradiating ultraviolet ray in vacuum. Preferred Properties: The film base material has a thickness of 100 mu m or less. The anchor layer has a layer thickness (Ta) of 4 mu m or more. The layer thickness (Ta) of anchor layer and layer thickness (Tb) of gas-barrier layer satisfy the relation: 10x Tb less than or equal to Ta.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The wavelength conversion material is contained in a medium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The conductive polymer is chosen from the group consisting of polyaniline, polyaniline derivative, polypyrrole, and polypyrrole derivative. The low molecular active materials are made of compound contained in a functional group chosen from the group of thiol group, thiolate group, quinone group, azo, nitroxyl group, and tetracyano quinodimethanes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electroconductive material includes silver as main component. The primary electrode layer has thickness of 5-10 mu m. The secondary electrode layer has thickness of 5-50 mu m. An electroconductive paste used in manufacture of electrode contains silver powder having average particle diameter of 2 mu m or less, preferably 1 mu m or less. An alloy phase (9) containing gold and/or silicon is formed in interface of semiconductor substrate and primary electrode layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The mineral contains smectite and/or mica.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The water-soluble resin is polyvinyl alcohol-type resin and/or carboxymethyl cellulose type resin. The crosslinking agent contains melamine compound, melamine formaldehyde resin, epoxy resin, oxazoline resin, and/or isocyanate, or a combination of melamine compound, melamine formaldehyde resin, epoxy resin, oxazoline resin, and/or isocyanate with organic acid catalyst, organic-base catalyst, and/or organometallic catalyst. Layer (B) comprises 20-80 wt.% water-soluble resin, 5-70 wt.% thermosetting crosslinking agent, and 2-60 wt.% phyllosilicate mineral. The aromatic polyester is polyethylene terephthalate. Preferred Properties: Layer (A) has a thickness of 10-250 mu m and layer (B) has a thickness of 5-2000 nm. The curable resin composition of layer (B) is hardened.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The catalyst is a composite metal cyanide complex catalyst obtained by coordinating t-butyl alcohol as an organic ligand. Compound (B) contains phenoxytrimethylsilane and tristrimethylsilyl component of trimethylolpropane, in a mass ratio of 20/80-80/20.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: Polymer (A') is an oxyalkylene polymer obtained by carrying out ring-opening addition polymerization of alkylene oxide with respect to initiator having two active hydrogen and/or initiator having three active hydrogen, in the presence of an alkylene-oxide ring-opening polymerization catalyst. Preferred Composition: The curable composition further contains polymer (C) having a linear principal chain containing an alkylene-oxide monomeric unit, and a reactive silicon group at one terminal, and (meth)acrylic acid ester copolymer (D) having a reactive silicon group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The component (A) is polymerizable monomer having (meth)acryl group and an aromatic ring. The composition further contains organosilicon compound (E) having (meth)acryl group of formula: (H2C=C(-R2)-C(=O)-O-R3)l-Si(-R4)m-(OR5)k (II), and an organosilicon compound (F) of formula: R6O-(Si(-R8)(-R9)-O)n-R7 (III).R2=H or methyl;R3=1-20C alkylene, 3-10C cycloalkylene, or 2-20C alkylene ether;R4=1-4C alkyl, 3-4C cycloalkyl, or 6-12C aryl;R5=1-4C alkyl or 3-4C cycloalkyl;l=1-3;m=0-2;k=1-3;l+m+k=4;R6,R7=1-4C alkyl or H;R8=aryl;R9=aryl or 1-4C alkoxy;andn=1-10.R3 or R4 is optionally substituted by alkyl, aryl, halo or hydroxy. Preferred Process: The composition is obtained by mixing components (A-D).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The oxygen concentration in atmosphere maintained during irradiation processes (A) and (B) is 0.1 vol.% or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Properties: The composite material has tearing strength of 20 mN or more. The linear thermal expansion coefficient of composite material is 70 ppm/K or less. The total light-transmittance of the composite material is 80% or more. The haze value of the composite material is 10-80%. The composite material has basic weight of 50-200 g/m2. The number-average fiber width of fiber (F1) is 2-800 nm. Preferred Composition: The fiber content in the composite material is 10-70 %mass. The mass ratio of fibers (F1) and fibers (F2) is 99/1-60/40. The fibers (F1) are cellulose fiber and the fibers (F2) are polyester fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The drying oil is tung oil.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The polymer (A) is obtained by polymerizing alkylene oxide using an initiator of linear structure and an initiator of branched structure, mixing, and introducing silicon groups. Preferred Composition: The polymer (A) is polyoxypropylene-type polymer. The plasticizer contains 80 wt.% or more polyoxyalkylene-type polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The thickness and resistivity of oxide transparent conductive film is 5-50 nm and 200 ( Omega )/m2 or less, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Cyano borate compound is represented by formula (2). Cyano borate compound is a dicyano oxalatoborate salt.Y'=H, halo, 1-10C hydrocarbon which may have halo, CN, -C(O)R14, -S(O)lR14, -Z(R14)2, or -XR14;R14=H, halo, or 1-10C organic substituent;Z=N or P;X=O or S;l=1-2; andp=0-10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of electroconductive particles in the adhesive layer is 0.01-5 vol.%. Preferred Property: The electroconductive particles have specific gravity of 1-20 g/cm3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The mixed solution further contains carbonaceous filler. Preferred Properties: The carbon plate material has a thickness of 2.5-7 mm. The diameter of air holes contained in the carbon plate material is 1.6 mu m or less, as measured by mercury intrusion method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The conductive interconnected nano-structure film is made of zinc oxide, indium oxide, tin oxide, titanium nitride, indium tin oxide, aluminum zinc oxide, indium zinc oxide, gallium zinc oxide and indium gallium zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The conductive interconnected nano-structure film is made of gold, silver, copper, iron, tin, nickel, aluminum, titanium, platinum, tungsten, zinc and cobalt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The conductive interconnected nano-structure film is made of polyacetylene conductive polymer material, polythiophene conductive polymer material, polypyrrole conductive polymer material, polyaniline conductive polymer material and arylene vinylene conductive polymer material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Silica solidified body is manufactured by pretreatment process which increases the amount of hydroxyl groups of activating silica powder surface before base treatment process. Preferred Components: Silica powder contains amorphous silica as main component. Preferred Parameters: Sample thickness is 3.5 mm and in-line transmittance in 400-780 nm wavelength is greater than or equal to 40%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The second substrate is a stoichiometric CIGS film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The group III element is indium and/or gallium. The concentration of the zinc sulfate in the aqueous solution is 4-10 mmol per liter.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inert gas protective atmosphere is nitrogen and/or argon gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst is tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium or bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium dichloride; or mixture of organic palladium and organic phosphine ligand at mol ratio of 1:2-20. The organic palladium is tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium. The organic phosphine ligand is tri(o-methylphenyl)phosphine. The organic solvent is tetrahydrofuran, N,N-dimethylformamide and/or toluene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (claimed): The compound (I) is prepared by adding bromine-containing compound of formula (A) and tin-containing compound of formula (B) at molar ratio of 1:1.1-1.5 into organic solvent, stirring, adding catalyst, dissolving, performing Stille coupling reaction to 60-120 degrees C for 24-72 hours, separating, and purifying. Preferred Method: The separation and purification step is carried out by evaporating reaction solution under reduced pressure to remove excessive solvent, dropping methanol to carry out sedimentation, filtering, washing with methanol, drying, eluting with chloroform through alumina column chromatography, evaporating to remove organic solvent, adding methanol to carry out sedimentation, filtering, subjecting solid to Soxhlet extraction with acetone, settling with methanol, and filtering.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nanowires are cadmium selenide nanowires. The coated nanowires comprise cadmium selenide/zinc sulfide core/shell nanowires.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The anion precursor solution comprises selenium octadecene, selenium trioctylphosphine, octadecene sulfur or trioctylphosphine sulfur. The metal precursor comprises cadmium, lead, diphenyl ether, octadecene and trioctylphosphine oxide. The metal precursor solution and anion precursor solution comprise catalyst precursor solution. The catalyst precursor solution comprises bismuth compound and high-boiling point solvent. A coating precursor solution is used during production of nanowires. The coating precursor solution comprises zinc diethyldithiocarbamate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The curing agent (D) is a block-forming isocyanate-type curing agent (D1). The number-of-moles of acid anhydride (C1) to 1 mol of hydroxyl groups of the hydroxyl group-containing fluororesin (B) is 0.1-2. The number-of-moles of the compound (C2) which has alkoxy silyl group and isocyanate group with respect to 1 mol of hydroxyl groups of hydroxyl group-containing fluororesin (B) is 0.03-0.2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The mixture further includes a pigment (E), and resin (F) other than the fluororesin (A). The resin (F) is chosen from acrylic resin, polyester resin, epoxy resin and urethane resin. The hydroxyl group-containing fluororesin (B) has structural unit derived from tetrafluoroethylene or chlorotrifluoroethylene and structural unit derived from hydroxyalkyl vinyl ether, cycloalkyl vinyl ether, alkylvinyl ether and/or carboxylic acid vinyl ester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic nitrogen compound is sulfonamide compound metal salt or sulfonimide compound salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The diamine other than components (A) and (B) is p-phenylenediamine, metaphenylene diamine, 2,2'-dimethyl-4,4'-diamino biphenyl, 4,4'-bis(3-amino phenoxy)biphenyl, 3,3'-dimethyl-4,4'-diamino biphenyl, 4,4'-diamino-3,3'-biphenyl diol, 2,2'-bis(trifluoromethyl)-1,1'-biphenyl-4,4'-diamine, 2,4-toluenediamine, 2,6-toluenediamine, 3,4-toluenediamine, 2,3-toluenediamine, 1,5-diamino naphthalene, 3,3'-diaminodiphenyl sulfone and/or 4,4'-diaminodiphenyl sulfone, preferably p-phenylenediamine or 4,4'-bis(3-aminophenoxy)biphenyl. The preferable content of the diamine is 10 mol% or less. The preferable content of components (A) and (B) is 37-87 mol% and 13-63 mol%, respectively.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyimide precursor contains m number of dicarboxylic acid-containing repeating unit of formula (IV) and n number of dicarboxylic acid-containing repeating unit of formula (V). The polyimide precursor has ratio ((m)/(n+m)) of 0.4-0.9. The polyimide precursor varnish further contains 0.1-20 %mass benzene-1,2,4,5-tetracarboxylic acid, and 4,6-bis(amino carbonyl)isophthalic acid-containing oligomers of formulae (VII)-(IX).p,q=0-9.Preferred Properties: A thermoplastic polyimide layer is laminated on outermost layer of insulated coating layer. The insulated coating layer has thickness of 1-500 mu m. The thermoplastic polyimide layer has glass transition temperature of 50 degrees C or more. The thickness of the heat-resistant film is 1 mu m or more to 1 mm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The chemical agent is gelatinizer or thickener. The chemical agent contains a compound having an oxirane ring or oxetane ring. Preferred Property: The viscosity of the electrolyte solution after reduction of fluidity is 1 Pa.second or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Property: The electrode has volumetric capacity of 700 mAh/cc or more in charged state.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The pierced particles have average thickness of 50 nm or more, maximum dimension of less than 40 mu m and average minimum dimension of less than 1 mu m. The passages have average width of 100 nm or more. The BET value of the pierced particles is less than 100 m2/g, optionally less than 15 m2/g. Preferred Composition: The pierced particles comprise silicon and/or tin, preferably silicon. The component (A) comprises at least one active component, binder, and optionally active carbon and graphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ratio of carbon content and oxygen content in the solution is greater than or equal to 1:15. The reducing agent comprises hydrazine derivative, ascorbic acid, iron ion or hydrochloric acid. The reduced graphene oxide powder is prepared by: (A) adding concentrated potassium permanganate to graphite, nitric acid and sodium salt at a predetermined temperature and then maintaining at a predetermined elevated temperature for a predetermined time; (B) mixing distilled water with the mixture and then removing potassium permanganate content to prepare a solution comprising graphene oxide; (C) separating the graphene oxide from the solution and then centrifuging with distilled water until water content of the mixture reaches desired pH levels to obtain a graphene oxide powder; and (D) drying the graphene oxide powder and then performing ultrasonic dispersion and oxidizing. The secondary coating solution is water, ethanol, methanol, acetone and/or ethylene glycol. The coating ink further comprises an organic solvent or a surfactant. The weight ratio of the solution having partially reduced graphene oxide and the secondary coating solution is (0.5:1)-(1.5:1). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of 6-15C aryl group in the composition is 15 wt.% or more. The sulfonic acid is sulfonic acid onium salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The mask paste composition further comprises 1-10 wt.% acrylate resin, polyethylene oxide and/or polypropylene oxide, and sulfonic acid or its salt, or carboxylic acid or its salt. Preferred Property: The mask paste composition has viscosity of 3000 mPa.second or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The window layer comprises indium aluminum phosphide. The base and emitter of upper solar subcell (s1) comprises indium gallium phosphide. The solar cell further comprises encapsulating layer comprising silicon nitride or titanium oxide. Preferred Properties: The band gap of base of upper solar subcell (s1) is 1.87 eV or more. The emitter of solar subcell (s1) has thickness of 80 nm. The window layer has thickness of less than 220 Angstrom .
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic solvent comprises alcohol solvent containing halogen atom, or aprotic polar solvent. The organic solvent is chosen from dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, N-methylpyrrolidone, sulfolane, and acetonitrile.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The silicone resin in the silicone resin layer is obtained by reacting cured material of organoalkenylpolysiloxane and organohydrogenpolysiloxane. Preferred Composition: The silicone resin is a cured material of addition-reaction-type silicone comprising linear organopolysiloxane (a) having 2 or more alkenyl groups per molecule, linear organopolysiloxane (b) having 3 or more hydrogen atoms bonded with silicon atom per molecule, and linear organopolysiloxane to which 1 or more hydrogen atoms bonded with the silicon atom exist at the terminal of silicon atom of a molecule.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sodium compound phase comprises sodium fluoride, sodium sulfide, sodium selenide and sodium aluminum hexafluoride. The oxygen content of the sintered component is 200 mass ppm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fuel cell further contains graphite powder (4) or salt which is mixed with coal, charcoal and/or biochar.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The heavy main-group metal is bismuth. The proportion of phosphorescent emission under electronic excitation induced by electronic inter- and intra-ligand transitions is 20-100 wt.%. The metal complex comprises bismuth(III) fluorobenzoate, bismuth(III) fluoroalkylbenzoate, bismuth(III) fluorodialkylbenzoate, bismuth(III) fluorotrialkyl benzoate, bismuth(III) pentafluorobenzoate, bismuth(III) 3,5-trifluoromethylbenzoate, bismuth(III) triscarboxylate, bismuth(III) fluoroacetate and bismuth(III) trifluoroacetate. The metal complex comprises trisarylbismuth(V) carboxylate. The molar ratio of metal complex to organic fluorescent emitter 1:10-10:1. Preferred Method: The metal complex and the organic fluorescent emitter are deposited on a carrier substrate by co-evaporation (preferred), rotary coating, curtain coating, knife coating or printing. The deposition rate of the organic electric layer is 0.1-200 Angstrom /second.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic fluorescent emitter comprises optionally substituted 6-60C aromatic or heteroaromatic compound. The organic fluorescent emitter is 4,7-di(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-1,10-phenanthroline. The ligands of the metal complex comprise halides and fluorinated or non-fluorinated 2-20C alkyl or aryl carboxylate, -alcoholate, -thiolate, -cyanate, -isocyanate, -thiocyanate, -acetylacetonate and -sulfonate. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of (I) comprises providing a trimethyl-(7-trimethylstannylbenzothiopheno(6,5-f)benzothiophen-2-yl)stannane compound of formula (A) and a 1-(4-bromocyclopenta-1,3-dien-1-yl)-4-cyclopenta-1,3-dien-1-yl-cyclohexa-1,3-diene compound of formula (B) in anaerobic environments at a molar ratio of 1:2 to 1:2.4, adding an organic solvent containing the catalyst to (A) and (B), and performing Stille coupling reaction at a temperature of 70-120 degrees C for 6-24 hours, where the catalyst is organic palladium or a mixture of organic palladium and organophosphorus ligands. Preferred Process: The Stille coupling reaction is carried out at a temperature of 90-110 degrees C for 8-16 hours. The method further comprises performing separation purification of (I), adding dichloromethane to (A) and (B), drying the combined organic phase, filtering the resulting solid using petroleum ether and ethyl acetate mixture as an eluent, and vacuum drying. Preferred Components: The organic solvent consists of toluene, N,N-dimethylformamide and tetrahydrofuran. The organic palladium is bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) dichloride, tetrakistriphenylphosphine palladium, palladium acetate and/or tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0). The organic phosphine ligand is tri-tert-butylphosphine, tri-o-tolylphosphine and/or dicyclohexyl(2',6'-dimethoxybiphenyl-2-yl)phosphine. A molar ratio of the organic palladium and organophosphorus ligands is 1:4-1:8. The molar ratio of the organic palladium catalyst and (A) is 1:20-1:100. The molar ratio of the electron acceptor material and the electron donor material is 1:1 to 3:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The powder material is produced using a mixed powder of indium oxide powder and zinc oxide powder, or a mixed powder of gallium oxide powder, aluminum oxide powder, magnesium oxide powder, and silicon oxide powder. The powder used for producing powder material comprises primary particles having an average particle diameter of 0.3-1.5 mu m. Preferred Properties: The powder material is granulated powder having an average particle diameter of 500 mu m or less and a repose angle of 32 degrees or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inert gas protective atmosphere is nitrogen and/or argon gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst is tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium or bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium dichloride; or mixture of organic palladium and organic phosphine ligand at mol ratio of 1:2-20. The organic palladium is tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium. The organic phosphine ligand is tri(o-methylphenyl)phosphine. The organic solvent is tetrahydrofuran, N,N-dimethylformamide and/or toluene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (claimed): The compound (I) is prepared by adding tin-containing compound of formula (A) and 4,7-sibromo-2,1,3-benzoselenadiazole of formula (B) at molar ratio of 1.1-1.5:1 to organic solvent under inert gas protective atmosphere, mixing, adding catalyst, dissolving, performing Stille coupling reaction to 60-120 degrees C for 24-72 hours, separating, and purifying. Preferred Method: The separation and purification step is carried out by evaporating reaction solution under reduced pressure to remove excessive solvent, dropping methanol to carry out sedimentation, filtering, washing with methanol, drying, eluting with chloroform through alumina column chromatography, evaporating to remove organic solvent, adding methanol to carry out sedimentation, filtering, subjecting solid to Soxhlet extraction with acetone, settling with methanol, and filtering.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The crosslinking reaction steep is carried out at a temperature of 150-500 degrees C for 1-10 hours. The reacting step is carried out at temperature of 600-1000 degrees C for 4-24 hours. Preferred Components: The mole ratio of the yttrium salt, scandium salt, fused salt, crosslinking agent and water is 1:1:2:10:200. The yttrium salt is yttrium chloride or yttrium nitrate. The scandium salt is scandium chloride or scandium nitrate. The crosslinking agent is urea or citric acid. The fused salt is a mixture of sodium chloride and potassium chloride in a mole ratio of 1:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The vaporizing process is carried out by heating solid sodium source material containing sodium fluoride, sodium chloride, sodium nitrate, sodium selenium oxide, sodium sulfide or sodium selenide, using a carrier gas containing hydrogen sulfide (55), hydrogen selenide (49), nitrogen (53) or argon (51).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The detection of cracked gas in measurement process is carrying out by mass spectrometer, hydrogen flame-ionization detector, thermal conductivity detector, electron capture detector or photoionization detector.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The gas produced from the article comprises cracked gas having group of formula: Rf-Z-A.A=-OH, -CH=CH2, -OCOCH=CH2, -COOH or halo.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The article containing fluorine-containing surface treating agent is an article processed with fluorine-containing surface treating agent. The fluorine-containing surface treating agent comprises fluoropolymer as active ingredient. The fluoropolymer is of formula: H2C=C(-X)-C(=O)-Y'-Z-Rf. The fluorine-containing surface treating agent is fluorine-containing water-and-oil repellent or fluorine-containing soil-resistant finish agent. The determined carbon number of fluoroalkyl group in the fluorine-containing surface treating agent is 4, 6, 8, 10 or 12.X=H, monovalent organic group or halo;Y'=-O- or -NH-;Z=direct bond or bivalent organic group;andRf=1-20C fluoroalkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The further compound: is a host or matrix material; and has a band width of greater than or equal to 2.5 eV, preferably greater than or equal to 3.5 eV.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of (I) takes place using Suzuki coupling method or Buchwald coupling method. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 125 Compounds (I) are disclosed e.g. 9-(6-(4,6-diphenyl-(1,3,5)triazin-2-yl)-dibenzofuran-4-yl)-3-phenyl-9H-carbazole of formula (Ia), 9-(6-(4,6-diphenyl-pyrimidin-2-yl)-dibenzofuran-4-yl)-3,6-diphenyl-9H-carbazole, 9-(6-(2,6-diphenyl-pyridin-4-yl)-dibenzofuran-4-yl)-3-phenyl-9H-carbazole, 9-(6-(2,6-diphenyl-pyridin-4-yl)-dibenzofuran-4-yl)-3-(1,1',3',1'')terphenyl-5'-yl-9H-carbazole and 9-(6-(2,6-bis-biphenyl-3-yl-pyridin-4-yl)-dibenzofuran-4-yl)-3-(1,1',3',1'')terphenyl-5'-yl-9H-carbazole.    EXAMPLE - 26 g of 6-Carbazol-9-yl-dibenzofuran-4-boronic acid, 27 g of 2-(3-bromo-phenyl)-4,6-diphenyl-(1,3,5)triazine and 78.9 ml of 2M sodium carbonate solution were suspended in 120 ml ethanol and 100 ml water. Further 1.3 g of Pd(PPh3)4 was added and the reaction mixture was heated under reflux for 16 hours. After cooling, the mixture was mixed with dichloromethane, the organic phase was separated and filtered through silica gel to obtain 39 g of 9-(6-(3-(4,6-diphenyl-(1,3,5)triazin-2-yl)-phenyl)-dibenzofuran-4-yl)-9H-carbazole with a purity of 99.9%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The curing agent in composition (c2) is block-forming isocyanate hardening agent. The composition (c1) does not contain block-forming isocyanate hardening agent. The composition (c1) and/or composition (c2) further contains pigment. The powder (p1) and/or powder (p2) contains powder particles in which brightness pigment is adhered to surface.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The fluororesin is hydroxyl-containing fluoropolymer or polyvinylidene fluoride. The composition (c1) further contains acrylic resin. The thermosetting resin is hardenable acrylic resin, hardenable polyester resin, curable epoxy resin and/or hardenable urethane resin, preferably hardenable polyester resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The component (B) is insulating filler, preferably inorganic oxide and/or metal hydroxide. The inorganic oxide and/or metal hydroxide are coated with an organic substance and/or inorganic substance.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The component (A) is a block copolymer comprising a hard segment having glass transition temperature of 20-200 degrees C measured by a dynamic-viscoelasticity measurement and a soft segment having glass transition temperature of -100 degrees C to 19 degrees C. The thermoplastic-elastomer composition further contains 0.1-30 parts mass vinyl copolymer (C) having 2 or more epoxy groups on average in 1 molecule, 10-400 parts mass thermoplastic resin (D) having a functional group reactive with epoxy group and melting point of 100-350 degrees C and 0.01-10 mass parts transesterification catalyst (F) with respect to 100 parts mass component (A), and 0.001-10 parts mass aliphatic carboxylic acid metal salt (E) with respect to 100 parts mass component (B). The component (C) contains 50 %mass or more monomeric unit (c1) having solubility parameter value of 17.5-25 or a monomeric unit (c2) chosen from (meth)acryl monomer, and styrene and its derivative, preferably monomeric unit comprising 10-90 %mass(meth)acryl monomer and 10-90 %mass styrene or its derivative. The component (D) is aromatic-polyester and/or polyamide. Preferred Properties: The weight average molecular weight of component (A) and component (C) is 20000-1000000 and 1000-10000, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of iron, cobalt and aluminum in the complex oxide is 25-35 mol%, 20-30 mol%, and 40-50 mol%, respectively, with respect to total content of iron, cobalt, and aluminum. Preferred Property: The colorless degree (Casterisk) of infrared-reflective black pigment in CIE LAB (Lasteriskaasteriskbasterisk) colorimetric system is 3 or less, when developing color by 6 mil applicator on an art paper using the acryl lacquer dispersion liquid, and satisfies a relation: Casterisk=(aasterisk2+basterisk2)1/2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The metal nanowires comprise element chosen from titanium, zirconium, chromium, tungsten, niobium, hafnium and rhodium, as main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The support substrate is metallic substrate, plastic substrate, ceramic substrate, glass substrate or silicon wafer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: After subjecting the top surface of the support substrate to the surface treatment, functional groups of the treated top surface of the support substrate are capable to form bonds with the flexible film. The functional group is chosen from hydroxyl group, carboxyl group, amino group or ester group. The bonds formed between the top surface of the support substrate and the flexible film is ionic bond, covalent bond or hydrogen bond. The chemical agent contains chloromethyltrimethylsilane, 2-bromopropane, trimethylfluorosilane, trimethylbromosilane, trimethyliodosilane, trimethylsilyl cyanide, thionyl chloride, lithium diisopropylamide, phosphorus trichloride and/or sulfuryl chloride. The method further involves forming a functional film on the support substrate, before forming the flexible film on the top surface of the support substrate. The functional film comprises stress-reduction film, anti-scratch film, anti-reflection film, a gas barrier film or their laminate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The flexible film comprises polyimide, polycarbonate, polyethersulfone, polynorbornene, polyetherimide, polyethylene naphthalate or polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of (I) comprises providing substituted 4,7-bis(5-bromo-2-thienyl)-2H-benzotriazole compounds of formula (A) and N,N-diphenyl-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)aniline (B) in the absence of oxygen, adding the compounds A and B into an alkali solution containing a catalyst and an organic solvent, where a molar ratio of the compound A to the compound B is 1:2-2.4, then performing Suzuki coupling at a temperature of 70-130 degrees C for 12-48 hours, and stopping the reaction and then cooling, separating and purifying to room temperature. Preferred Method: The Suzuki coupling reaction is carried out at a temperature of 90-120 degrees C for 24-36 hours. The separating and purifying steps are carried out using a chromatography on silica gel column to give crystals. The separating and purifying step comprises extracting the obtained solid using dichloromethane, and then drying over anhydrous magnesium sulfate to give a crude product, washing the crude product with petroleum ether and ethyl acetate as eluent in a volume ratio of 10:1, and separating the obtained crystal under vacuum at 50 degrees C after drying for 24 hours. Preferred Components: The organic palladium is bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) dichloride, tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0), or tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0), where the molar ratio of the organic palladium to the compound A is 1:4-1:8. The catalyst is an organic palladium phosphine ligand and an organic mixture, where the molar ratio of phosphine ligand to the compound A is 1:20-1:100. The phosphine ligand includes tri(o-tolyl)phosphine and 2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2',6'-dimethoxybiphenyl. The organic solvent is toluene, N,N-dimethylformamide, or tetrahydrofuran. The alkali solution is sodium carbonate solution (preferred), or potassium carbonate solution, where the mole ratio of the alkali solution to the compound (A) is 20:1-50:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic palladium is bistriphenylphosphinepalladium dichloride, tetrakistriphenylphosphinepalladium, palladium acetate or trisdibenzylideneacetonedipalladium. The organophosphorus ligand is tri-tert-butylphosphine, tri-o-tolylphosphine or dicyclohexyl(2',6'-dimethoxybiphenyl-2-yl)phosphine. The organic palladium and organophosphorus ligand have a molar ratio of 1:4-1:8. The catalyst and (A) have a molar ratio of 1:20-1:100.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of (I) comprises providing a 2,7-bis(trimethylstannyl)benzothiopheno(6,5-f)benzothiophene-5,10-diol compound of formula (A) and a 6-(4-bromophenyl)-3-phenyl-2,5-dihydropyrrolo(3,4-c)pyrrole-1,4-dione compound of formula (B1) under an anaerobic environment, where (A) and (B1) have a molar ratio of 1:2-1:2.4, uniformly mixing, adding an organic solvent containing a catalyst to the mixture, heating the mixture at 70-120?oC, performing Stille coupling reaction for 6-24 hours, and uniformly stirring, where the catalyst is palladium, organic palladium and/or organophosphorus ligand. Preferred Method: The method further comprises adding methylene chloride into a reaction container, adding (A) and (B1) to the container, uniformly mixing, subjecting the mixture to obtain an organic phase, extracting the organic phase, combining organic phase and then drying to obtain a solid product, filtering the solid product to obtain a filtrate, washing the filtrate using petroleum ether and ethyl acetate, concentrating the mixture to obtain an eluent, separating the eluent using silica gel chromatography, drying the eluent under vacuum, and purifying. The Stille coupling reaction is carried out at 90-110?oC for 8-16 hours. Preferred Components: The organic solvent is toluene, N,N-dimethylformamide and/or tetrahydrofuran. The electron donor material and the electron acceptor material have a molar ratio of 1:1-3:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of (I) comprises preparing a 3,6-bis-(5-bromo-thiophen-2-yl)-2,5-dihydro-pyrrolo(3,4-c)pyrrole-1,4-dione compound of formula (A) and a triphenyl-amine compound of formula (B) in anaerobic environment and then mixing, adding the mixture (A) and (B) at a ratio of 1:2-1:2.4 to an organic solvent containing a catalyst and an alkali solution, and performing Suzuki coupling reaction at 70-130?oC for 12-48 hours, where the catalyst is an organic palladium or a mixture of organic palladium and organophosphorus ligands. Preferred Process: The Suzuki coupling reaction is carried out at a temperature of 90-120?oC for 24-36 hours. The method further comprises performing separation purification of (I), adding dichloromethane to (A) and (B), drying the combined organic phase, filtering the resulting solid using petroleum ether and ethyl acetate mixture as an eluent, and vacuum drying. Preferred Components: The organic solvent is toluene, N, N-dimethylformamide and tetrahydrofuran. The organic palladium is bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) dichloride, tetrakistriphenylphosphine palladium, palladium acetate and/or tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0). The organic phosphine ligand is tri-tert-butylphosphine, tri-o-tolylphosphine and/or dicyclohexyl(2',6'-dimethoxybiphenyl-2-yl)phosphine. A molar ratio of the organic palladium and organophosphorus ligands is 1:4-1:8. The molar ratio of the organic palladium catalyst and (A) is 1:20-1:100. The alkali solution consists of sodium carbonate solution, potassium carbonate solution and sodium bicarbonate solution. The molar ratio of the alkali solution and (A) is 20:1-50:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of (I) comprises preparing a 2,5-bis-(5-bromo-thiophen-2-yl)-thiazolo(5,4-d)thiazole compound of formula (A) and a triphenyl-amine compound of formula (B) in anaerobic environment and then mixing, adding the mixture (A) and (B) at a ratio of 1:2-1:2.4 to an organic solvent containing a catalyst and an alkali solution, and performing Suzuki coupling reaction at 70-130 degrees C for 12-48 hours, where the catalyst is an organic palladium or a mixture of organic palladium and organophosphorus ligands. Preferred Process: The Suzuki coupling reaction is carried out at a temperature of 90-120 degrees C for 24-36 hours. The method further comprises performing separation purification of (I), adding dichloromethane to (A) and (B), drying the combined organic phase, filtering the resulting solid using petroleum ether and ethyl acetate mixture as an eluent, and vacuum drying. Preferred Components: The organic solvent is toluene, N,N-dimethylformamide and tetrahydrofuran. The organic palladium is bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) dichloride, tetrakistriphenylphosphine palladium, palladium acetate and/or tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0). The organic phosphine ligand is tri-tert-butylphosphine, tri-o-tolylphosphine and/or dicyclohexyl(2',6'-dimethoxybiphenyl-2-yl)phosphine. A molar ratio of the organic palladium and organophosphorus ligands is 1:4-1:8. The molar ratio of the organic palladium catalyst and (A) is 1:20-1:100. The alkali solution consists of sodium carbonate solution, potassium carbonate solution and sodium bicarbonate solution. The molar ratio of the alkali solution and (A) is 20:1-50:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic palladium is bistriphenylphosphinepalladium dichloride, tetrakistriphenylphosphinepalladium, palladium acetate or trisdibenzylideneacetonedipalladium. The organophosphorus ligand is tri-tert-butylphosphine, tri-o-tolylphosphine or 2-cyclohexyl-phosphorus-2',6'-dimethoxybiphenyl. The organic palladium and organophosphorus ligand have a molar ratio of 1:4-1:8. The catalyst and (A) have a molar ratio of 1:20-1:100.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of (I) comprises providing a 2,7-bis(trimethylstannyl)benzothiopheno(6,5-f)benzothiophene-5,10-diol compound of formula (A) and 5-(5-bromo-2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienyl)thiazolo(5,4-d)thiazole (B1) under an anaerobic environment, where (A) and (B1) have a molar ratio of 1:2-1:2, uniformly mixing, adding an organic solvent containing a catalyst to the mixture, heating the mixture at 70-120 degrees C, performing Stille coupling reaction for 6-24 hours, and uniformly stirring, where the catalyst is palladium, organic palladium and/or organophosphorus ligand. Preferred Method: The method further comprises adding methylene chloride into a reaction container, adding (A) and (B1) to the container, uniformly mixing, subjecting the mixture to obtain an organic phase, extracting the organic phase, combining organic phase and then drying to obtain a solid product, filtering the solid product to obtain a filtrate, washing the filtrate using petroleum ether and ethyl acetate, concentrating the mixture to obtain an eluent, separating the eluent using silica gel chromatography, drying the eluent under vacuum, and purifying. The Stille coupling reaction is carried out at 90-110 degrees C for 8-16 hours. Preferred Components: The organic solvent is toluene, N,N-dimethylformamide and/or tetrahydrofuran. The electron donor material and the electron acceptor material have a molar ratio of 1:1-3:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sputtering target further comprises 100 wt ppm or less element chosen from sulfur, cadmium, zinc, selenium, magnesium, calcium and tin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The gaseous hydrocarbon-containing stream provided in step (a) has a pressure of at least 30 bara, preferably at least 50 bara. The gaseous hydrocarbon-containing stream provided in step (a) comprises at least 30 vol.% of gaseous hydrocarbons, on a dry basis. The converted stream comprises 10-90 vol.%, preferably at most 70 vol.% of hydrogen, and 5-90 vol.%, preferably at most 50 vol.% of carbon dioxide, on a dry basis. The converted stream does not contain condensate. The converted stream has a temperature of at least 40 degrees C, preferably at least 250 degrees C. In the first membrane separation step, a membrane is used having a recovery of at least 20%, preferably at least 90%. In the second membrane separation step, a membrane is used having a recovery of at least 80%, preferably at least 99%. The first hydrogen-depleted retentate stream comprises at least 25 vol.%, preferably at least 70 vol.% of carbon dioxide, on a dry basis. The second hydrogen-depleted retentate stream comprises at least 50 vol.%, preferably at least 94 vol.% of carbon dioxide, on a dry basis. The second hydrogen-depleted retentate stream has a pressure of at most 20 bar, preferably at most 10 bar below the pressure of the gaseous hydrocarbon-containing stream provided in step (a). The first hydrogen-depleted retentate stream has a pressure of 10-95 bara, preferably at most 50 bara. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The heat generated from the exothermic combustion reaction is neutralized and compensated for by the endothermic reaction on the same catalyst bed. The gas hour space velocity is 35000-50000 per hour. The reaction is carried out in the absence of externally supplied heat. The synthesis gas produced from the process is further purified using a hydrogen purification technology consisting of water gas shift and preferential oxidation, methanation and membrane technologies, and pressure swing adsorption. The syngas produced from the process can be further purified to produce highly pure hydrogen. Preferred Components: The catalyst can reform feedstocks containing less than 200 ppm sulfur. The sulfur content of the liquid hydrocarbons fuel is less than or equal to 200 ppm. The interior zone includes a catalyst bed consisting of a nickel-cerium(III) oxide-platinum-lanthanum(III) oxide combined combustion and steam and/or carbon dioxide reforming catalyst supported on magnesium aluminate and containing a potassium compound as a promoter. The support is in the shape of a sphere, an extrudate, a honeycomb, a trilobe, a quadralobe or a Rasch ring.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Structure: The calcium-containing complex oxide has layered structure which consists of structure chosen from perovskite-type structure, brown millerite-type structure, layered perovskite-type structure, fluorite-type structure, iodinated cadmium-type structure, and rock salt-type structure in single phase. Preferred Composition: The transition metal-containing compound is a compound containing element chosen from groups VII-IX of periodic table, or lanthanoids. The transition metal-containing compound is chosen from iron-containing compound, cobalt-containing compound, manganese-containing compound, cerium-containing compound, and nickel-containing compound. The solvent is water. The calcium-containing compound is chosen from calcium carbonate and calcium bicarbonate. The calcium-containing complex oxide is chosen from complex oxides of formulae: Ce1-xCaxO2-(~d) (I), Ca1-yBixMnO3 (II), Ca2M12O5 (III) and Ca3M24O9 (IV).x=0-0.5 (excluding 0);( delta )=0-0.25 (excluding 0);y=0-0.2;andM1,M2=Fe, Co or Ni.Preferred Condition: The solution or slurry is prepared at 30-100 degrees C. The baking process is rough baking process and main baking process carried out at 550-1300 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The number of moles of the organic acid used in preparing solution or slurry is 0.8-6 times total number of moles of the metallic element which comprises calcium-containing complex oxide. The molar ratio of citric acid to compound chosen from maleic acid, formic acid, acetic acid, lactic acid and malic acid is 0.1-90. The compound is preferably malic acid or maleic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Several rare-earth ions having crosslinked structure have a sheet integrated structure.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The coordination compound is multidentate compound, preferably diketo compound chosen from acetylacetone, 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-heptane-3,5-dione, 1,1,1-trifluoroacetylacetone and 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoro acetylacetone. The phosphine oxide compound (I) is chosen from 1,3,5-tris(4-(diphenylphosphoryl)phenyl)benzene, 7,7',7''-tris(diphenylphosphoryl)-3,3',3''-trioxa-triaza-2-alumina-2,2',2''-spiroter(tricyclo(6.3.1.04,12)dodecane)-1(11),1'(11'),1''(11''),4,4',4'',6,6',6'',8(12),8'(12'),8''(12''),9,9',9''-pentadecaene, 2,4,6-tris(4-(diphenylphosphoryl)phenyl)pyridine, 2,4,6-tris(4-(diphenylphosphoryl)phenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, and 2,6,10-tris(diphenylphosphoryl)-3,7,11-trimethyltriphenylene. The rare-earth complex has inter ligand charge transfer band in an absorption spectrum. The rare-earth complex exhibits tribo luminescence.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Element (A) is aluminum, indium, gallium, magnesium, calcium, boron and/or germanium, preferably aluminum. The inorganic compound contains nitrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Compound (I) is compound of formulae (I-1) and (I-1-1).R11=R1;R21,R31=H, alkyl or aryl;R41=alkyl, aryl or alkynyl by which halo or 1 may be substituted by halo;X11=O, S or -NH-;R12,R22,R32=H or alkyl;R42=alkyl, aryl or alkynyl by which F or H may be substituted with F; andX12=O or S.Preparation (Disclosed): Polycylic compound is manufactured by preparing cyclic compound derivative, boron trifluoride diethylether complex, 1,1,2-trichloroethane and triethylamine to three neck flask, stirring, adding solution, liquid-separating obtained reaction liquid, washing organic layer with salt solution, dehydrating using magnesium sulfate, and treating and concentration-drying with activated carbon on reduced-pressure conditions. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 3 of 3 Compounds (I) are specifically disclosed, e.g. compound of formula (I)-101, compound of formula (I)-102 and compound of formula (I)-103.    EXAMPLE - Polycylic compound was manufactured by preparing 0.00019 mol cyclic compound derivative, 0.0028 mol boron trifluoride diethylether complex, 0.1874 mol 1,1,2-trichloroethane and 0.0025 mol triethylamine to three neck flask, stirring at 90-95?oC for 30 minutes, adding solution in which 20 ml water was made to dissolve 0.3 g sodium bicarbonate, liquid-separating obtained reaction liquid, washing organic layer with salt solution, dehydrating using magnesium sulfate, and treating and concentration-drying with activated carbon on reduced-pressure conditions.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The crosslinking reaction temperature is 200-500 degrees C, and the crosslinking reaction time is 2-12 hours. The high-temperature reaction temperature is 800-1000 degrees C, and the reaction time is 4-24 hours. Preferred Components: The molar ratio of the soluble calcium salt, soluble tantalum salt, molten salt and crosslinking agent is 2:1:8:20-200. The soluble calcium salt is a mixture of calcium chloride and/or calcium nitrate. The soluble tantalum salt is a mixture of tantalum pentachloride and/or tantalum pentaethoxide. The crosslinking agent is a mixture of urea and/or citric acid. The volume ratio of methanol and water in the aqueous methanol mixed solution is 1:1. The molten salt is calcium chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Processes: Two-dimensional hexagonal boron nitride thin film is grown on Cu foil by growing placing Cu foil in quartz tube sealed on one end, growing hexagonal boron nitride thin film single layer with borazane temperature of 60-800 degrees C and substrate growing temperature of 950-1050 degrees C. Cu fine crystals are deposited on Si wafer at 950-1050 degrees C by setting 1st area borazane gas temperature at 60-80 degrees C, introducing H2 to clean substrate, heating, introducing hydrogen (H2) and argon (Ar) carrier, and sending borazane from 1st area to 3rd area.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The melt comprising silicon or its alloy, and doped silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The aqueous solution comprises a mixture of acetic acid (AcOH) (98 wt.% in water), nitric acid (HNO3) (69 wt.% in water) and hydrofluoric acid (HF) (49 wt.% in water), preferably HNO3 and HF, where the volume ratio of HNO3:HF gradually changes over time from (6:1)-(10:1) at the start to a final volume ratio of (2:1)-(1.2:1).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The base material is formed using metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic compound is chosen from formulae (I and II).ring A,ring C'=optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered nitrogen-containing heteroaryl;R1,R2=H, halo, or 1-6C alkyl;n1,n2=1-6;L1=coupling group containing -CO-NH-, -CO-O-, -O-CO-NH- or -NH-CO-NH-, and having valence of n1+1, preferably group of formula (3);ring B'=optionally substituted aryl, preferably benzene;L2=coupling group containing -CO-NH-, -CO-O-, -O-CO-NH- or -NH-CO-NH-, and having valence of n2+1, preferably of formula (4);Q1,Q2=-O- or -NH-;l1,l2=0 or 1;andm1,m2=1-20.(i) When m1 is 1, n1 is 1-3; and (ii) When m1 is 2, n1 is 1-5.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: A fluorine-containing polymer contains polymer unit based on monomer containing polymerizable functional group and/or crosslinkable functional group. The polymerizable functional group and crosslinkable functional group are chosen from carbon-carbon double bond, hydroxyl group, carboxyl group in which hydroxyl group is excluded, and amino group. The composition further contains acrylic component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The gas-barrier layer is integrally laminated through a smoothing layer containing the reaction product of a composition containing alkoxysilane (A) containing a radically polymerizable group, and alkoxysilane (B) not containing a radically polymerizable group. Alkoxysilane (A) is of formula: R1-Si(-(R3)n)-(OR2)3-n, and alkoxysilane (B) is of formula: (R4)m-Si-(OR5)4-m.R1=4-9C (meth)acryloxyalkyl or vinyl;R2=1-8C alkyl optionally substituted by alkoxy;R3=1-4C alkyl;n=0 or 1;R4,R5=1-8C alkyl;andm=0-2.Preferred Method: Physical vapor deposition is sputtering.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The side portion consists of a heat-resisting material. The bottom face portion consists of a mixed material of the heat-resisting material and a high-thermal-conductivity material whose thermal conductivity is higher than that of the heat-resisting material. The ratio of heat conductivity of bottom face portion with respect to that of the side portion is 1.47 or more. The region of boundary line with the bottom face portion of the side portion is set such that the heat conductivity is high towards the bottom face portion. The container is formed by mixing materials of side portion and bottom face portion, filling between metal core type and rubber-made die material, molding under high pressure, and baking.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The heat-resisting material is silica, quartz, aluminum oxide, mullite, and/or carbon, preferably silica. The high-thermal-conductivity material is silicon carbide, silicon nitride, aluminum oxide, and/or aluminum nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: (Disclosed) A benzoazole compound is prepared by reacting 1st-position unsubstituted 2-hydroxyalkyl benzimidazole compound and halogenated (meth)acryloyl compound, generating benzimidazole bis methacrylate compound of intermediate body under coexistence of a base and solvent, using polymerization inhibitor, and making base act on intermediate body in solvent. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 5 of 8 Compounds (I) are specifically disclosed, e.g. 2-(3-methacryloyl oxypropyl)benzimidazole, 2-(3-methacryloyl oxypropyl)-5-methylbenzoimidazole, 5-chloro-2-(3-methacryloyl oxypropyl)benzimidazole, 2-(3-methacryloyl oxypropyl)-5-nitrobenzimidazole and 2-(3-acryloyl oxypropyl)-1-phenylbenzoimidazole.    EXAMPLE - 2-(3-Methacryloyl oxypropyl)benzimidazole was prepared by injecting 17.62 g 2-(3-hydroxypropyl) benzimidazoles, 22.26 g triethylamines, 0.22 g 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxytoluene and 200 ml tetrahydrofuran to 300 ml round bottom flask, preparing reaction liquid, cooling reaction liquid to 0 degrees C, dripping 23 g methacryloyl chloride, filtering off triethylamine hydrochloride which stirred for 3 hours and precipitated at room temperature, concentrating filtrate, adding 200 ml methanol and 0.54 g sodium methoxides, setting as the solution, stirring at room temperature for 1 hour, concentrating solution, performing extraction operation by 100 ml ethyl acetate thrice, obtaining dried solid matter by mixing and concentrating extracted liquid and acquiring 14.48 g white crystal by carrying out re-slurry of dried solid matter to 10 ml ethyl acetate using 10 ml hexane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): The hexathio pentacene compound is obtained by reacting sulfur with a dihydropentacene compound of formula (II). SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 4 Hexathio pentacene compounds i.e. tetrakis(3,5-dimethoxy benzyl)hexathio pentacene-2,3,9,10-carboxylate of formula (Ia), tetrakis(3,5-(bis(3,5-dimethoxy benzyloxy)benzyl))hexathio pentacene-2,3,9,10-carboxylate, methyl hexathio pentacene-2-carboxylate and bis-(3,5-dimethoxy benzyl)hexathio pentacene-2,9-carboxylate are disclosed.    EXAMPLE - 40 mg Tetrakis(3,5-dimethoxy benzyl)-6,13-dihydropentacene-2,3,9,10-carboxylate and 212 mg octasulfur were recrystallized. 6.24 mL 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene was added to obtained product, and heat-stirred at 230 degrees C for 12 hours. The reaction solution was cooled to room temperature, and 100 mL of excess of methanol was added and reprecipitated in the reaction solution. The obtained solution was filtered and green insoluble component was collected. The solid was washed using chloroform, and 29.1 mg tetrakis(3,5-dimethoxy benzyl)hexathio pentacene-2,3,9,10-carboxylate was obtained as green solid with yield of 62%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Organoalkoxysilane is compound of formula (1). Composition contains metal chelate compound such as alumichelate compound or titanium chelate compound, and organic carboxylic acid. Amount of organoalkoxysilane is 80 mol.%. Preferred Definitions:    m=0; and    R2=H.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The shape-memory-alloy nanoparticles are obtained from nickel-type alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkaline compound is potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, tetrahydroxy methyl-ammonium and tetrahydroxy ethylammonium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The water-soluble glucan type compound is selected from carboxymethylcellulose, carboxyethyl cellulose, carboxy propyl cellulose, carboxybutyl cellulose and metal salts containing compound. The unit of cellulose replaced is a cellobiose. The composition further comprises cyclic compound and polymer in which a monomer substituted by 4-10C cyclic compound having a nitrogen atom is polymerized, The monomer further comprises oxygen and a sulfur atom in ring structure, preferably N-vinyl pyrrolidone, N-acryloyl morpholine, N-vinyl succinimide, N-acryloxy succinimide, N-vinyl caprolactam, N-vinylcarbazole and N-acryloyl pyrrolidine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of phosphorus and content of nitrogen in ammonium-polyphosphate-type flame retardant is 13-17 %mass and 20-25 %mass, respectively. Preferred Property: The ammonium-polyphosphate-type flame retardant has 5% thermal decomposition temperature of 230 degrees C or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of ammonium-polyphosphate-type flame retardant is 5-50 parts volume with respect to 100 parts volume fluoropolymer. The content of fluoropolymer in the flame-retardant fluororesin composition is 40-90 vol.%. The flame-retardant fluororesin composition further contains polymethylmethacrylate. The volume ratio of fluoropolymer and polymethylmethacrylate is 90/10-40/60.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The uniform or non-uniform layer is made of tin, phosphorus, silicon, titanium, aluminum or zirconium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The substrate comprises gallium arsenide and germanium. The second subcell comprises gallium-indium-nitrogen-arsenide-antimony (Ga1-xINxNyAs1-y-zSbz) subcell, gallium-indium-nitrogen-arsenide-(antimony) subcell, aluminum-indium-gallium phosphide subcell, indium-aluminum-gallium-arsenide subcell (16), aluminum-indium-gallium-phosphide subcell, and indium-gallium-arsenide subcell (18). A base of the first subcell comprises p-type gallium-indium-nitrogen-arsenide-antimony (Ga1-xInxNyAs1-y-zSbz).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The junction preferably comprises material chosen from iron, cobalt and nickel. The junction further contains silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The filler (D) is white inorganic pigment.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The curable resin composition further contains a siloxane compound (E) of formula: H2C=CH-Si(-CH3)(-CH3)-O-(-Si(-R12)(-R13)-O-)k-Si(-CH3)-CH=CH2 (IX).R12,R13=6-10C aryl;andk=1-5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The buffer layers are formed by atomic layer deposition process, in the chemical vapor deposition chamber. The substrate is heated to a temperature of less than or equal to 500 degrees C, preferably 340-350 degrees C. The vapor is produced by evaporation of a liquid solution or the precursor in an organic solvent. The evaporation is carried out at a temperature of 120-250 degrees C, preferably 190 degrees C. Preferred Components: The metal is silver, rhodium, platinum, palladium or iridium. The alloy is binary alloys of silver and platinum or binary alloys of silver and rhodium. The alloy is binary alloys of silver and platinum comprising 30-70 wt.% of silver and 70-30 wt.% of platinum, preferably 50 wt.% of silver and 50 wt.% of platinum. The deposit comprises a first family of nanoparticles of a metal or its alloy and a second distinct family nanoparticle of the metal or its alloy, where the first family and the second family have average sizes of different nanoparticles and different surface densities. The first family of metal nanoparticles or its alloy has an average particle size of 1-10 nm and an areal density of 100-800 mm2 and the second family of metal nanoparticles or its alloy has an average particle size of 25-40 nm and an areal density of 35-45 mm2. The substrate comprises: a material comprising metals, metal alloys such as steel, ceramics comprising ceramic oxides such as alumina, ceria or zirconia, silicon, or zeolites; and composite materials comprising the above materials. The substrate further comprises one or more buffer layers (wash coat) deposited on surface having large specific surface area of substrate, and the deposit is produced on the porous external surface of the buffer layer or the buffer layer. The precursors are organometallic compounds and metal salts such as metal nitrates. The reactive gas is an oxidizing gas or a reducing gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alkali solution is alkali hydroxide chosen from potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide and lithium hydroxide. The catalyst precursor is oxide or hydroxide of iron, nickel, cobalt or manganese.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nitrogen-containing organic substance is chosen from urea, melamine, diethylamine, aniline, dicyandiamide and formamide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The nitrogen-containing conductive polymer is polypyrrole, polyaniline, polydopamine, polyacrylonitrile and/or polyacrylamide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Composition: The paper is chosen from filter paper, printing paper, writing paper, wrapping paper and sanitary paper, and has thickness of 10-50 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of (I) comprises preparing a 3,6-bis-(5-bromo-thiophen-2-yl)-2,5-dihydro-pyrrolo(3,4-c)pyrrole-1,4-dione compound of formula (A) and a pyrene compound of formula (B) in anaerobic environment and then mixing, adding the mixture (A) and (B) at a ratio of 1:2-1:2.4 to an organic solvent containing a catalyst and an alkali solution, and performing Suzuki coupling reaction at 70-130 degrees C for 12-48 hours, where the catalyst is an organic palladium or a mixture of organic palladium and organophosphorus ligands. Preferred Process: The Suzuki coupling reaction is carried out at a temperature of 90-120 degrees C for 24-36 hours. The method further comprises performing separation purification of (I), adding dichloromethane to (A) and (B), drying the combined organic phase, filtering the resulting solid using petroleum ether and ethyl acetate mixture as an eluent, and vacuum drying the obtained compounds. Preferred Components: The organic solvent is toluene, N,N-dimethylformamide and tetrahydrofuran. The organic palladium is bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) dichloride, tetrakistriphenylphosphine palladium, palladium acetate and/or tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0). The organic phosphine ligand is tri-tert-butylphosphine, tri-o-tolylphosphine and/or dicyclohexyl(2',6'-dimethoxybiphenyl-2-yl)phosphine. A molar ratio of the organic palladium and organophosphorus ligands is 1:4-1:8. The molar ratio of the organic palladium catalyst and (A) is 1:20-1:100. The alkali solution consists of sodium carbonate solution, potassium carbonate solution and sodium bicarbonate solution. The molar ratio of the alkali solution and (A) is 20:1-50:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The transparent electroconductive layer comprises fluorine-doped tin oxide layer, aluminum-doped zinc oxide layer or indium-tin oxide layer, and has a thickness of 100-700 nm. The transparent insulation layer comprises silicon oxide layer, silicon nitride layer, aluminum oxide layer or aluminum nitride layer. The selective reflection layer comprises silicon dioxide, magnesium fluoride, zinc sulfide, aluminum oxide, silicon nitride and/or aluminum nitride, and has a thickness of 500-5000 nm. The back transparent electroconductive layer comprises fluorine-doped tin oxide layer, aluminum-doped zinc oxide layer or indium-tin oxide layer, and has a thickness of 40-120 nm. The back reflection layer comprises silver, aluminum, gold, titanium, nickel and/or palladium, and has a thickness of 100-500 nm. Preferred Property: The thickness of microcrystalline silicon thin film layer is 1.5-4 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The pretreated acidic porous material is obtained by converting sodium-form of acidic porous material to obtain hydrogen-form of acidic porous material. Preferred Composition: The acidic porous material is chosen from ZSM-5-type zeolite, ZSM-22-type zeolite, ZSM-23-type zeolite, ZSM-35-type zeolite and ZSM-48-type type zeolite. The metal ion is chosen from calcium ion, barium ion, magnesium ion, strontium ion, lanthanum ion and cerium ion. The noble metal is platinum. The binder material comprises clay, silica, alumina and/or metal oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ligand is organic ligand, preferably supramolecule. The supramolecule is chosen from 1,4,10,13-tetraoxa-7,16-diazacyclooctadecane, 4,7,13,16,21,24-hexaoxa-1,10-diazabicyclo(8.8.8)hexacosane, 4,7,13,16,21-pentaoxa-1,10-diaza(8,8,5)-tricosane, 4,7,10,16,19,24,27-heptaoxa-1,13-diazabicyclo(11.8.8)-nonacosane and their substituted derivative. The solvent comprises acetonitrile and/or methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The compressor oil further contains an oil-based agent. The oil-based agent contains oxygen-containing organic compound. The content of hydrocarbon oil and oil-based agent is 90-99.995 %mass and 0.005-10 %mass, respectively, with respect to total amount of the compressor oil. The oxygen-containing organic compound is 14-22C branched fatty acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The stainless steel further contains 0.5 %mass or less tin, 0.5 %mass or less antimony, 0.5 %mass or less cobalt, 0.5 %mass or less tungsten, 0.005 %mass or less calcium, 0.5 %mass or less zirconium, 0.1 %mass or less lanthanum, 0.1 %mass or less cerium, 0.1 %mass or less yttrium, 0.1 %mass or less hafnium and 0.1 %mass or less rare earth metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The device comprises an oxygen permeable film comprising (I), and an emitter for providing a default value, so that a comparison of the emission intensity or the decay times of (I) of the oxygen-permeable film by the emitter for providing a default value allows for the determination of the oxygen concentration in the medium. The device further comprises an oxygen-impermeable film having (I), which provide a default value during the determination of the oxygen concentration.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of (I) comprises reducing a transition metal ion comprising rhenium(I), osmium(II), iridium(I), iridium(III), platinum(II), platinum(IV), gold(III), ruthenium(II), rhodium(I), rhodium(III) or lead(II) with tridentate ligand (II). SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 23 Compounds (I) are disclosed e.g. platinum metal carborane complexes of formulae (Ia)-(Ie).    EXAMPLE - 200 mg of 2-(1-Carboranyl)-3,6-di(4-methoxyphenyl)-pyridine was dissolved in 20 ml of dry tetrahydrofuran. Then 0.58 ml of 1.6 M solution of n-butyl lithium in pentane was added dropwise to the above solution and the mixture was stirred at -40 degrees C for 10 minutes. Then a solution of 204 mg of platinum complex of formula (PtCl2(S(C2H5)2)2) in 10 ml of tetrahydrofuran was added dropwise to the above mixture and stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. Then the solvent was removed to obtain 66 mg of platinum metal carborane complex (Ia).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor material of the base or emitter is formed by indium gallium and arsenic compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The first element is indium. The second element is gallium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The oriented metal layer comprises a nickel layer on the surface of the copper layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The first conductive thin film and/or the second conductive thin film is also made of a metal oxide transparent conductive material selected from the group consisting of indium(III) oxide (In2O3)-based materials such as indium tin oxide (ITO) (Sn:In2O3), zinc oxide (ZnO)-based materials such as aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) (Al:ZnO), gallium doped zinc oxide (GZO) (Ga:ZnO), boron doped zinc oxide (BZO) (B:ZnO) and indium-doped zinc oxide (IZO) (In:ZnO) and indium-gallium-zinc oxide (IGZO)-based materials. A material of the film arranged between the first and second conductive thin films, a material filling the apertures and a material filling patterned gaps of the second conductive thin film are selected from silicon oxide, silicon nitride, titanium oxide or aluminum oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The inorganic nanowires comprise metallic material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The cross-linked polymer layer comprises silicone material, polyamide material and polyimide material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The substrate is silicon substrate. The silicide is barium silicide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The magnetic component nanowire contains cobalt as main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The chemical mixture is selected from a group consisting of ethanol, methane and propane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic solvent is propan-2-one solvent of formula (V) or cyclopentanone of formula (VI).R1,R2=1-4C alkyl;andh=natural number.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyamic acid further includes repeating units of formulae (III) and (IV).Ar4=bivalent group of formula (5);andr=1-3. Preferred Definitions:    Ar1=group of formula (2), preferably of formula (2-1);    Ar2=group of formula (3), preferably of formula (3-1);    k=1 or 2;    p=1 or 2;    X=1-30C fluoro alkylene;and    Ar3=group chosen from groups of formulae (4-1)-(4-6).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The component composition of metal powder contains 40-60 %mass indium, 1-45 %mass gallium, and copper as remainder. Preferred Property: The metal powder has a maximum particle size of 500 mu m or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The transparent conductive film further comprises organosilicon compound having epoxy group. The content of organosilicon compound with respect to polyethylene dioxythiophene-polystyrene sulfonate is 0.5-1 pt. wt. The organosilicon compound having epoxy group is silsesquioxane compound having epoxy group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of carboxyl group-containing highly-saturated nitrile rubber (A1) and the highly-saturated nitrile rubber (A2) is 2:98-98:2. The ( alpha ),( beta )-ethylenically-unsaturated dicarboxylic acid monoester monomer unit of carboxyl group-containing highly saturated nitrile rubber (A1) is monoalkylester unit of maleic acid. Preferred Property: The melting point of the polyamide resin (B) is 100-300 degrees C. Preferred Process: The highly-saturated nitrile rubber composition is obtained by kneading carboxyl group-containing highly-saturated nitrile rubber (A1), highly-saturated nitrile rubber (A2), and polyamide resin (B) using twin-screw extruder at 200 degrees C or more. Preferred Condition: The rubber crosslinked material is used in 10 degrees C or less environment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Ferritic stainless steel plate comprises molybdenum (1-2 wt.%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The passivating step is performed by application of ammonium sulfide. The encapsulating layer is composed of silicon nitride and titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Properties: The length/breadth ratio of irradiation spot is 1.1 or more. The average thickness of sealing material layer is less than 10 mu m. The maximum particle size of fire-resistant filler is less than 5 mu m. The thermal expansion coefficient glass substrate (S2) is 55x 10-7-100x 10-7/ degrees C. The plate thickness of glass substrate (S1) is 0.5-2.8 mm. The plate thickness of glass substrate (S2) is 0.5-2.8 mm. Preferred Composition: The glass substrate comprises glass composition containing 1 %mass or more sodium oxide. The sealing material comprises 55-95 vol.% bismuth-type glass and 5-45 vol.% fire-resistant filler. The bismuth-type glass contains 0.5 %mass or more transition-metal oxide. The bismuth-type glass comprises glass composition containing 67-87 %mass bismuth oxide, 2-12 %mass boron trioxide, 1-20 %mass zinc oxide and 0.5-18 %mass total content of cupric oxide and iron oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameters: Average particle diameter of primary particle of component (B) is 10-300 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The oxide nanoparticles comprise barium oxide, strontium oxide, magnesium oxide, aluminum oxide, titanium dioxide, zirconium dioxide and silicon dioxide. The inorganic film layer comprises silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, tungsten oxide, iron oxide, nickel oxide, titanium dioxide, zirconium oxide, aluminum oxide, boron oxide, chromium oxide, cerium oxide, neodymium oxide, samarium oxide, europium oxide, gadolinium oxide, terbium oxide, dysprosium oxide, erbium oxide, ytterbium oxide, lutetium oxide, and graphene oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The polyamic acid film layer comprises 4,4'-oxydiphthalic dianhydride, pyromellitic dianhydride, 3,3',4,4'-diphenylsulfonetetracarboxylic dianhydride, 4-biphenyl-tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride, 4,4'-(4,4'-isopropylidenedi-phenoxy)bis(phthalic anhydride), 4,4'-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphthalic anhydride, 4,4'-benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride, 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic dianhydride, and 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid. The polyamic acid comprises 3,3'-bis(4-aminophenoxy)biphenyl, 1,3-bis(3-aminophenoxy)benzene, 2,2-bis(4-aminophenyl) hexafluoropropane, metabisaminophenoxy diphenyl sulfone, ammonium persulfate, (9-fluorenylidene) dianiline, bis(4-(4-aminophenoxy)diphenyl)sulfone, 2,2-bis(3-amino-4-methylphenyl)hexafluoropropane and 2,2-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzidine. The solvent is one of ethanol, dimethylformamide, isopropyl alcohol, acetone, methanol and water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The material includes palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, paraffin wax, polyethylene wax, polyethylene glycol wax, nonane and/or decane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of (I) comprises (S1) providing a multi-phenyl glycol monomer of formula (A), (S2) providing a multi-phenyl dihalo monomer of formula (Ha-Y2-Ha) (B), (S3) forming a polymer of poly(arylene ether) of formula (C) by a nucleophilic displacement reaction from the multi-phenyl glycol monomer and the multi-phenyl dihalo monomer, and (S4) carrying out a sulfonation modification of the polymer of the poly(arylene ether) to form (I)X1 = divalent groups of formulae (i)-(xii);Ha = F, Cl or Br; andY2 = divalent group of formula (xiii)-(xviii).Preferred Method: The step S4 comprises dissolving (C) in dichloromethane, and adding trimethylsilyl chlorosulfonate under a nitrogen atmosphere to proceed the sulfonation modification, followed by addition of sodium methoxide for removing the protection of silicon to form a sodium sulfonate, where the reaction product is collected after reaction, acidified with hydrochloric acid, then separated and dried to obtain (I). The method further comprises dissolving the polymer of (I) in an organic solvent by phase changing, and forming a film by coating. Preferred Components: (C) are of formula (A1)-(A3). SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 3 Compounds (I) are specifically claimed, i.e. sulfonated poly(arylene ether)s of formulae (Ia)-(Ic).    n = greater than or equal to 2.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The surface layer comprises element chosen from calcium, barium, magnesium, titanium, zirconium, aluminum, cerium, lanthanum and vanadium, and excluding silicon and oxygen. The catalyst active particles are transition metals which can form a poly anion and comprise element chosen from vanadium, tungsten, niobium, tantalum and molybdenum. The carbon monoxide methanation catalyst active component is chosen from iron, nickel, cobalt, ruthenium, rhodium, platinum, palladium or iridium, or their oxides. The carbon monoxide methanation catalyst has a structure formed by supporting the carbon monoxide methanation catalyst composition on a base material containing ceramic material or a metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The component (a2) is tricarboxylic acid anhydride having aliphatic structure, preferably tricarboxylic acid anhydride having cyclic aliphatic structure, more preferably cyclohexane-1,3,4-tricarboxylic acid-3,4-anhydride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The characteristic absorption (2270 cm-1) of isocyanate group is eliminated in infrared-absorption-spectrum measurement, during reaction of alcohol compound and polyamidoimide resin. The ratio of total number-of-moles of carboxy group and number-of-moles of acid-anhydride group of component (a2), and number-of-moles (N) of isocyanate group of component (a1) is 1.1-3. The ratio of number-of-moles of acid-anhydride group in polyamide-imide resin and number-of-moles of hydroxyl group of compound (a3) is 1-5. The compound (a1) is isocyanurate-type polyisocyanate synthesized from isocyanate having cyclic aliphatic structure, preferably isocyanurate-type triisocyanate (polymers such as pentamer) synthesized from isophorone diisocyanate. The alcohol-modified polyamidoimide resin is soluble in polar solvent containing nitrogen atom or sulfur atom. The curable resin composition further comprises photoinitiator. The curable resin is epoxy compound having 2 or more epoxy groups in a molecule. Preferred Property: The acid value of alcohol-modified polyamidoimide resin is 70-210 mg potassium hydroxide /g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nanoparticle population is monodispersed population. The composition further comprises free selenol molecules dissolved in the solvent, and nanoparticles containing copper-indium-gallium-selenium antimonide of formula: Culn1-aGaaSe2-bSb, where a is 0-1 and b is 0-2 (excluding 2). Preferred Property: The standard deviation of diameter of nanoparticles in the population is less than about 10% of the average of the diameter.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ligands comprise straight chain alkyl groups, preferably 6-10C alkyl groups. The solvent is aromatic hydrocarbon. The selenol compound used in preparation of copper selenide nanoparticles is 1-octane selenol or 1-dodecane selenol. The copper precursor used in preparation of copper selenide nanoparticles is copper acetate. The selenium precursor used in preparation of copper selenide nanoparticles is selenol compound or elemental selenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The material further comprises carbonaceous lithium ion-intercalating and lithium ion-de-intercalating material, a lithium metal, a lithium alloy and a silicon-oxide-based material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organosilane has organic group and linking group ((CH2)n, where n is 0 or more). The organic group is chosen from alkynyl groups, aryl groups, fluoroalkyl groups, heteroaryl groups, alcohol groups, thiol groups, amine groups, thiocarbamate groups, ester groups, ether group, sulfide group, and nitrile groups. The organosilane is chosen from (dimethylamino)silane, octadecyldimethyl(dimethylamino)silane, dodecyldimethyl(methoxy)silane, trimethoxysilane and triethoxysilane. The hydrolyzable group is chosen from a halide, a carboxylate, an amine, an alkoxide, a sulfide, a heteroaryl and a fluororoaryl groups.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The glass composition includes: 10-20 wt.% of silicon dioxide; 10-20 wt.% of boron trioxide; 0-10 wt.% of aluminum oxide; 0.5-10 wt.% of titanium dioxide; 45-60 wt.% of barium oxide; and 0-10 wt.% of zinc chloride. The glass is free of one or more components consisting of yttrium(III) oxide, ytterbium oxide, zirconium dioxide, germanium dioxide, thorium dioxide, tin(II) oxide, tin dioxide, tantalum pentoxide, niobium(III) oxide, tungsten trioxide, calcium oxide, lithium oxide, sodium oxide, potassium oxide, rubidium oxide, cesium oxide, lead(II) oxide, arsenic(III) oxide or phosphorus pentoxide. The glass has: a refractive index of 1.60-1.70, preferably 1.65-1.72; an Abbe number of 35-44, preferably 38-53; a glass transition temperature of less than 700 degrees C, preferably less than 680 degrees C; and an internal transmittance of at least 80% at a wavelength of 400 nm and a sample thickness of 10 mm. A distance between the upper and lower devitrification ( Delta TOEG)-(TUEG) does not exceed 200 degrees C or a glass is not devitrified upon heating to 1200 degrees C. The glass contains one or more components comprising 0.5-10 wt.% of aluminum oxide, 1-10 wt.% of titanium dioxide, 0.5-1 wt.% of zinc oxide, 0.05-0.5 wt.% of antimony trioxide, 0.-1 wt.% of metal oxide of formula (R2O) (I), 0-1 wt.% of magnesium oxide, and 0-1 wt.% of calcium oxide.R = Mg, Ca, Ba, or Sr. EXAMPLE - Typical glass comprised of: 18.6 wt.% of silicon dioxide; 17.9 wt.% of boron trioxide; 47.3 wt.% of barium oxide; 6.2 wt.% of calcium oxide; 0.2 wt.% of antimony trioxide; 8.9 wt.% of titanium dioxide; and 0.9 wt.% of zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of (I) comprises providing a 3,6-bis-(5-bromo-thiophen-2-yl)-2,5-dihydro-pyrrolo(3,4-c)pyrrole-1,4-dione compound of formula (A) and a benzofuran compound of formula (B) in anaerobic environment and then mixing, adding the mixture (A) and (B) at a ratio of 1:2-1:2.4 to an organic solvent containing a catalyst and an alkali solution, and performing Suzuki coupling reaction at 70-130 degrees C for 12-48 hours, where the catalyst is an organic palladium or a mixture of organic palladium and organophosphorus ligands. Preferred Process: The Suzuki coupling reaction is carried out at a temperature of 90-120 degrees C for 24-36 hours. The method further comprises performing separation purification of (I), adding dichloromethane to (A) and (B), drying the combined organic phase, filtering the resulting solid using petroleum ether and ethyl acetate mixture as an eluent, and vacuum drying. Preferred Components: The organic solvent is toluene, N,N-dimethylformamide and tetrahydrofuran. The organic palladium is bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) dichloride, tetrakistriphenylphosphine palladium, palladium acetate and/or tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0). The organic phosphine ligand is tri-tert-butylphosphine, tri-o-tolylphosphine and/or dicyclohexyl(2',6'-dimethoxybiphenyl-2-yl)phosphine. A molar ratio of the organic palladium and organophosphorus ligands is 1:4-1:8. The molar ratio of the organic palladium catalyst and (A) is 1:20-1:100. The alkali solution consists of sodium carbonate solution, potassium carbonate solution and sodium bicarbonate solution. The molar ratio of the alkali solution and (A) is 20:1-50:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The soluble metal salt is soluble salt of metal of group IVB, VB, VIB, VIIB, VIII, IB or IIB. The soluble salt is metal nitrate, carbonate, sulfate, acetate, halide, dinitroso diamine salt, acetylacetonate and/or macrocyclic complex of porphyrin. The metal element is iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, iridium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, zirconium, titanium and/or tungsten. The inert atmosphere includes nitrogen, argon and/or carbon dioxide gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The coordination compound includes ketone, alcohol, amine compound, tetrahydrofuran, bipyridine, halogen compound, cyano compound, thiocyanate compound, oxalate compound, aqueous ammonia and its derivate, thiosulfate compound and/or nitro compound. The solvent (Q) is water, 1-5C alcohol, 3-8C ketone and/or 3-8C ether. The solvent (A) is water, ethanol, isopropanol or ethanediol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The nonaqueous dispersion medium is a solvent, polymerizable unsaturated monomer or oligomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reaction gas comprises hydrogen and halosilane. The inert gas is nitrogen or noble gas. The halosilane is trichlorosilane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The wet etching process is accomplished by using wet etchant which is an additive solution selected from hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid or hydrofluoric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: Joining involves heating the tiles to melt at least a portion of the tiles and close the seams; and cooling the seed layer. Manufacturing silicon seed layers further involves repositioning the seed layer with respect to a top side and a bottom side following cooling the seed layer; reheating the seed layer to melt at least a previously unmelted portion of the seed layer and close the seams; and recooling the seed layer. Cooling involves about 100 degrees C an hour. Joining involves contacting the tiles at both ends of at least one seam with electrodes; flowing electrical current through the tiles between the electrodes to melt at least a portion of the tiles and close the seams; optionally repeating the contacting and the flowing for each seam in the layer; and cooling the seed layer. Joining involves plasma deposition of amorphous silicon to close the seams. Deposition of amorphous silicon involves comprises conformal plasma deposition. Preferred Device: The electrodes remain stationary with respect to the tiles during the flowing electrical current. At least one electrode moves with respect to the tiles during the flowing of the electrical current. The electrodes comprise highly doped silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The inorganic vapor-depositable material of the dielectric barrier layer is selected from the group consisting of aluminum, gold, silver, chromium, nickel, copper, silicon, gallium, alumina, silica, silicon nitride, silicon carbide, titania, zirconia, indium-tin oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide, indium-gallium-tin oxide, cadmium telluride, copper-indium-gallium-selenium-sulfur compounds and a vapor-depositable glass material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The plastic foil is a thermoplastic plastic which is selected from the group consisting of a polyolefin, a polyvinyl halide, a polyvinylidene halide, a polyvinylaromatic, a polyacrylic ester, a polymethacrylic ester, a polyvinyl ether, a polyvinylcarboxylic ester, a polytetrahaloethylene, an acrylonitrile homo-or copolymer, a polyoxymethylene homo- or copolymer, a polyamide, a polyester, a polycarbonate, a polyurethane, a polyalkylene glycol and a poly(organo)siloxane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate is formed of silicon. The first conductivity type semiconductor is formed of n-type gallium nitride. The barrier layer is formed of gallium nitride. The well layer is formed of indium-gallium-nitride. The second conductive semiconductor is formed of p-type gallium nitride. The transparent electrode is formed of indium tin oxide. The solar cell is manufactured by supplying trimethyl-indium and trimethyl-gallium with ammonia gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The quantum dot is provided with indium nitride. The nano metal is selected from group consisting of silver, nickel, gold, platinum, copper and iron. The first metal contact and second metal contact are formed of gold or nickel material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon material is chosen from graphite, graphite sheet, carbon nanotube, carbon fiber, graphene, porous graphene, fullerene, activated carbon, porous carbon, carbon foam, petroleum coke, charcoal and carbon black. Sulfate comprises ferric sulfate, cobalt sulfate, nickel sulfate, manganese sulfate, aluminum sulfate, zinc sulfate, titanium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, basic magnesium sulfate, copper sulfate, copper sulfate, lead sulfate, basic lead sulfate, calcium sulfate, potassium sulfate, ammonium sulfate, ammonium bisulfate and/or ammonium dihydrogen sulfate. Sulfite comprises sodium sulfite, potassium sulfite, sodium bisulfite, potassium bisulfate and/or calcium sulfite. A carrier gas chosen from nitrogen, argon and helium is further supplied during sintering process. The sintered product is further cleaned using an acid solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The liquid-phase impregnation process involves immersing the carbon material in water and/or alcohol solution of sulfate and/or sulfite. Preferred Composition: Alcohol is 1-4C alcohol, preferably ethanol or methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: Heating (II) involves heating from 100 degrees C to 150 degrees C, and from 150 degrees C to 200 degrees C at a slower temperature-increase rate. The heating process involves heating (III) from 200 degrees C to 250 degrees C at a temperature-increase rate slower than rate (II). Rate (I) is 2.5-3.5 degrees C/minute, and rate (II) is 0.8-2.5 degrees C/minute. Preferred Compounds: The group I metallic compound is copper salt, the group III metallic compound is indium salt and/or gallium salt, and group VI metal is selenium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The amine solvent is dodecylamine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The conductive material is chosen from graphite powder, carbon powder, carbon nanotubes, nano-silver, graphene and carbon fiber. The thermal reaction-type filler material is chosen from zinc hydroxide and metal oxide. The metal oxide is chosen from aluminum oxide, titanium oxide and zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The thermosetting resin is chosen from phenolic ether epoxy resin, nylon material, alkyd resin, resin hardener, acrylic resin and polyester resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alkali-metal cation is lithium ion or sodium ion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of phosphazene solvent with respect to total content of solvent in the nonaqueous electrolyte is 42-88 vol.%. The glyme solvent is glyme compound of formula: R2-O(CX7X8-CX9X10-O)n-R3 (II). The anion is tetrafluoroborate anion, hexafluorophosphate anion, bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide anion, bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide anion, bis(pentafluoroethylsulfonyl)imide anion, (fluorosulfonyl)(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide anion or bis(perfluoroethylsulfonyl)imide anion. The solvent component further contains carbonate-type solvent and ester solvent. The glyme solvent is coordinated to the alkali-metal cation.X7-X10=H or halo;R2,R3=aryl, or linear or cyclic (un)saturated aliphatic group (both optionally containing halo, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur or silicon);andn=1-6.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The transparent polyimide copolymer is non-amine terminated copolymer. The transparent polyimide copolymer oligomer is acid-terminated oligomer. Preferred Process: The transparent polyimide copolymer is obtained by copolymerizing acid dianhydride (C) and/or diamine and/or diisocyanate (D). Preferred Definitions:    two of R1-R4= ethyl, with remaining being methyl or H.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The layer (a1) comprises silicon oxycarbide. The average oxygen content of region from the outermost surface of the layer (a2) to 35 nm is 25-55 atomic%. Preferred Property: The water-vapor-permeation rate of layer (a1) is 0.1 g/m2.day or less. Preferred Process: An energy-beam is irradiated to the coating film, and coating film is formed in atmosphere with an oxygen concentration of 1000 volume ppm or less, and water vapor concentration of 150 volume ppm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The substrate comprises ceramics, quartz, glass, silicon wafer and metals.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The nanosheet structure network is a graphene-like network.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metal comprises structural steel, carbon steel, copper, titanium or their alloys. The metal surface is pre-treated with a thin layer of silica.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrocarbon compound is ketone, aldehyde, ester, alkane, alkene or alkyne. The alkene is chosen from naphthalene, benzene, toluene, xylene and ethylene. The covalent bond is a carbide bond, preferably -carbon-oxygen-silicon- bond, -carbon-silicon- bond, -carbon-oxygen-metal- bond, -carbon-metal- bond, -carbon-nitrogen- bond or -carbon-nitrogen-metal- bond. The silicon compound (b) is tetraethyl orthosilicate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The method involves placing the substrate into a furnace or quartz tubes of the furnace, heating the furnace or quartz tubes of the furnace to 500-1500 degrees C in an air-free environment, supplying an argon gas as a carrier gas into the quartz tubes of the furnace at 500-1500 degrees C to deliver a vapor comprising hydrocarbon compound and silicon compound (b), and coating the vapor on the substrate in the furnace or quartz tubes of the furnace at 500-1500 degrees C. Preferred Composition: The silicon-containing compound (a) is chosen from silicone rubber, polydimethylsiloxane, organosilicon, silane-grafted polymer, silicon-containing metallocene polymer and methyltrichlorosilane. The polymer further comprises filler, gold, copper halide and metallocene compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The group 4 element comprises silicon or germanium. The group 3 elements comprise boron. The group 5 elements comprise phosphorus or arsenic. The dopant comprises boron. The feed gas preferably comprises boron trifluoride and diboron tetrafluoride. The diluent gas preferably comprises phosphine and arsine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbon source gas used for preparing flexible-transparent-electroconductive graphene film is methane, ethane or propane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal oxide is silica. The nitride is silicon nitride. The content of metal particles is 0.2-0.5 times the content of graphene. Preferred Property: The particle size of metal particles is 20-100 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: During preparation of flexible electroconductive graphene film, organic solvent chosen from acetonitrile, ethanol, methanol and N,N'-dimethylformamide, and reducing agent chosen from anhydrous hydrazine, hydrazine hydrate and dimethylhydrazine, are used.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The obtained ionic liquid has residual halide content of less than 20 ppm. Preferred Process: The substitution reaction is carried out using water as solvent. Preferred Condition: The substitution reaction is performed within 1 hour, using bench reaction or microreactor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of iron in silicon nitride powder is 10 ppm or less. The slurry is free of binder. Preferred Property: The ratio (FS/FSO) is preferably 15-30 and (FS/FIO) is preferably 30-60. Preferred Condition: The heat processing is performed at 400-800 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The chlorosilane gas is trichlorosilane. The reduction gas is hydrogen. The polycrystalline silicon is a thin film type and obtained in a melting state. The radio frequency plasma is an inductively coupled plasma.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The plasma generation part comprises a radio frequency plasma generating unit connected to the downstream of a microwave plasma generating unit. The device further comprises a substrate, and a unit for heating the silicon over its melting point and consecutively manufacturing the polycrystalline silicon in a melting state. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): An ion-exchange process is carried out between the solutions containing anion, and solution of a salt with another anions and M+C2n cation to obtain salt of endohedral fullerene. Preferred Process: The manufacture of salt involves passing the solution containing cation of formula: M+C2n through cation exchange solid-phase extraction cartridge, holding the cation in filler, and passing solution containing other ions through the cartridge, concentrating and recrystallizing the obtained solution. Preferred Composition: The cation is M+.C2n and anion is hexafluorophosphate (PF6-), preferably chosen from trifluoromethyl sulfonic acid ion (OTf-), bis(trifluoro methylsulfonyl) imide ion (NTf2-) and tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate ion (TFPB-). The solvent is chlorobenzene or dichloromethane. Preferred Properties: The distance of gravity center of C2n shell and gravity center of anion is more than 0.71497, preferably 0.811 or more. The distance between the C2n shells is 1.13 nm or more. The solubility of cation with respect to a solvent is 1.3 mM or more, 2.3 mM or more. Preferred Definitions:    C2n=C60, preferably C70;and    M=alkali metal.    EXAMPLE - 5.5 mg lithium fullerene hexafluorophosphate (Li+.C60)PF6- and 2.5 mg lithium trifluoromethyl imide were reacted for 21 minutes under ultrasonic wave irradiation and magnetic stirring in methylene chloride, recrystallized using diethyl ether, and filtered to obtain 5.3 mg salt of endohedral fullerene ((Li+.C60)NTf2-).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of solvent having low-degree of affinity is 10-40 wt.%. The functional material is electroconductive material or electroconductive material precursor. When the functional material comprises liquid in a water-system dispersed state, the solvent having high-degree of affinity is chosen from water, methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol and isopropanol, and the solvent having low-degree of affinity is chosen from N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, triethylene glycol monomethyl ether, dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether, dipropylene glycol monoethyl ether, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol and 1,2-hexanediol. When the functional material comprises liquid in organic solvent dispersed state, the solvent having high-degree of affinity is chosen from hexane, heptane, octane, cyclohexane, toluene, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, isobutanol and 1-pentanol, and the solvent having low-degree of affinity is chosen from nonane, decane, xylene, 1-octanol, 2-octanol, nonyl alcohol, tridecyl alcohol, ethylene-glycol-monobutyl-ether acetate, dipropylene-glycol monobutyl ether, tripropylene glycol monobutyl ether, cyclohexanone, phenol and benzyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The alkali-soluble resin (A) contains curable resin having internal stress of 30 MPa or less after hardening the resin. Preferred Composition: The curable resin contains hydroxy styrene resin (A1). The hydroxy styrene resin (A1) comprises a copolymer containing derivative of hydroxy styrene and/or hydroxy styrene, or copolymer containing derivative of styrene and/or styrene. The hydroxy styrene resins (A1) comprise hydroxy styrene and copolymer containing hydroxy styrene derivative(s). The content of hydroxy styrene and its derivative(s) in the hydroxy styrene resin (A1) is 50-90%. The alkali-soluble resin (A) comprises resin (A2) containing structure chosen from polybenzoxazole structure, polybenzoxazole precursor structure, polyimide structure, polyimide precursor structure, and polyamide structure. The positive-type photosensitive resin composition further contains phenol resin (D), silane coupling agent (E) and heat-crosslinking agent (F). The phenol resin (D) contains phenol resin (D1) obtained by reacting phenolic compound of formula (I) and aromatic aldehyde compound of formula (II) in presence of acidic catalyst. The phenol resin (D1) contains aromatic aldehyde chosen from formulae (i)-(v), and phenolic compound chosen from 2,3-dimethyl phenol, 3,5-dimethyl phenol, 2,5-dimethyl phenol, 2,4-dimethyl phenol, and 3,4-dimethyl phenol.R1=organic group chosen from 1-20C alkyl and alkoxy;p=1-3;R2=H or organic group chosen from 1-20C alkyl, alkoxy and hydroxy;andq=0-3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The gallium-indium phosphide/gallium arsenide/silicon-germanium triple-junction cascade solar cell consists of silicon-germanium subcell, and gallium arsenide bonding layer, gallium arsenide buffer layer, gallium arsenide subcell, tunnel junction and gallium-indium phosphide subcell which are sequentially provided on the silicon-germanium subcell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The pre-cleaning process is carried out using cleaning liquid comprising deionized water, 25% hydrogen peroxide and 45% potassium hydroxide in volume ratio of 200:25:2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal oxide and/or metal mixed oxide consists of zinc, indium tin oxide, zinc oxide, indium zinc oxide or indium gallium zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The organometallic compound consists of metal oximate, metal acetylacetonate and/or metal acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The active component is selected from one of chloroplatinic acid or nitric acid platinum. The auxiliary agent is selected from one of soluble organic salt or soluble inorganic salt. The reducing agent is selected from one of formaldehyde, ethanediol, glycerol and boron oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The thin film solar battery is a polybasic compound thin film solar battery. The polybasic compound thin film solar battery is gallium arsenide, cadmium sulfide, or copper indium gallium selenide thin-film solar battery, preferably cadmium sulfide, or copper indium gallium selenide thin-film solar battery. Preferred Method: The cooling process in the step (b) is carried out for 10-60 seconds, preferably 20-40 seconds.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The ultra thin manufacturing method of silicon wafer in which the abrasive includes at least any one of silicon dioxide, aluminum trioxide, zirconium oxide, silicon carbide or diamond.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The coefficient of thermal expansion is preferably 70 ppm/ degrees C or less, and the absolute value of thermal contraction rate is preferably 2.5% or less. The absolute value of the difference of coefficients of thermal expansion in the machine direction and transverse direction is 50 ppm/ degrees C or less. The absolute value of the difference of thermal contraction rates in the machine direction and transverse direction is 2% or less. The plastic film has a tensile elongation rate of 10% or more, and a glass transition temperature of 150 degrees C or more. Preferred Method: The plastic film is formed by biaxially-orienting while heat-processing a film containing syndiotactic polystyrene-type resin, preferably syndiotactic polystyrene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The nanostructure is made of TiSi2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metallic element is selected from Pt, Ru and Pd.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of (I) comprises providing substituted (5-(1,1-dioxo-5-(5-trimethylstannyl-2-thienyl)-2-thienyl)-2-thienyl)-trimethyl-stannane compounds of formula (A) and 9-(4-bromophenyl)carbazole (B) in the absence of oxygen, where a molar ratio of the compound A to the compound B is 1:2-1:2.4, and adding the compounds A and B into a catalyst and an organic solvent, then performing Stille coupling reaction at a temperature of 70-120 degrees C for 6-24 hours, where the catalyst is a mixture of an organic palladium or palladium with an organophosphorus ligand. Preferred Method: The method further comprises isolating and purifying the solid product obtained in the Stille coupling reaction using methylene chloride, extracting the combined organic phases and then drying, and filtering the product using petroleum ether and ethyl acetate as an eluent. The Stille coupling reaction is carried out at a temperature of 90-110 degrees C for 8-16 hours. The isolating and purifying step is carried out using a chromatography on silica gel column under vacuum. Preferred Components: The organic palladium is bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) dichloride, tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0), or tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0), where the molar ratio of the organic palladium to the compound A is 1:4-1:8. The catalyst is an organic palladium phosphine ligand and an organic mixture, where the molar ratio of phosphine ligand to the compound A is 1:20-1:100. The phosphine ligand includes tri(o-tolyl)phosphine and 2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2',6'-dimethoxybiphenyl. The organic solvent is toluene, N,N-dimethylformamide, or tetrahydrofuran. The mole ratio of the electronic receptor material to the electronic donor material is 1:1-3:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of (I) comprises providing substituted 4,7-bis(5-bromo-2-thienyl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole compounds of formula (A) and N,N-diphenyl-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)aniline (B) in the absence of oxygen, where a molar ratio of the compound A to the compound B is 1:2-2.4, adding the compounds A and B into an alkali solution, a catalyst and an organic solvent, then performing Suzuki coupling reaction at 70-130 degrees C for 12-48 hours, stopping the coupling reaction, and separating and purifying the obtained product. Preferred Method: The separating and purifying step comprises extracting the solid product obtained in the Suzuki coupling reaction using methylene chloride, removing the combined organic phases and then drying over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and filtering the product using petroleum ether and ethyl acetate in a volume ratio of 10:1 as an eluent. The Suzuki coupling reaction is carried out at a temperature of 90-120 degrees C for 24-36 hours. The separating and purifying step is carried out using a chromatography on silica gel column under vacuum. Preferred Components: The organic palladium is bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) dichloride, tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0), or tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0), where the molar ratio of the organic palladium to the compound A is 1:4-1:8. The catalyst is an organic palladium phosphine ligand and an organic mixture, where the molar ratio of phosphine ligand to the compound A is 1:20-1:100. The phosphine ligand includes tri(o-tolyl)phosphine and 2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2',6'-dimethoxybiphenyl. The organic solvent is toluene, N,N-dimethylformamide, or tetrahydrofuran. The mole ratio of the electronic receptor material to the electronic donor material is 1:1-3:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic palladium is bistriphenylphosphinepalladium dichloride, tetrakistriphenylphosphinepalladium, palladium acetate or trisdibenzylideneacetonedipalladium. The organophosphorus ligand is tri-tert-butylphosphine, tri-o-tolylphosphine or dicyclohexyl(2',6'-dimethoxybiphenyl-2-yl)phosphine. The organic palladium and organophosphorus ligand have a molar ratio of 1:4-1:8. The catalyst and (A) have a molar ratio of 1:20-1:100.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of (I) comprises providing a trimethyl(4H-thieno(3,2-b)pyrrol-2-yl)stannane compound of formula (A) and a 6-(4-bromophenyl)-3-phenyl-2,5-dihydropyrrolo(3,4-c)pyrrole-1,4-dione compound of formula (B1) under an anaerobic environment, where (A) and (B1) have a molar ratio of 1:2-1:2.4, uniformly mixing, adding an organic solvent containing a catalyst to the mixture, heating the mixture at 70-120 degrees C, performing Stille coupling reaction for 6-24 hours, and uniformly stirring, where the catalyst is palladium, organic palladium and/or organophosphorus ligand. Preferred Method: The method further comprises adding methylene chloride into a reaction container, adding (A) and (B1) to the container, uniformly mixing, subjecting the mixture to obtain an organic phase, extracting the organic phase, combining organic phase and then drying to obtain a solid product, filtering the solid product to obtain a filtrate, washing the filtrate using petroleum ether and ethyl acetate, concentrating the mixture to obtain an eluent, separating the eluent using silica gel chromatography, drying the eluent under vacuum, and purifying. The Stille coupling reaction is carried out at 90-110 degrees C for 8-16 hours. Preferred Components: The organic solvent is toluene, N,N-dimethylformamide and/or tetrahydrofuran. The electron donor material and the electron acceptor material have a molar ratio of 1:1-3:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The gas barrier film further has layer(s) (B) formed using a coating liquid containing polysilazane compound. The layer (A) is formed using coating liquid containing polysilazane compound and organoaluminum compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The conductive polymer is polyaniline and/or polyaniline derivative. The weight ratio of the conductive polymer and the anthraquinone compound is 50:50-1:99.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of hydrogen atoms bonded with the silicon atom in linear polyorganohydrogen siloxane (B) in a molecule is 1-12 mmol/g with respect to quantity of hydrosilyl group (Si-H group). The silicone composition further contains 0.001-5 parts mass reaction inhibitor and 0.1-10 parts mass fine powder fillers having reinforcement property, with respect to 100 parts mass component (A).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The addition amount of phosphoric acid alkali metal salt is 7-30 mol/ton, and the addition amount of phosphoric acid is 3.5-35 mol/ton. The elemental alkali-metal content in the composition is 20-150 ppm, and the elemental phosphorus content in the composition is 40-500 ppm, and the ratio of elemental alkali-metal content and the elemental phosphorus content is 0.3-0.7. The content of elemental manganese is 100-300 ppm in the composition.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The polyester resin composition ( alpha ) is obtained by melt-kneading the polyester resin composition having intrinsic viscosity of 0.70-1, after adding solution or slurry containing phosphoric acid and phosphoric acid alkali metal salt, in which the total concentration of phosphoric acid and phosphoric acid alkali metal salt in solution or slurry is 3 %mass or less. Preferred Composition: The content of terminal carboxyl groups of the polyester resin in the polyester film is 25 equivalent/ton or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The precise surface coating layer is obtained using a mixture comprising a silicate compound and a dispersion liquid obtained by dispersing inorganic oxide particles chosen from silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, and cerium oxide. Preferred Process: The titanium dioxide particles are baked at 300-900 degrees C such that the free moisture content of titanium dioxide particles is 1 %mass or less, before mixing and dispersing titanium dioxide particles with paint resin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The paint resin is fluororesin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The coupling agent has a heat resistance of greater than 230 degrees C. The coupling agent and nanoheatconducting filler are present in an amount of 0.5-1.5 wt.%. Preferred Method: The surface treatment comprises adding nanoheat-conducting filler into distilled water, ultrasonically dispersing for 1 hour, then drying using a drying device, dissolving the coupling agent in ethanol solution for 1 hour, adding alcohol solution and dried nanoheat conducting filler, stirring at constant temperature of 75 degrees C for 1 hour, vacuum filtering the mixed solution, drying, grinding and sieving to obtain surface treated mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The aluminum powder mixture comprises 94.5-99 pts. wt. aluminum powder, 0.01-0.5 pts. wt. and 0.5-5 pts. wt. silicon dioxide powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The method further involves passing phosphorus oxychloride gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises precipitating the carbon quantum dots and then separating. The dispersing step is accomplished in a dispersion medium. The heating step is accomplished at a temperature of 100-300 degrees C under inert gas atmosphere. Preferred Components: The surface active agent comprises a functional group consisting of amine group (preferred), carboxyl group, hydroxyl group or thiol group. The amine is oleoylamine. The dispersed emulsion has a water phase and an oil phase. The carbon source includes monosaccharide, polysaccharide, organic acid, carboxylic acid, and glycolic acid. The carbon source is polymerized and carbonized carbon source. The emulsion is micro emulsion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The transparent filler material (b) is chosen from fibrous reinforcement material and glass filler material. The amount of the transparent filler material (b) in the transparent composite composition is 0.1-90 wt.% with respect to the total weight of the resin composition (a) and the filler material (b). Preferred Property: The transparent filler material (b) has refractive index of 1.45-1.6.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The (meth)acrylated oligomer (a1) and/or monomer (a2) comprises polycyclic acrylate. The (meth)acrylated oligomer (a1) and/or monomer (a2) is chosen such that the glass transition temperature of polymer obtained by polymerizing (meth)acrylated oligomer (a1) and/or monomer (a2) is more than 60 degrees C. The molar ratio of (meth)acrylate groups of (meth)acrylate oligomer (a1) and/or monomer (a2) and thiol groups of polythiol(s) (a3) is 50:1-2:1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The polythiol (a3) has higher refractive index than the refractive index of the transparent filler material (b). The refractive index (r1) of the resin composition after curing is 0.01 or less of refractive index (r2) of transparent filler material (b). The polythiol (a3) has refractive index of 1.46-1.7. Preferred Composition: The resin composition (a) comprises 60-99.5 wt.% (meth)acrylated oligomer (a1) and/or monomer (a2), 0.5-40 wt.% polythiol(s) (a3) and 0-10 wt.% photoinitiator and/or thermal initiator(s) (a4), with respect to the total amount of all components in resin composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The photopolymerizable composition comprises polyfunctional urethane (meth)acrylate (A) having alicyclic structure, polyfunctional (meth)acrylate (B) other than (A) having alicyclic structure, and photoinitiator (C). The weight ratio of components (A and B) is 30:70-60:40. The polyfunctional urethane (meth)acrylate (A) is more than tetrafunctional, and has alicyclic structure chosen from formulae (I-IV). The polyfunctional (meth)acrylate (B) has alicyclic structure having two (meth)acryloyl groups in a molecule, and the (meth)acryloyl groups are chosen from formulae (V-VII).R1,R3,R5,R7=H or methyl;R2,R4,R6,R8=1-6C alkylene having ether;a=1 or 2;andb=0 or 1.Preferred Properties: The resin molding has light transmittance of 85% or more, haze of 1% or less, surface roughness of 20 nm or less on at least single surface, bending elastic modulus of 3 GPa or more, glass transition temperature of 200 degrees C or more, and saturated water absorption of 0.5-2%. Preferred Process: The self restoration method involves contacting resin molding with a solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic filler contains alumina or aluminum nitride. The content of carbon fiber and inorganic filler in the thermal conductive sheet is 20-40 vol.% and 30-55 vol.%, respectively. Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of alumina is 1-5 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The thermal conductive sheet has thermal resistance in load of 2-7.5 kgf/cm2 measured based on ASTM-D5470 is less than 0.2 K.cm2/W.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal oxide precursor has a structure of formula ((In6( mu 6-O)( mu 2-OR)12-x(NO3)6(R1)x)2-) or ((In6( mu 6-O)( mu 2-OR)12-xCl6(R1)x)2-). The coating composition further comprises at least one photoinitiator.R = 1-10C-alkyl;R1 = acrylate or methacrylate; andx = 1-10.Preferred Components: The non-photocrosslinkable ligand consists of oxo radical, alkoxy radical, nitrate radical, halide radical (all preferred), and hydroxyl radical, preferably acrylate radicals, methacrylate radicals and allyl radicals. The photoinitiator is phenylbis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine oxide. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Property: The organic semiconductor has hole mobility of more than 0.01 cm2/V.second.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solid solution comprises hexaene derivative of formula (I). The difference of longest chain length and shortest chain length of linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbyl optionally having halo is less than 4. The content of compound having short chain length linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbyl is 30-85 %mass.R1,R2=linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbyl optionally having halo, or 1-36C alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Nonaqueous dispersion medium is a solvent, polymerizable unsaturated monomer or oligomer. Preferred Definitions:    X=1-15C alkylene or -C(=O)-Y;    Y=1-15C alkylene, vinylene, phenylene and carboxyl group-containing phenylene group; and    Z=carboxyl or phosphate ester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The support material is carbon black, preferably carbons like Vulcan XC-72 and Ketjen Black 300J having size of approximately 10-9.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The polyalcohol solvent is ethylene glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The concentration of molybdenum metal precursor solution is 0.01 g/L.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The mass ratio of single-wall carbon nanotube or mixed carbon material of single wall carbon and graphite oxide is 4:1-1:4. The ratio of carbon-based material and solvent is 0.1 mg:1 ml-2.5 mg:1 ml. The solvent is organic solvent or mixed solvent and water. The organic solvent is 1-8C monohydric alcohol, 1-8C diol, 1-8C triol, N-methylpyrrolidone, N,N-dimethylformamide, and hydrophilic ionic liquid. The volume ratio of solvent and water is 9:1-1:9. The hydrophilic ionic liquid is 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium nitrate, 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate. The mass ratio of carbon-based material and molybdenum metal precursor solution is 200:1-1:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The silane-based precursor comprises 30-100 pts. wt. methyltrimethoxysilane; and further comprises at least one selected from tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) or 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (3-GPTMS). The optical absorber layer comprises Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS-based) compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The second nanofibers are obtained by spinning the nanofibers containing the functional medicine. Preferred Components: The first and second directions are perpendicular to each other. The first nanofiber layer and the second nanofiber layer formed repeated layers. The Repeated the layers are formed with 2-100 layers. The met is formed with artificial supporting material due to the functional medicine. The first nanofiber includes polycaprolactone, polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethersulfone, polyvinylidene fluoride, cellulose, nylon, polycarbonate, polyurethane, polyacrylate and their copolymer. The second nanofiber includes polypyrrole, polypyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol or polyvinylidene fluoride. The functional medicine comprises bone growth inducing substances and muscle growth inducing substances.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst contains metal complex including dihalo(p-cymene)ruthenium (II), metal nanoparticles, metal oxide, metal-supported carbon, silica or aluminum oxide, preferably dihalo(p-cymene)ruthenium (II). The content of catalyst is less than 1 mol%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The varnish does not contain a chemical imidation agent. The polyimide precursor further has a repeating unit of formula (V).n=1-1000.Preferred Process: The imide compound containing repeating unit (II) is isolated from the obtained reaction solution using the solvent which does not contain chemical imidation agent, before adding the tetracarboxylic acid component and/or diamine component to the reaction liquid. Alternately, the polyimide precursor is obtained by reacting tetracarboxylic acid component and diamine component in solvent which does not contain chemical imidation agent on a condition which suppress imidation to less than 100?oC, obtaining a reaction solution containing an polyamic acid compound including repeating unit (I), heating the obtained reaction liquid at 100?oC or more, thermally reacting, converting portion of repeating unit (I) into the repeating unit (II).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (Q) have a molar weight of 300-1500 mole/g. The semiconductive component further contains a charge carrier transport layer present in the layer stack that is at least the partially doped or undoped. The layer comprising (Q) is a light absorbing layer. The light absorbing layer is configured as a mixed layer of at least two different compounds, with or without additional adjacent single layer or double layer or mixing in triplicate mixing view. The semiconductive component is configured as a tandem cell or multiple cell. The component is transparent or partially transparent, where the component is transparent or partially transparent in the visible spectral range for the human eye.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The n-type organic-semiconductor thin film has arithmetic mean roughness (Ra) of 2% or more of film thickness, maximum height (Rz) of 40% or more of film thickness and ionization potential of 6 eV or more. Preferred Definitions:    optionally substituted sugar group=group chosen from groups of formulae (i)-(iii);    R7-R15=H, amino, thio, carboxy, phosphoric acid group, phosphate ester, ester, thioester, amido, nitro, monovalent hydrocarbyl, organoamino, organosilyl, organothio, acyl, alkyl ether or sulfonyl;and    substituent=1-10C alkyl, benzyl, p-methoxybenzyl, methoxymethyl, 2-tetrahydropyranyl, ethoxyethyl, acetyl, pivaloyl, benzoyl, trimethylsilyl, triethylsilyl, t-butyldimethylsilyl, triisopropylsilyl or t-butyldiphenylsilyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The weight ratio of graphite oxide and sulfur is 1:8-12.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The molybdenum source having concentration in water and ethylene glycol of 0.2-1 mmol, is ammonium molybdate tetrahydrate. The selenium source having concentration in water and ethylene glycol of 3-20 mmol, is sodium selenite or sodium selenite hydrate. Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of molybdenum source and selenium source is 10:20. The molar ratio of diethylenetriamine and ethylene glycol is 5:30. The volume ratio of water and ethylene glycol is 1:1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further includes thermal reacting with solvent at 180-250 degrees C for 6-24 hours. Doping is carried out by soaking in 5-20 mL aqueous ammonia, stirring, heating to 90 degrees C, and reacting for 2-10 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Solvent is water, organic solvent, or ionic solution. Graphite powder material is natural graphite, expanded graphite, artificial graphite, graphite fiber, carbon nanotube, nano-graphite, or graphite sheet. Preferred Processes: Dispersed solution is prepared by gradually adding adjusting agent in solvent to adjust surface tension and/or act as dispersing agent in which adjusting agent is organic acid, alcohol, aldehyde, ester, amine, inorganic base, or inorganic salt. Mechanical separation includes ultrasonic vibrating using mechanical force, planetary grinding, ball-milling, or high-shear dispersing. Stripping includes adding 2nd dispersing agent to primary suspension solution after stripping to fully disperse single layer graphene and avoid clumping together in which 2nd dispersing agent is long carbon chain, phenyl group, sulfonate functional group, cholic acid functional group, or fluoride functional group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The amine compound is ammonia, methylamine, ethylamine, ethylenediamine, 1,2-diamine, 1,3-diamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, triamino triethylamine, aniline and/or benzene diamine. The amino acid compound is glycine, leucine, anthranilate, aspartate, glutamate, sulfamoyl acid, iminodiacetic acid, ammonia diacetate, nitrilotriacetic acid, EDTA, diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid, hydroxy ethylenediamine triacetic acid and/or an aryl ring amino acid. The purity of solid citric acid is greater than 99.8%. The mass concentration of hydrogen peroxide is 30%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Process: The manufacture of solar cell further involves removing a portion of the antireflection layer and forming a metal electrode layer, then forming a secondary oxide layer having thickness of 1-5 nm, and forming a thin passivation oxide layer on the secondary oxide layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The thin passivation oxide layer is formed using aluminum oxide, silicon nitride, titanium dioxide and/or silicon carbide. The surface-treatment of silicon wafer is carried out using a mixed solution of sodium hydroxide and/or potassium hydroxide solution, and isopropanol, and a mixed solution of nitric acid and hydrofluoric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The acid is hydrochloric acid with concentration of 8-20 %mass, or nitric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The primary organic solvent is terpineol with concentration of 50 %mass or more. The secondary organic solvent is ethanol with concentration of 80 %mass or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Component: The flexible component is clean paper or nonwoven fabrics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The water vapor permeability of the element formation surface side of the gas-barrier film is less than the water vapor permeability of the back surface side of the gas-barrier film. The water vapor permeability of the element formation surface side of gas-barrier film is less than 0.0001 g/m2/day. The difference of the water vapor permeability of the element formation surface side of the gas-barrier film and water vapor permeability of the back surface side of the gas-barrier film is 0.00005 g/m2/day or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The resin base material is formed by bonding two or more sheets of peelable film. Preferred Property: The water content of the resin base material is 500 ppm or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal particles are flake-shaped metal particles, spherical metal particles or aggregated-shaped metal particles. The electroconductive filler further comprises metal nanoparticles having average particle diameter of 2-100 nm. The metal particles and metal nanoparticles comprise silver and/or copper as a main component.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The electroconductive filler is surface-treated using rubber containing a sulfide bond and/or a nitrile group, or a metal nanowire. The rubber (A1) is chosen from polysulfide rubber, polyether rubber, polyacrylate rubber, and silicone rubber containing a mercapto group, sulfide bonding, or a disulfide bond. The rubber (A2) is acrylonitrile butadiene copolymer rubber. The electroconductive material is carbon nanotube surface-treated with the aromatic compound containing a mercapto group, an amino group or a nitrile group, or carbon nanotube surface-treated with rubber containing sulfide bond and/or nitrile group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate handling unit is formed of at least any one among quartz, stainless steel, aluminum, graphite, silicon carbide and aluminum oxide. The heater is formed of graphite, carbon composite, silicon carbide or molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Properties: The compressive stress layer has a compressive stress value of 500 MPa or more and a stress depth of 20 mu m or more. The tempered glass has a softening point of 800 degrees C or less, an annealing point of 600 degrees C or less, a strain point of 400 degrees C or less, a liquidus temperature of 1200 degrees C or less, a liquid phase viscosity of 104 dPa.second or more, and a thermal expansion coefficient of (50-110)x 10-7/ degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The damp-proof base material has water vapor transmission rate in an environment of 90% humidity at 25 degrees C of 6 g/m2/24 hours or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition is carried out using film-forming source gas containing organic silicon monomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The apparatus is provided with a lid that is made of resin material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The scavenging precursor is made of hafnium chloride, silicon tetrachloride, metal halide and trimethylaluminum. The barrier layer is made of titanium dioxide, tantalum pentoxide, hafnium oxide, silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, titanium nitride, titanium oxide, titanium carbide and aluminum oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The hydrocarbon group is a saturated or unsaturated linear or branched hydrocarbon group having 1 or 2-30 carbon atoms.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of the cellulose nanofiber composite is 0.1-50 %mass. When the acrylic resin or methacryl resin is non-water-absorptive resin, the resin composition has water absorption of 0.01-20 %mass, and when the acrylic resin is water absorbing resin, the resin composition has water absorption of 50-500 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The titanium dioxide particles are baked at temperature of 300-900 degrees C to a free moisture content of 1 %mass or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The paint resin is a fluororesin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In step (d), the drying step is carried out at temperature of 40-55 degrees C and a pH value of 11-16 MPa. In step (h), the drying step is carried out at temperature of 40-55 degrees C and pH value of 11-16 MPa. Preferred Components: The inert gas is nitrogen gas, argon gas or carbon dioxide gas. The soluble inorganic metal salt is metal nitrate, carbonate, sulfate, acetate or halide. The metal element is iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, iridium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, zirconium or tungsten. The nitriding atmosphere is 5-90% of ammoniacal nitrogen gas mixture, ammonia, acetonitrile or hydrogen cyanide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent is water or ethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Process: The printing is screen printing.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The polysiloxane has 20% thermal decomposition temperature of 550 degrees C or more. Preferred Composition: The impurity-diffusing composition further comprises 3-20 wt.% thickeners.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Photocatalyst: The visible light irradiation used to activate the photocatalyst is in 400-700 (preferably 650) nm range. The average size of the nanoparticles is less than 10 nm. The cobalt (II) oxide nanoparticles form a cubic lattice structure. The photocatalyst has a conduction-band edge potential above the hydrogen-evolution potential. The photocatalyst has a valence-band edge potential below the oxygen-evolution potential. The photocatalyst is fabricated by femtosecond laser ablation of bulk cobalt oxide micropowders. The photocatalyst is fabricated by ball milling of bulk cobalt oxide micropowders. The photocatalyst is further configured to receive a co-catalyst for enhancement of the photocatalytic reaction. Preferred Method: The suspension is heated to 60 degrees C. The photocatalyst is activated by exposing to a wavelength of light 400-700 nm. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fluorine-containing monomer (C) is 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-2-((1,1,1,2,3,3-hexafluoro-3-((1,2,2-trifluoroethenyl)oxy)propan-2-yl)oxy)ethane-1-sulfonyl fluoride 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-2-((1,1,2,3,3-pentafluoro-1-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-2-(fluorosulfonyl)ethoxy)-3-((1,2,2-trifluoroethenyl)oxy)propan-2-yl)oxy)ethane-1-sulfonyl fluoride. The fluorine-containing solvent (B) is hydrofluorocarbon or hydrofluoroether. The hydrofluorocarbon is pentafluoropropane, pentafluorobutane, or decafluoropentane. The hydrofluoroether is 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl ether. Preferred Property: The boiling point of fluorine-containing solvent (B) at normal pressure is 10 degrees C or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The fluorine-containing polymer contains 15-40 mol% structural units derived from fluorine-containing monomer (C), and has mass mean molecular weight of 150000 or more and ion-exchange capacity of 0.5-2 meq/g dry resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of organic peroxide with respect to 100 parts mass of cyclic olefin resin is 0.1-10 parts mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The nickel-plating film has a film thickness of 1-10 mu m. Preferred Composition: The noble metal-plating film further contains 2 %mass or more co-deposition elements chosen from phosphorus, boron, and tungsten.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metal base material is aluminum base material containing aluminum or aluminum alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): The preparation of indium alkoxide compound comprises reacting (I) with a (II) in molar ratio of 8:1-20:1 with respect to (I) in the presence of (III). Preferred Method: (I) is provided in (III), and (II) is added in gaseous, liquid or dissolved form in solvent. Dialkylamine is added at a rate of 0.5-5 mole per hour and per mole of (I). The reaction mixture is heated after addition of all the components for a period of 1-10 hours at a temperature of 40-70 degrees C. The resulting indium alkoxide compound is separated from the other components of the reaction composition and recrystallized. Preferred Components: The indium alkoxide compound is of formula ((ln6(0)(OR11)12X16)2-Am(z) (ROH)x (IIa). The secondary amine is present in a molar ratio of 8:1-15:1, preferably 8:1-12:1 with respect to (I).R11 = alkyl, preferably CH3;X1 = F, Cl (preferred), Br or I;A = cation, preferably (NH2R2)+;z = valency of cation, preferably 1;m = 2; andx = 0-10. EXAMPLE - 5.9 mole indium(III) chloride was suspended under an inert gas atmosphere by stirring with 17:38 kg dried methanol, and 2.57 g dimethylamine was added at room temperature. The reaction mixture was heated for 2 hours at 50 degrees C, cooled and filtered to room temperature. The filter residue was washed with dry methanol. The material was dissolved in boiling methanol and crystallized at -20 degrees C to obtain an indium compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fibrous filler (C) is conductive fibrous filler chosen from carbon nanofiber and carbon nanotube. The scale-like filler is electroconductive scale-like filler chosen from graphite and graphene. Preferred Properties: The fibrous filler (C) has diameter of 10 nm to 30 mu m, fiber length of 1 mu m to 3 mm, and aspect ratio of 100 or more. The scale-like filler (B) has diameter of 0.1-200 mu m in the plane direction with aspect ratio of 10 or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The sum total volume of components (B and C) is 5-70 vol.%, and volume ratio of component (C) is 0.1-15 vol.%, with respect to 100 vol.% sum total volume of components (A-C).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compositions: Electroconductive polymer solution contains 1-100 mol.% water-soluble polyhydric carboxylic acid. Water-soluble polyhydric carboxylic acid is 4-sulfophthalic acid, 5-sulfoisophthalic acid, 2-sulfoterephthalic acid, or sulfurized acetylene dicarboxylic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, oxalacetic acid, glutaric acid, oxoglutarate, adipic acid, citric acid, oxalosuccinic acid, and/or hemimellitic acid. Electroconductive polymer solution contains 0.1-30 mass parts conductive polymer with respect to 100 mass parts solvent. Conductive polymer is a polymer containing repeating unit of 3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene, pyrrole, aniline, or its derivative(s). Dopant is polystyrene sulfonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nonaqueous dispersion medium is solvent, preferably polymerizable unsaturated monomer or oligomer. Preferred Definitions:    R2=group of formulae (1-4);    R3,R4=H or methyl;    X=1-15C alkylene, preferably group of formula (5);and    Y'=1-15C alkylene, vinylene, phenylene, or carboxy-containing phenylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first liquid is an organic acid and/or a polybasic acid. The inhibitor comprises imidazole compound, triazolic compound, tetrazole compound, amine, benzene thiol compound, and phosphate based compound. The amount of inhibitor comprises 0.01-10 wt.%. The amount of surfactant is 0.01-10 wt.%. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The substrate is comprises at least one of silicon substrate, silicon-on-insulator substrate, silicon carbide substrate, strained silicon substrate, silicon germanium substrate, or gallium arsenide substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The organic solar cell has a structure in which a substrate, a transparent electrode (DD), a hole-transport layer, an active layer (CC), an electron transport layer and a metal electrode (AA) are sequentially laminated.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): A pyrrole derivative of formula (i) and a cyclopentadiene derivative of formula (ii) are reacted to obtain a cyclopentapyrrole derivative of formula (iii). The obtained cyclopentapyrrole derivative (iii) is reacted with n-bromosuccinimide, to obtain a dicyclopentadiene derivative of formula (iv). The dicyclopentadiene derivative of formula (I) is reacted with dihydroindene derivative of formula (v), to obtain a cyclopentapyrrole derivative (I). The pyrrole derivative (i) and a bicyclopentadienyl derivative of formula (vi) are reacted to obtain the cyclopentapyrrole derivative (II). Preferred Composition: The content of dicyclopentadiene derivative (iv) reacted with respect to 1 mole of dihydroindene derivative (v) is 2-2.2 mol. The content of pyrrole derivative (i) reacted with respect to 1 mol of bicyclopentadienyl derivative is 2-2.2 mol. Preferred Definitions:    R1,R5-R7=5-10C alkyl;and    Z=S.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The distillation is carried out through high-purity quartz device. The heating is carried out through horizontal silicone oil heating. The chlorine hydrolysis is carried out at chlorine dropping rate of 28-32 kg/hour and 6.5-8.5 kg/hour.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): The preparation of the fluorescent powder comprises (a) dissolving compound A, rare earth nitrate, magnesium nitrate, ammonium metavanadate and citric acid in water to obtain a solution, where the mol ratio of citric acid and (I) metal ion is (1-4):1, the compound A is carbonate or nitrate containing compound, (b) heating to 60-80 degrees C for 24-72 hours, insulating for 12-48 hours at 100-120 degrees C to obtain a precursor, (c) grinding the precursor at 400-600 degrees C, pre-sintering for 4-6 hours to obtain initial material, grinding, sintering at 700-1000 degrees C for 2-6 hours, cooling and grinding. Preferred Components: The vanadate fluorescent powder has an excitation wavelength of 200-400 nm and an emission wavelength of 350-700 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The passivation layer is formed of silicon nitride (SiNx), aluminium oxide (Al2O3) or silicon oxynitride (SioN).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The manufacture of particles further involves heating the reaction liquid which flows through the reaction flow path, and increasing the temperature of the reaction liquid. The alkaline solution having temperature of 100 degrees C or more is introduced into the merging portion from the flow path (F1). The metal salt solution having temperature of 100 degrees C or less is introduced into the merging portion from the flow path (F2). The particles (P1) are isolated from the reaction liquid obtained by the reaction process, and baked.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The base layer film comprises gallium antimony, indium arsenide, arsenide antimony, gallium nitride, antimony bismuth, aluminum arsenide, aluminum antimony, cadmium selenium or antimony. The base layer is gallium antimony, indium arsenide, aluminum antimony, arsenide antimony (As(0.08)Sb(0.92)), antimony bismuth (Sb(0.45)Bi(0.55)), gallium nitride or antimony. The film is ternary, quatenary, or quintinary group III-V film. Preferred Method: The film growth occurs in the holes of a mask present on the substrate. The graphitic substrate is carried on a support. The base layer and/or the film is grown using migration-enhanced epitaxy (MEE) and/or atomic layer molecular beam epitaxy (ALMBE).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The triallyl isocyanurate is obtained by reacting sodium cyanide or isocyanuric acid, and allyl chloride. Preferred Composition: The content of 1,3-dichloropropene in allyl chloride is 200 ppm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): The silane compound is obtained by reacting aminosilane compound of formula: (R3O)cSi-CH2-CH2-CH2-NH2 (II) and glycidyl (meth)acrylate of formula (III).R3=R1;andR4=R2.Preferred Composition: The silsesquioxane compound is manufactured in presence of compound chosen from inorganic acid and quaternary ammonium salt, as catalyst. EXAMPLE - 6.4 g Glycidyl methacrylate and 5.0 g 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane were stirred, and reacted at 80 degrees C for 48 hours. After completion of reaction, the unreacted monomer was washed by hexane. Then, the obtained solvent was depressurizingly distilled and pale yellow viscous liquid of silane compound was obtained with yield of 56%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The solution is coated by trace amount solvent coating method or electrostatic coating method. Another gas-barrier layer having water-vapor permeability of 1x 10-1 g/m2/24 hours or less and thickness of 50 nm or more is formed with respect to one surface of base material, before forming the solution containing polysilazane into droplets.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Acid is hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, oxalic acid, or acetic acid. Noble metal precursor is chloroauric acid, chloromolybdic acid, and/or chloropalladic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Carbon source is carbon ink, asphalt, Vaseline (RTM: Petroleum jelly), paraffin, or kerosene. Organic solvent is benzene, toluene, carbon tetrachloride, or tetrahydrofuran.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The thin film is formed using elemental copper target, elemental zinc target and elemental germanium target. The content of sulfur powder or selenium powder is 0.05-5 g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The transparent conductive oxide film is fluorine-doped tin oxide transparent conductive film or indium-tin oxide transparent conductive film. Preferred Process: The nitrogen-doped carbon nanodots are prepared by mixing citric acid and urea in the mass ratio of 1:2, dissolving in deionized water, obtaining clear solution, heating by microwave reaction, obtaining viscous liquid, drying, carrying out dissolution process and centrifuging. Preferred Composition: The concentration of nitrogen-doped carbon nanodots in the aqueous solution of nitrogen-doped carbon nanodots, is 5-10 mg/l.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The weight ratio of sucrose, melamine, ferric chloride and sodium silicate is 1:0.2:0.1:0.2-1:1:0.3:0.7. The hydrogen fluoride concentration is 0.2-0.6 mol/l.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal salt is chloride or nitrate of cobalt, nickel and iron. The mass ratio of metal salt and sodium hypophosphite is 1:1-3:1. The ammonium hydroxide has concentration of 2.5-3 mol/L. Preferred Process: The carbon powder is pre-processed by dispersing carbon powder in acetone, stirring at 50-60 degrees C for 5-6 hours, removing organic impurity in carbon powder, neutralizing using water, washing using acetone and drying.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The pre-treatment of silicon substrate is carried out using aqueous sulfuric acid solution, aqueous hydrochloric acid/hydrogen peroxide solution and/or hydrofluoric acid solution. Preferred Composition: The oxidizing agent solution comprises hydrogen peroxide, nitric acid and/or nitrate, concentrated sulfuric acid, perchloric acid, manganese oxide, permanganate and/or peroxybenzoate. The silicon surface passivation layer comprises 99-100 wt.% silicon oxide (SiOx, where x is 1-2), and has surface roughness of 0.8-4 nm after polishing, and has thickness of 0.5-5 nm. Preferred Properties: The silicon substrate has surface roughness of 1-3.5 nm after polishing. The contact angle between passivation layer and water droplet is 0-50 degrees .
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The active ingredient precursor is ruthenium pentacarbonyl, triruthenium dodecacarbonyl, ruthenium(III)nitrate or rhodium(III) nitrate. The additive accounts for 5-10 wt.%, and includes sodium, potassium, magnesium, copper, lanthanum, cerium, molybdenum, manganese and/or platinum. The carrier is cerium-zirconium composite oxide of formula (CexZryO2) (I).x = 0.1-0.9, preferably 0.4-0.6; andy = 0.9-0.1, preferably 0.6-0.4.The active ingredient of the catalyst and the additive are supported on a carrier having a specific shape, size and mechanical strength.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inert gas comprises nitrogen, argon or carbon dioxide gas. The nitrogen atmosphere comprises acetonitrile, ammonia or hydrogen cyanide. Preferred Method: The drying step comprises supercritical drying, vacuum drying or freeze-drying. The supercritical drying process is carried out at 40-55 degrees C and a pressure of 11-16 MPa in the presence of carbon dioxide gas. The vacuum drying process is carried out at 50-90 degrees C and a pressure of -0.1 MPa to -0.09 MPa. The freeze-drying is carried out at an atmospheric pressure.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent includes water, ethanol, isopropanol or ethylene glycol. The solvent is: water, when ambient temperature is 20-80 degrees C; ethanol, when the ambient temperature is 20-78 degrees C; isopropanol, when ambient temperature is 20-82 degrees C; and ethylene glycol, when the ambient temperature is 60-100 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The substrate is glass substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic particles are silica particles. The amount of inorganic particles is 3-30 %mass based on 100 %mass solid content of total of alkoxysilane hydrolyzate of coating liquid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fluid medium is a mixture of polyvalent hydroxyl-containing compound, or water and polyvalent hydroxyl-containing compound. The alkoxysilane hydrolyzate is hydrolyzate of tetraethoxysilane or tetramethoxysilane. The polyvalent hydroxyl-containing compound is diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol or tetraethylene glycol. The thickness of the coating film is 100 nm to 10 mu m. The Martens hardness of the coating film is 400-1200 N/mm2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The photothermal conversion layer is formed using material containing titanium, gallium, arsenic, phosphorus and/or sulfur. The precursor layer is formed using material containing silicon, indium, zinc, tin and/or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The thickness of layer (III) is 3 times or more of that of layer (II). Physical vapor deposition is reactive sputtering.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic layer is graphene film. The etching gas contains hydrogen gas. The cap layer is amorphous-carbon thin film or microcrystal thin film of graphite. The metal substrate is copper foil. The mixing flow ratio of the etching gas with respect to the source gas is 50 or more. Preferred Property: The thickness of the cap layer is 1-10 nm. Preferred Process: The metal in the metal substrate has a catalytic action which carries out the cracking of the source gas, and accelerates the formation of inorganic layer. The growth of inorganic layer is balanced by etching the surface of inorganic layer which is flat with constant thickness.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The source gas contains hydrocarbon-type gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dispersion media is solid dispersion media comprising polymers, or liquid dispersion media comprising low boiling solvent selected from butyl acetate, isopropanol, ethyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile, chloroform, dichloromethane or acetone, or high boiling solvent selected from dimethylformamide, N-dodecyl-pyrrolidone, N-formyl-piperidine, dimethylacetamide, dimethylimidazdinone, N-methyl-pyrrolidone, N-octylpyrrolidone, N-ethyl-pyrrolidone, 3-(2-oxo-1-pyrolidinyl) propanenitrile, N-benzyl-pyrrolidone, N-butylpyrrolidone, dimethyl-tetrahydro-2-pyrimidinone, cyclohexyl-pyrrolidone or N-vinyl pyrrolidone. The plasticizer is tributyl citrate, acetyl tributyl citrate, diethyl phthalate, glycerol triacetate, glycerol tripropionate, triethyl citrate, acetyl triethyl citrate, triphenyl phosphate, resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate), olicomeric phosphate, long chain fatty acid esters, aromatic sulfonamides, hydrocarbon processing oil, propylene glycol, epoxy-functionalized propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, partial fatty acid ester, glucose monoester, epoxidized soybean oil, acetylated coconut oil, linseed oil, or epoxidized linseed oil. The polymers in the solid dispersion media comprises acrylate polymers, methyl methacrylate polymers, acrylate and methacrylate copolymers, polylactic acid polymers, polyhydroxyalkanoate polymers, polycaprolactone polymers, polyglycolic acid polymers, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene polymers, polyvinylidene fluoride polymers, polyurethane polymers, polyolefin polymers, polyester polymers, or polyamide polymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of sodium and indium in the buffer layer is more then 0.2. The amount of sodium in the buffer layer is more than 5 atomic%. The buffer layer comprises less than 7 atomic% copper or halogen, preferably chlorine, less than 5 atomic% acid, and less than 10 atomic% oxygen. The absorber layer comprises compound chosen from copper-zinc-tin-sulfur-selenium complex (Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4), copper-indium-gallium-aluminum-sulfur-selenium complex (Cu(In,Ga,Al)(S,Se)2), copper-indium selenide, copper-indium sulfide, copper-indium-gallium selenide, copper-indium-gallium diselenide, and copper-indium-gallium-sulfur-selenium complex (Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2). Preferred Property: The buffer layer has thickness of 10-100 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The aqueous solution is 1 M sodium hydroxide solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The light-emitting element is an organic electroluminescent element.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (disclosed): The polyimide precursor is prepared by reacting polyamic acid, polyamic acid ester, or polyamic acid silyl ester with diamine compound, acid dianhydride of diamine compound, or its derivatives. Preferred Composition: The ratio of number of moles of repeating unit (A) with respect to number of moles of repeating unit (B) is 70/30-99.5/0.5. The flexible substrate further consists of an inorganic membrane provided on the resin film. The black matrix consists of a low-optical density layer and a high-optical density layer formed on the low-optical density layer. The low-optical density layer and/or high-optical density layer contain the polyimide resin. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Sheet: The sheet is a sheet in which the base layer having dispersion structure with structural period of 0.001-100 mu m, is laminated on surface(s) of base material. The inorganic layer contains element(s) of group(s) 1-17, preferably zinc compound and silicon compound. Inorganic layers are inorganic layer (A) or inorganic layer (B). The inorganic layer (A) contains coexistence phase of zinc oxide-silicon dioxide-aluminum oxide. The inorganic layer (B) contains coexistence phase of zinc sulfide and silicon dioxide. Preferred Structure: The dispersion structure is phase-separation structure. The phase-separation structure is a co-continuous structure or sea-island structure. The phase-separation structure is formed using electromagnetic waves or particle beam.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The sheet contained in inorganic-substance-lamination sheet contains polymer alloy containing resin component(s). The co-continuous structure or sea-island structure in the inorganic-substance-lamination sheet phase-separated the resin component(s) by a spinodal decomposition. The polymer alloy contains more than bifunctional crosslinking component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The monomer unit (c) comprises methyl methacrylate unit (c1), methacrylate unit (c2) containing 6-20C alicyclic hydrocarbon group, and methacrylate unit (c3) other than methacrylate unit (c2), containing 3-10C hydrocarbon group. The monomer unit (c2) is isobornyl methacrylate. The monomer unit (c3) is t-butyl methacrylate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The olefin-alkyl (meth)acrylate copolymer (B) is ethylene-alkyl (meth)acrylate copolymer (B-1). The ethylene-alkyl (meth)acrylate copolymer (B-1) is ethylene-acryl acid alkyl copolymer (B-2). The content of alkyl acrylate unit in ethylene-acryl acid alkyl copolymer (B-2) is 15-40 %mass. Preferred Arrangements: The functional layer is laminated on both surfaces of the (meth)acrylic resin sheet. The composite sheet comprises functional layer laminated on surface of the thermoplastic resin base material. The functional layer in (meth)acrylic resin laminate and composite sheet has function chosen from reflection-preventing function, glare-proof function, hard-coat function, antistatic function, and stain-prevention function. Preferred Properties: The residual ratio of functional layer when cross-cut exfoliation test is carried out based on JIS K5600-5-6 is 90% or more. The bending ratio of (meth)acrylic resin laminate when the laminate is left to stand at 23 degrees C and at environment with relative humidity of 50% for 5 hours, and after leaving the laminate to stand at 50 degrees C and at environment with relative humidity of 90% for 24 hours, is 0.2% or less. The thickness of thermoplastic resin base material is 0.5-2 mm, and the thickness of (meth)acrylic resin sheet is 0.03-0.2 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The conductive layer is selected from a group consisting of silver, platinum, gold, copper, carbon nanotube, graphene and organic metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The compound semiconductor is chosen from copper, silver, zinc, cadmium, oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, and copper-tin-germanium-sulfur-selenium component (Cu2Sn1-xGexS3(1-y)Se3y), and copper-zinc-tin-germanium-sulfur-selenium component (Cu2ZnSn1-xGexS4(1-y)Se4y), where x is more than 0, but less than 1, and y is 0-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Chalcogenide layer contains copper-zinc-tin-sulfur(selenide) (CZTSSe) of formula Cu2-xZn1+ySn(S1-zSez)4+q. Semiconductor layer contains material from group IV, III-V, II-VI, and I-III-VI2, preferably copper-indium-gallium-sulfur,selenide (CIGSSe) of formula CuInxGa(1-x)Se2. Chalcogenide layer is in contact with buffer layer, and semiconductor layer is in contact with chalcogenide layer opposite the buffer layer or semiconductor layer is in contact with buffer layer, and chalcogenide layer is in contact with semiconductor layer opposite the buffer layer. The device further contains metal contacts formed on transparent conductive contact layer and substrate on which 1st contact is formed. The device further contains 2nd semiconductor layer in which semiconductor layer and 2nd semiconductor layer sandwich the chalcogenide layer. CZTSSe layer is closer to the light-receiving surface and on top of the at least one semiconductor layer. At least one semiconductor layer is closer to light-receiving surface and on top of CZTSSe layer. At least one semiconductor layer contains 2 semiconductor layers, and CZTSSe layer is sandwiched between the 2 semiconductor layers.x-z=0-1; andq=- 1-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alkali metal is sodium. The sodium-ion conductive mixed metal oxide is ( beta )-alumina. The porous matrix comprises ( beta )-alumina. The mixed metal oxide comprises cerium, transition metal-doped ceria or rare-earth metal. The positive electrode further comprises an oxygen-redox catalyst. The mixed metal oxide is cobalt-cerium-gadolinium oxide (Co0.04Ce0.76Gd0.2O2-x, where x is a number which provides neutral charge).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The step (b) is carried out in the presence of sodium hydroxide solution having a strength of 2-15% (preferably 3-8%) for 3-10 minutes or of nitric acid solution having a strength of 25-40% for 2-6 minutes. The step (e) is carried out in the presence of nickel ion, surfactants and/or fluoride ion-containing solution. Preferred Components: The nanocrystalline or nanostructured semiconductor oxides include titanium oxide, tin dioxide, indium(III) oxide, molybdenum trioxide, tungsten oxide, and bismuth(III) oxide. The dielectric oxides include silicon oxide (SiOx), aluminum dioxide and zirconium dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The abrasive particles comprise a material comprising diamond (preferred), cubic boron nitride, silicon carbide, boron carbide, alumina, silicon nitride, tungsten carbide and/or zirconia. The coating comprises a material comprising nickel, titanium, copper, zinc, chrome and/or bronze, preferably electroless nickel plating. The substrate is a disk, a wire, an annulus, a hone and/or a cone. The abrasive particles are nickel-coated diamond particles. The coating consists essentially of nickel. The average particle size of the abrasive particles is 1-7 mu m. The thickness of the coating is 1-500 nm. At least 95%, preferably at least 99% of the coated abrasive particles comprise a conformal coating, which extends over an entire surface area of the abrasive particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The polar functional group is acid anhydride group, amide group, alkoxy group, alcohol group, aldehyde group, carboxyl group, ester group, ether group, epoxy group, amino group, sulfone group, hydroxyl group, and maleic acid group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The additive is a polar functional group-containing compound of formula: -(CH2-C(-R1)(-R2))n-L-P' (II). The additive has excellent compatibility with base resin. The base resin is a copolymer containing 90 mol% or more polyisobutylene or isobutylene. The additive is chosen from polyisobutenyl succinic anhydride, polyisobutenyl amine and polyisobutenyl alcohol. The encapsulation material film composition further contains a water absorbent, a tackifier, and a curable resin. The content of additive and water absorbent with respect to 100 pts. wt. base resin is 1-50 pts. wt. and 1-100 pts. wt., respectively.P'=polar functional group;andL=single bond, or organic linking group chosen from alkylene, arylene, ether, ester, carbonyl, allyl, alkylaryl, acryloyl and alkenylene.Preferred Properties: The base resin has weight average molecular weight of 10000000 and 200000000. The encapsulation material film has moisture permeability of 10 g/m2.day at 100 degrees F and relative humidity of 100%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The thickness of the aluminum nitride film is 20-200 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The vulcanizate consists of the thermoplastic, the elastomer and one or more non-toxic and/or non-leachable fillers and/or auxiliary products consisting of carbon black, talc, silica, titanium dioxide, reaction accelerators, vulcanizing accelerators, vulcanizing acceleration auxiliaries, antioxidants, foaming agents, antiaging agents, heat stabilizers, light stabilizers, ozone stabilizers, processing aids, tackifiers, blowing agents, dyestuffs, pigments, waxes, extenders, organic acids, inhibitors, metal oxides and activators. Preferred Components: The azide group is linked to a carbon atom of the repeating units of the copolymerizable monomer through a C-N bond, an alkylene moiety or an allylic moiety. One of the repeating units comprising the azide group is not at an end of the copolymer. An average number of azide groups per copolymer is greater than 3. A number average molecular weight of the copolymer is greater than or equal to 20000 g mol-1. In the vulcanizate, 20-100% of the repeating units derived from the copolymerizable monomer are linked to azide groups. The thermoplastic comprises polypropylene, polyethylene, polystyrene, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), allyl resins, ethylene vinyl alcohol, fluoroplastics, polyacetals, polyacrylates, polyacrylonitriles, polyamides, polyimides, polycarbonates, polyesters, polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, and/or polyvinylidene chloride. The elastomer is present in an amount of 20-80 wt.%. Preferred Process: The vulcanizate is self-cured at a temperature of 100-250 degrees C. The mixing step is performed in an extruder that produces conditions sufficient to melt the thermoplastic. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic solvent is toluene, benzene, xylene, tetrahydrofuran, anisole, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, dichloromethane, methylene chloride, perchloroethylene, dimethylformamide, pyridine, acetonitrile, trichlorobenzene, ketone, aromatic component, linear alkane, branched alkane, linear olefin and/or branched olefin. More than 95% of nanocrystals are collected, during purification of nanocrystals. Nanocrystals comprise metal, semiconductor, oxide semiconductors and/or ternary or quaternary compounds. The organic ligand is surfactant molecules chosen from carboxylic acids, carboxylates, phosphonic acids, phosphonates, pyrophosphonates, thiols, thiolates, dithiocarbamates, phosphines, phosphine oxides, metal carboxylate complexes, and metal phosphonate carboxylates.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The stationary phase comprises polystyrene material, crosslinked dextran gel, crosslinked polyacrylamide, or agarose gel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The phosphorus compound contains lithium fluorophosphate (Li2PO3F), lithium difluorophosphate (LiPO2F2) and their decomposition products. Aluminum oxide, cerium oxide, zirconium oxide, zinc oxide and/or silicon dioxide are further provided on the surface of the positive electrode active material. The negative electrode active material contained in the negative electrode is covered with an amorphous carbon, and contains graphite. The electrolyte solution contains lithium salt which is lithium fluorophosphate derivative. Preferred Properties: The thickness of the phosphorus coating is 2-100 nm. The negative electrode active material has BET specific surface area of 0.8-1.5 m2/g, and tap density of 0.9-1.2 g/cm3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solvent contained in the electrolyte solution is chosen from dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, methylpropyl carbonate, ethylpropyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, fluorine-containing cyclic carbonate, fluorine-containing linear carbonate, fluorine-containing chain ether and fluorine-containing chain ester. The additive contained in the electrolyte solution is chosen from organic sulfone-type compound, organic disulfone compound, vinylene carbonate derivative, ethylene carbonate derivative, ester derivative, dihydric-phenol derivative, terphenyl derivative and phosphate derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compositions: Aqueous dispersion contains crosslinking agent e.g. polyvalent oxazoline compound, polyvalent carbodiimide compound, and/or polyvalent hydrazide compound. Aqueous dispersion contains polyurethane resin. Base material layer is polyester resin base material, polycarbonate resin base material, polymethyl methacrylate resin, cyclic polyolefin resin, and/or cellulose ester resin. Preferred Parameters: Primer layer has thickness of 0.01-5 mu m. Cyclic polyolefin resin coating layer has thickness of 0.1-30 mu m. Laminated body is an optical film with total light transmittance of 80-97%. Number of measures in which cyclic polyolefin resin coating layer in a cross-cut 100 measure at the time of evaluating the adhesiveness of the cyclic polyolefin resin coating layer in a laminated body according to JIS K5400-8.5 (cross-cut testing) does not peel is greater than or equal to 70 measures.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Mixing process is carried out at 50-60 degrees C for 30 minutes to 5 hours. Preferred Process: The obtained solution is vapor-deposited on upper surface of substrate. The vapor deposition is performed by dip-coating method, which is performed two or more times.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The substrate is made from Hastelloy (RTM: nickel-chromium-iron-molybdenum alloy).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of diethanolamine is 5-20 vol.% with respect to total volume of methanol. Preferred Process: Diethanolamine is added into mixture by injection process using a syringe, which is performed at normal temperature for 30 minutes to 5 hours. Filtration process is carried out using syringe filter.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The heating step is carried out for 1-6 hours at a heating rate of 0.5-15 degrees C/minute. The mixture of metal oxides is removed by washing the nitrogen-doped porous graphene with wash liquor in the absence of air and/or at a temperature of less than 100 degrees C. The wash liquor comprises hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, acetic acid, or oxalic acid. The non-oxidizing atmosphere comprises nitrogen, helium, hydrogen, or ammonia. The mass ratio of organic acid and salts is 1:9-9:1. The mass ratio of nitrogen source and the organic salt is 0.1:100-1:10. The mass ratio of nitrogen source and mixture of organic acids and salts is 0.1:100-1:10.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nitrogen source comprises benzimidazole, pyridine, benzotriazole, 1-24C-n-alkyl-2-alkyl imidazole or 6-24C-n-alkyl-4-alkyl-pyridine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Composition: The thickness of the silver layer is 500-1000 nm. The thickness of indium-tin oxide layer is 30-100 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The copper-indium sulfide layer and aluminum oxide-silver sulfide-titanium composite layer have thickness of 100-500 nm and 200-600 nm, respectively. The aluminum oxide has grain diameter of less than 30 nm. Preferred Process: The aluminum oxide-silver sulfide-titanium composite layer is prepared by spin-coating isopropyl alcohol dispersion of nano aluminum oxide on copper-indium sulfide layer, processing obtained layer of silver nano aluminum oxide with silver sulfide-perovskite precursor mixed solution and annealing. The silver sulfide-perovskite precursor mixed solution is prepared by mixing silver sulfide and perovskite precursor solution with thiourea in ratio of 1:1 to form homogenizing solution having silver nitrate concentration of 0.2-0.4 mmol/L.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The perovskite precursor solution contains N,N-dimethylformamide solution of 40 %mass methylammonium lead iodide. The isopropyl alcohol dispersion of nano aluminum oxide has solid content of 20 wt.%. Preferred Process: The copper-indium sulfide precursor solution is prepared by adding indium acetate, thiourea, propionic acid and butylamine in ratio of 1:5:5:62.5, mixing uniformly, adding cuprous iodide and indium acetate and homogenizing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The mol ratio of cadmium chloride hemi(pentahydrate) and dodecanethiol is 1:80-105, the volume ratio of oleylamine and dodecanethiol is 5:9:1. Preferred Method: The method comprises refluxing at 250-300 degrees C, preferably 270 degrees C for 2-5 hours, preferably 3 hours under stirring condition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Preparation of the bismuth-terbium doped nano titanium dioxide hydrosol comprises (i) dissolving titanyl sulfate, bismuth nitrate and terbium nitrate in deionized water to obtain 0.2-0.5 mol/l of mixed salt solution, where the molar ratio of the titanium, bismuth and terbium is 1:0.05-0.2:0.05-0.1, stirring and adding 10% dilute aqueous ammonia, co-precipitating and adjusting the pH of the solution to 8-9 to complete the precipitation; (ii) filtering and washing terbium-bismuth-titanium hydroxide precipitate, adding aqueous solution of oxalic acid and mixing, where the molar ratio of the hydroxide precipitate and oxalic acid is 1:0.25-1, heating the obtained at 60-65 degrees C, and peptizing for 1-2 hours; and (iii) subjecting the hydroxide precipitate to hydrothermal treatment at 100-110 degrees C under 0.2 MPa pressure for 8-24 hours, and evaporating to remove moisture to obtain bismuth-terbium doped nano titanium dioxide hydrosol with an average particle size of 10 nm. Preferred Components: The coating under the glass-steel transition temperature forms silica-supported terbium-doped bismuth titanate photocatalyst and bismuth terbium-doped titanium dioxide photocatalyst, which increases high transmittance of sunlight from glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkaline catalyst includes triethylamine, potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, pyridine, sodium hydroxide or cesium fluoride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The monomer in third step includes N,N,N-trimethylethylenediamine, N-benzyl-N,N-dimethylethylene diamine, or N,N,N-trimethyl-1,3-propanediamine. The organic solvent in third and fourth step is chloroform, 1,2-dichloroethane, dimethylsulfoxide, dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, N,N-dimethylacetamide, and/or methylene chloride. The halogenated alkyl includes methyl fluoride, chloromethane, methyl iodide or methyl bromide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of the resin involves sulfonating aromatic polymer to form sulfonated aromatic polymer; mixing the sulfonated aromatic polymer with proper amount of thionyl chloride in presence of pyridine catalyst at reflow temperature for certain amount of time to form sulfonyl chloride aromatic polymer; mixing the sulfonyl chloride aromatic polymer and proper amount of aromatic diamine monomer in an organic solvent, adding alkaline catalyst and reacting for certain time to form polymer having a side chain containing sulfonamide and side chain having aromatic tertiary amine as terminal group; mixing the polymer from above step and halogenated alkyl in organic solvent and reacting for a certain time to form anion exchange resin having a side chain containing sulfonamide and quaternary ammonium salt. In the third step, the ratio of amount of sulfonyl chloride aromatic polymer and diamine monomer is 1:3 to 1:1. Preferred Components: The aromatic polymer is poly-biphenyl, polysulfone, polybenzimidazole, polyaryletherketone, polyether sulfone, polyarylsulfone, polyether ketone, polyether-etherketone, polyphenylene oxide, polyphenylene sulfide, polyaromatic amide or poly-aromatic polyimide or its derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Noanoparticles are formed on the surface of the composite material. The mass ratio of iron nitro-phthalocyanine and graphene is 1:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The corrosive slurry is ammonium fluoride and hydrogen fluoride mix gel solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method comprises either reacting silicon tetra-hydride and oxygen gas to obtain silicon dioxide film, and controlling the flow rate of silicon tetra-hydride at 0-1000 sccm, oxygen gas at 0-6 slm, ammonia gas at 0-6 slm and ammonia gas of 0, and the flow rate ratio of silicon tetra-hydride and oxygen gas of 1:20-60; or reacting silicon tetra-hydride and oxygen gas to obtain silicon dioxide film, and controlling the flow rate of silicon tetra-hydride at 0-1000 sccm, oxygen gas at 0-6 slm, ammonia gas at 0-6 slm and ammonia gas of 0, and the flow rate ratio of silicon tetra-hydride and oxygen gas of 1:2-20. The silicon nitride film is prepared by either reacting silicon tetra-hydride and ammonia, where the silicon tetra-hydride gas flow rate of 0-1000 sccm, ammonia gas flow rate of 0-6 slm, oxygen gas flow rate of 0, and the flow rate ratio of silicon tetra-hydride and ammonia gas, is 1:2-20; or reacting silicon tetra-hydride and ammonia, where the silicon tetra-hydride gas flow rate of 0-1000 sccm, ammonia gas flow rate of 0-6 slm, oxygen gas flow rate of 0, and the flow rate ratio of silicon tetra-hydride and ammonia gas, is 1:20-60. The incubation time is 60-600 seconds.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The carbon nitride nanosheet is prepared by calcining the precursor at a rate of 0.1-5 degrees C/minute and a temperature of 400-600 degrees C for 2-8 hours, grinding the obtained solid into a fine powder, calcining the powder at a rate of 1-10 degrees C/minute and a temperature of 400-500 degrees C for 2-6 hours. The mass ratio of zinc oxide precursor, ethanol and diethyl triamine is 1-8 g:10-80 ml:0.01-4 ml. The hydrothermal reaction of the zinc oxide precursor, ethanol and diethyl triamine mixture is carried out at 110-180 degrees C for 6-20 hours. The zinc oxide precursor comprises zinc acetate, zinc nitrate, or zinc chloride. The mass ratio of carbon nitride nanosheet and nanomaterials, deionized water and hydrogen peroxide is 0.05-4.50 g:10-80 ml:1-60 ml. The mass ratio of carbon nitride nanosheet and zinc oxide nanomaterials is (0.1:9.9)-(9.9:0.1). The hydrothermal reaction of the nanosheet, nanomaterials, deionized water and hydrogen peroxide mixture is carried out at 90-170 degrees C for 1-10 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The process of square-wave potential treatment comprises controlling the concentration of carbon carrier solution, and relative concentration of carbon carrier and target metal salt solution, and adjusting supported catalyst metal loading amount, applying constant voltage at the two ends of the first electrode, for nucleation, adding support, mixing with the electrolyte, applying square-wave potential adjusted electric field, controlling synthesis time to obtain metal-loaded carbon nano-catalyst having metal nanoparticle particle size of 5-100 nm. Preferred Components: The metal salt solution is platinum, palladium, gold or silver metal salt. The electrochemical liquid phase synthesis reactor uses polyfluortetraethylene. The carbon carrier is carbon black, graphite, microporous carbon, mesoporous carbon, porous carbon or carbon nanotube. The main body electrode is glassy carbon electrode, titanium sheet electrode, palladium sheet electrode, gold sheet electrode or silver sheet electrode, with electrode spacing of 1.5-2.5 mm, preferably 2 mm. The concentration of carbon carrier solution is 0.2-2 mg/ml. The constant voltage is 1 V. The square wave potential regulated electric field uses two electrode system regulating tank with an upper limit square wave potential of 3-5 V, lower limit potential of -5 to -3 V and square wave frequency of 1-10 Hz.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: In the step (i), the cadmium acetate can be replaced with cadmium chloride, cadmium sulfate or cadmium nitrate. In the step (ii): the stannous chloride can be replaced with stannous sulfate or tin tetrachloride; the copper sulfate can be replaced with copper acetate, copper chloride or copper nitrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The crosslinking reaction step is carried out at temperature of 50-400 degrees C for 1-10 hours. The calcining step is carried out at a temperature of 400-800 degrees C for 4-24 hours. The nitrification reaction step is carried out at a temperature of 600-900 degrees C for 4-48 hours. Preferred Components: The mole ratio of the soluble lanthanum salts, scandium salts, tantalum salts and combustion aid is 2:1:1:10-200. The lanthanum salt is lanthanum chloride heptahydrate or lanthanum(III) nitrate hexahydrate. The scandium salt is scandium chloride or scandium(III) nitrate tetrahydrate. The tantalum salt is tantalum pentachloride or tantalum(V) ethoxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The combustion aid is urea, citric acid or oxalic acid. The aqueous alcohol solution is a mixture of water and alcohol comprising methanol, ethanol or ethanediol.
Preferred Definitions:    Ar1 = naphthyl, biphenyl, phenyl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, tertiary butyl, n-butyl, tolyl or n-hexyl;    Ar2, Ar3 = biphenyl, phenyl or naphthyl;    L = phenyl or naphthyl; and    Ar4, AR5 = 9-anthryl, 1,2-dihydroacenaphthylen-5-yl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, 9-phenanthryl, phenyl, fluoranthen-3-yl, 4-phenylphenyl, pyren-1-yl, triphenylen-2-yl, 4-(1-naphthyl)-1-naphthyl, 4-(1-naphthyl)phenyl, 4-(2-naphthyl)phenyl, 4-phenyl-1-naphthyl, dibenzothiophen-3-yl, 9,9-dimethylfluoren-2-yl, 9H-fluoren-2-yl, 9,9'-spirobi(fluorene)-2-yl, dibenzofuran-3-yl, 9,9-diphenylfluoren-2-yl, 9-methylcarbazol-3-yl, 9-(2-naphthyl)carbazol-3-yl, 9-phenylcarbazol-3-yl, 9-(4-phenylphenyl)carbazol-3-yl, 4-(diphenylamino)phenyl, 4-(1-naphthyl(phenyl)amino)phenyl, 4-(2-naphthyl(phenyl)amino)phenyl, 7-phenylbenzo(g)carbazol-9-yl, 4-(bis(4-phenylphenyl)amino)phenyl, 4-(phenyl-(4-phenylphenyl)amino)phenyl, 4-((9,9-dimethylfluoren-2-yl)-phenyl-amino)phenyl, 4-(2-naphthyl-(4-phenylphenyl)amino)phenyl, dibenzofuran-2-yl, dibenzothiophen-2-yl, 4-(dibenzothiophen-3-yl(phenyl)amino)phenyl or 4-((9,9-dimethylfluoren-2-yl)-(4-phenylphenyl)amino)phenyl.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 50 Compounds (I) are specifically claimed e.g. 9-(4-(diphenylamino)phenyl)-N,N,9-triphenyl-fluoren-2-amine of formula (Ia), 9-(4-(diphenylamino)phenyl)-N-(1-naphthyl)-N,9-diphenyl-fluoren-2-amine, 9-(4-(diphenylamino)phenyl)-N-phenyl-N-(4-phenylphenyl)-9-(p-tolyl)fluoren-2-amine, 9-(4-(diphenylamino)phenyl)-9-phenyl-N,N-bis(4-phenylphenyl)fluoren-2-amine and N-(9-(4-(diphenylamino)phenyl)-9-phenyl-fluoren-2-yl)-9,9-dimethyl-N-phenyl-fluoren-2-amine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal is made of copper metal, indium metal, selenium metal, copper-gallium-sodium metal and gallium metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The retro-fitted injecting ports are made of 304 stainless steel, 316 stainless steel and titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The perfluoroethylene unit is of formula (II), preferably of formula (III). The carboxylic acid ion-exchange group is methoxycarbonyl group. The cation-exchange membrane further contains a hydrolyzate of fluorine-containing polymer.s=0-2;t=1-12;Y',Z=F or CF3;andM=alkali metal.Preferred Properties: The melt index (a) and melt index (b) of fluorine-containing polymer preferably satisfy the relation: (a-b)/(270-260) less than or equal to 0.027x a+0.09 (I). The melt index (a) of fluorine-containing polymer is preferably 5-20 g/10 minutes. The fluorine-containing polymer has an equivalent weight of 900-1400 g/eq, preferably 1100-1300 g/eq.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alkali hydroxide comprises 5 mol% or more potassium hydroxide, and 0.9-1.1 mol sodium hydroxide and 0.9-1.1 mol lithium hydroxide, with respect to 1 mol of potassium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The methane-rich syngas comprises 15 vol.% or more methane and less than 10 vol.% carbon dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The soluble polymer is polyvinyl alcohol. The non-soluble polymer is parylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The heating rate of temperature programmed muffle furnace is 0.1-100 degrees C/minutes, the temperature of the high temperature stage is 600-1000 degrees C, holding time is 1-24 hours, the temperature of the high-temperature nitriding treatment is 500-1000 degrees C, and the reaction time is 4-48 hours. Preferred Components: The mol ratio of soluble tantalum salt and combustion adjuvant is 1-500. The soluble strontium salt is strontium chloride and/or strontium nitrate. The soluble lanthanum salt is lanthanum chloride and/or lanthanum nitrate. The soluble yttrium salt is yttrium chloride and/or yttrium nitrate. The soluble tantalum salt is tantalum pentachloride and/or tantalum(V) ethoxide. The combustion adjuvant is urea and/or citric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alcohol in the aqueous alcohol mixture solution is a mixture of alcohol, methanol, ethanol and/or glycol. The volume ratio of alcohol and water in aqueous alcohol mixture solution is 0.01-1:1-100.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The soluble strontium salt, lanthanum salts, scandium salt, tantalum salt and combustible adjuvant, is 1:1:1:1:10-200. The soluble strontium salt is strontium chloride hexahydrate or strontium nitrate tetrahydrate. The soluble lanthanum salt is lanthanum chloride heptahydrate or lanthanum nitrate hexahydrate. The soluble scandium salt is scandium(III) chloride or scandium nitrate tetrahydrate. The soluble tantalum salt is tantalum pentachloride and tantalum ethylate. Preferred Method: The cross-linking reaction temperature is 50-400 degrees C, and the cross-linking reaction time is 1-10 hours. The temperature of high temperature calcination reaction of the cross-linked product, is 400-800 degrees C, and the reaction time is 4-24 hours. The high temperature of nitriding treatment, is 600-900 degrees C, and the reaction time is 4-48 hours.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The combustible adjuvant is urea, citric acid, oxalic acid or hexamethylenetetramine. The alcohol-water mixed solution is a mixed solution of methanol, ethanol or water.The volume ratio of alcohol and water in alcohol-water mixed solution, is 1:1-1:100.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The drying step is carried out at 50-200 degrees C for 1-10 hours. The calcining step is carried out at 400-900 degrees C for 4-24 hours. The nitriding reaction is carried out at 500-1000 degrees C for 4-48 hours. Preferred Components: The mole ratio of the soluble tantalum salt and combustion adjuvant is 1:1-500. The soluble aluminum salt is aluminum chloride or aluminum nitrate. The soluble lanthanum salt is lanthanum chloride and/or lanthanum nitrate. The soluble tantalum salt is tantalum pentachloride and/or pentaethoxy tantalum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The combustion adjuvants are urea, oxalic acid, citric acid and/or hexamethylenetetramine. The aqueous alcohol solution is a mixture of water and alcohol comprising methanol, ethanol or ethanediol in a volume ratio of 1:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of soluble strontium salt, lanthanum salt, magnesium salt, tantalum salt and combustion additive is 3:3:2:4:10:200. The soluble strontium salt is strontium chloride or strontium nitrate. The soluble lanthanum salt is lanthanum chloride or lanthanum nitrate. The soluble magnesium salt is magnesium chloride or magnesium nitrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The soluble tantalum salt is tantalum pentachloride or tantalum ethoxide. The combustion additive is urea, citric acid or oxalic acid. The alcohol in the alcohol-water mixed solution is methanol or ethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of (I) comprises: reacting dialdehyde compounds of formula (O=CH-T1-D1-T1-CH=O) (III) with cyanide compounds of formula (R2-C(=O)-CH2-CN) (IV) or (R2-O-C(=O)-CH2-CN) (V) in the presence of a catalyst and in an organic solvent; or reacting tin compounds (VI) of formula (VIa)-(VId) with a halo aldehyde compound of formula (Br-T1-C(H)=O) (VII) in the presence of a palladium catalyst, in an inert atmosphere. Preferred Process: The process further comprises: dissolving (I) in diethyl ether and 1N hydrochloric acid in a volume ratio of 3:1 and extracting using aqueous solution of saturated sodium chloride, then drying over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and evaporating in vacuum and removing the solvent and mixing the obtained content with a mixed solvent of petroleum ether and ethyl acetate in a volume ratio of 4:1 and purifying by column chromatography over silica gel to obtain pure (I) containing solution; and cooling the solution to room temperature and adding methanol, and isolating the precipitate by centrifugation, and washing and filtering the precipitate to obtain (I). The reaction of (III) and (IV) or (V) is carried out at 30-80 degrees C, preferably 80 degrees C and the reaction mixture is refluxed for 12-48 hours, preferably 12 hours. The reaction between (VI) and (VII) is carried out at 100-120 degrees C, preferably 100 degrees C for 12-48 hours, preferably 12 hours in an organic solvent comprising toluene, chlorobenzene or o-dichlorobenzene. Preferred Components: The ratio between (III) and (IV) or (V) is 1:2-1:10, preferably 1:10. The catalyst is triethylamine, pyridine, piperidine and/or potassium tert-butoxide. The organic solvent is chloroform, toluene and/or chlorobenzene. The palladium catalyst is tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0). The ratio between (VI) and (VII) is 0.02-05:1, preferably 0.02:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cobalt phthalocyanine nanowire exhibits X-Ray powder diffraction pattern with peaks given in the specification. The heating zone and the growing area are set with a gap of 50-100 mm, where an insulating material is disposed in the gap, and the insulating material is set with a vent hole. The flow inlet rate of gas into the carrier, is 0.1-2 l/minute. Preferred Method: In the step (ii), the heating temperature of cobalt phthalocyanine source material, is 500 degrees C. In the step (ii), the heating is carried out at interval of 1-30 degrees C, and the heating rate is 1-5 degrees C/minute.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The first dopant is selected from one of boron, indium, gallium and aluminum. The second dopant is selected from phosphorus, arsenic and antimony.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Composition: Corn straw grounded particle size is 10mm. Total feed solid mass percentage is not more than 15%. Fermentation temperature is 35-40 degrees C and mixing residence time is 3-4 days. Temperature of hydrothermal treatment is 120-160 degrees C and residence time is 30 minutes. Hydrothermal treatment temperature is preferably 140 degrees C. High-temperature fermentation is carried out at 50-55 degrees C and residence time is 12-25 days. Residence time of mixed material, fermentation temperature of green corn stalks preferably three days and dry corn stalks preferably for 4 days. High temperature fermentation of green corn stalks residence time is preferably 12 days and dried corn stalks preferably for 25 days.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The composite material layer comprises epoxy resin layer and glass fiber composite material. The protective coating is polyurethane or fluorocarbon coating.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Components: The cotton is polyester sound absorbing cotton.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compositions: The outer wall of vertical section is equipped with ring operating platform. The bottom part of hot air chimney is provided with hot air generating unit. The vertical axis has a bell- shaped inlet port as the highest point of hot air flow sunlight greenhouse anchor. The hot air flow chimney is set with annular water channel having annular inner waterways shed on both sides and temperature distribution ladder planted with adapted plants. Cotton polyester is used for filling in the sound absorbing cavity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The iron-based alloy comprises iron as base material, 2-3 wt.% carbon, 2.5-3.5 wt.% silicon, 0.85-0.95 wt.% manganese, 0.006-0.008 wt.% cerium, 0.0055-0.0065 wt.% lanthanum, 0.0075-0.0085 wt.% praseodymium, 0.01-0.02 wt.% copper, 0.15-0.2 wt.% chromium, 0.007-0.009 wt.% molybdenum, 0.03-0.04 nickel and 0.05-0.06 wt.% titanium, and further comprises 0.02-0.025 wt.% zirconium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The decomposing reaction product gas comprises silver nitrate crystal, silver carbon, hypochlorite, potassium permanganate, sodium permanganate, peroxide, superoxide and ozone or halogenated silver oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The metal thin film is made of silver, platinum, scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, silver, platinum or gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The counterpoise mechanism is made of an elastic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The unidirectional fiber weave is impregnated with resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reaction medium is preferably water. The metal contained in the metal salt is chosen from lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, barium, aluminum, manganese, iron, cobalt, copper, nickel, zinc, silver, and tin, preferably magnesium or manganese.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The phosphonate compound metal salt is a metal salt of phosphonate compound of formula (I). The carboxylic compound metal salt is a metal salt of the carboxylic compound of formula (II).R1-R10=H, halo, 1-10C alkyl, or 2-11C alkoxycarbonyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The float parts are made of polyurethane foam.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The memory alloy is made of nickel-titanium memory alloy material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The outer ring is formed with nitrile rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The bracing elements are made of solid, high-strength rolled steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The phase change material is formed of polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The external part of the device includes polystyrene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The ITO transparent electric conduction film is a mixture of indium oxide and tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The exhaust heat recovery system also has a heat exchanger having thermal absorption fins of aluminum material protruding into the heat exchange path.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The stator structure is provided with a supporting ring (7) that is made of epoxy resin material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The supporting parts are made from aluminum or aluminum alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The expandable body and the cover layer are formed from silicone or elastomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The substrate comprises a material chosen from strontium titanate, dysprosium scandate, magnesium oxide and bismuth ferrite, preferably strontium titanate or dysprosium scandate. The ferrite materials (a,b) are chosen from perovskite, spinel, bismuth ferrite, cobalt ferrite, nickel ferrite, sodium-potassium niobate, lithium niobate, cadmium-manganese-iron oxide (CdxMn(1-x)Fe2O4), potassium-niobium-barium-nickel complex oxide (KNbO3)1-x(BaNi(1/2)Nb(1/2)O(3-( gamma )))x, potassium-bismuth ferrite (KBiFe2O5), lead-zirconium titanate Pb(ZrxTi(1-x))O3, and nickel-chromium-iron complex oxide (NiCr0.8Fe1.2O4), preferably cadmium-manganese-iron oxide (CdxMn(1-x)Fe2O4), where x is 0.1-1 (preferably, 0.3). The ferrite material (b) has ferrimagnetic ferrite nanoparticles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The generator comprises a magnetic steel adhesive piece of neodymium iron boron strong permanent magnet and a silicon steel piece or concave magnetic rod ring wound with a copper, aluminum enameled wire.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The eccentric weight wheel is made of engineering plastic or aluminum alloy material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The magnet is made up of iron boron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Alternative roof material is formed of synthetic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The communication module is formed as Bluetooth, Wifi, Zigbee, GPRS, 3G and USB modules. The communication module or Ethernet communication module is connected with a processing module.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The frame structure is made of stainless steel material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The wireless internet access device is provided with a WiFi wireless router.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The ferromagnetic layer is made of an invar-type alloy containing iron and nickel, or nickel. The device comprises walls that are made of copper or aluminum alloy. The metal sheet is obtained using a mold containing steel tubes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The wearable device communicates with a smartphone through Bluetooth. The computing device uses network such as Wi-Fi to transmit and/or receive data within the operating environment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polarization modulator is made of semiconductor polymer of lithium niobate crystal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The oxide is metal oxide, preferably chosen from titanium dioxide, zirconium dioxide, chromium(III) oxide, silica, alumina and cerium(IV) oxide. Preferred Property: The thickness of anticorrosive coating is less than 300 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The chain of branched saturated hydrocarbon is mineral oil or poly( alpha )olefin. The modified hydrocarbon is of formula: Rh'(CXY'CXY')nH.Rh'=branched saturated hydrocarbon chain;X=H, or halo or fluoro;Y'= H, halo or fluoro, group of formula: R1-L-;R1=linear or branched 1-10C alkyl, optionally fully or partially halogenated and optionally interrupted by one or more heteroatoms including N, O, S and P;L=covalent bond or group chosen from -NR2-, -O- and -S-;R2=fully or partially halogenated 1-3C alkyl;andn=1 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameters: Photoluminescent chromophores exhibit higher fluorescence quantum yield in solid state compared to in solution, absorption maximum between 250-1300 nm and emission maximum between 350-1300 nm. Photoluminescent chromophores exhibit less than or equal to 20%, preferably less than or equal to 1% overlap between absorption and emission spectral bands. Solar concentrator is flexible. Preferred Components: Photoluminescent chromophores contain substituents, which are able to freely rotate in solution, such as optionally substituted arylethenes, arylethynes, arylamine, biaryls, heteroarenes, siloles, phospholes, acrylonitriles or organometallic compounds containing optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl ligands. Photoluminescent chromophores contain optionally substituted benzothiadazole, benzooxodiazoe, benzoselenodiazole, benzobisthiadiazole, thiadiazoloquinoxaline, pyrazinoquinoxaline, thiophene, thiazole, oxazole, phenothiazine, phenoxazine or carbazole moieties. Chromophore is donor chromophore. Solar concentrator contains less than or equal to 5 wt.%, preferably less than or equal to 3 wt.% acceptor dye. Photoluminescent chromophores are doped or embedded in structure of waveguide or present in a coating on waveguide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrodes provided on the substrate are made of molybdenum. The electrode provided on the photoactive layer is made of indium zinc oxide, indium tin oxide, and zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The laval pipe is made of anti-corrosive stainless steel material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The local area wireless communication is the bluetooth, Zigbee and WiFi.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The organic PV device is covered by very thin, highly flexible transparent substrate, such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The stator is supported with a pad that is preloaded in direction toward a journal surface by a preloading element, where the preloading element comprises a spring element or rubber element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The upper fixing unit and the lower fixing unit are provided with Velcro (RTM: Fabric hook-and-loop fastener).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Components: The canvas comprises two outer layers and at least one inner layer. Both the outer layers are made of nonwoven fabric, or one outer layer is made of nonwoven fabric and other outer layer is made of film. The weight per unit area of nonwoven fabric is 20-100 g/m2, preferably 30-60 g/m2. The filaments in the nonwoven fabric are aligned in the machine direction (0 degrees ), or aligned bi-directionally at an angle of 0-90 degrees . The nonwoven fabric filament is made of polyester, polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene-vinyl acetate or polypropylene, preferably polyester filament. At least one inner layer or at least three inner layers are made of reinforcing filament or yarn. The reinforcing filament or yarn is extended in the machine direction at an angle of 0 degrees , 20-40 degrees and 75-105 degrees , or 0 degrees and 30-90 degrees . The reinforcing filament or yarn is set in an adhesive bed. The weight of the adhesive bed is 20-40 g/m2. The reinforcing filament is warp sheet. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The method enables a blue-tooth to be connected through a near distance communication (NFC) technology.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The first filter and second filter are cylindrical. The first filter screen and second filter screen are enclosed in a circle. A pipeline between water pump and heat exchanger is set low in the ground. The system further comprises a freezing machine, a refrigerator and a heat exchanger. There are more than two heat exchangers; the refrigerator and heat exchanger are equal in number and the heat exchanger is set in parallel. The number of heat exchanger is two group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The film of the embodying unit is made of polyethylene vinyl acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The substrate is made of metal or metal oxide. The cover material contains inorganic material chosen from silicon, ceramics and quartz. The metal is aluminum, tin, copper, iron, nickel, cobalt or stainless steel. The metal catalytic layer comprises nickel, iron, the copper, platinum, palladium, ruthenium and/or cobalt. The chemical vapor deposition is performed using process gas chosen from hydrogen, argon, methane and ethane. The metal catalytic layer has thickness of 10-1000 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - A wireless transmission module comprises a Bluetooth module, Wi-Fi module and a ZigBee module.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electric conduction liquid metal is formed by gallium alloy or semen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The filler and pigment is graphite, graphene oxide, attapulgite, titanium dioxide, tetrapod-like zinc oxide whisker, magnesium hydroxide, copper oxide and/or barium sulfate whisker. The additive comprises 30-50 %mass water-soluble silicate, bismaleimide 20-40 %mass, 15-20 %mass lanthanum stearate, 1-5 %mass antioxidant, 3-5 %mass UV absorber and 10-20 %mass epoxy resin. The antioxidant is hindered phenolic antioxidant and/or phosphite antioxidant. The flame retardant is zinc borate, decabromodiphenyl ethane, microencapsulated red phosphorus and/or aluminum oxide. Preferred Properties: The viscosity of polyamide is greater than or equal to 3.8 Pa.second.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The preparation of flame retardant adhesives involves adding urea-formaldehyde resin, natural rubber, chlorinated paraffin, and KH560 (RTM: ( gamma )-glycidylpropyltrimethoxysilane) in kneader, pre-heating to wall temperature of 140-160 degrees C, then adding acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, dibutyl phthalate, and vinyl triamine, kneading for 10-20 minutes, and granulating the material after the addition of remaining raw materials at 150-160 degrees C under kneading of 10-20 minutes and molding.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The ethanol is added to 1-4 pts. wt. acrylamide. The mold is pressed at 200-260 degrees C and 30-50 MPa. The obtained material is added with 0.5-1.6 pt. wt. glass fiber and 0.1-0.6 pt. wt. ammonium persulfate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Composition: The concentration of dehydrated sludge is 100-200g/L. The cow dung, dehydrated sludge and water are mixed in ratio of 1:3-6:4-7, preferably 1:3-5:4-6 or 1:4:5. The kitchen waste has 2-10%, preferably 2-8% solid content. Preferred Condition: The obtained mixture is fermented for 4-8 days, preferably 4-6 days or 5 days. The obtained mixture is fermented at 35-39 degrees C, preferably 37 degrees C under stirring batch mode for 1-5 days, preferably 1-3 days. The kitchen waste is added to fermented broth in fermentation tank with stirring at interval of 2hours-20 minutes. Preferred Process: The kitchen waste is sorted through degreasing machine for removing plastic, bamboo and metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The propylene-ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer comprises 3-5 wt.% propylene, 23-25 wt.% ethylene and balance vinyl acetate. The ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymer comprises 12-14 wt.% ethylene and balance methyl acrylate. The ethylene-hydroxyethyl acrylate copolymer comprises 36-38 wt.% ethylene and balance hydroxyethyl acrylate. The solar photovoltaic panel anti-aging package resin further comprises 0.2-0.3 wt.% zinc oxide and 0.2-03 wt.% boron oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The prepolymer filter group is provided with two prepolymerization parallel filters. The prepolymer tube heat exchanger group is provided with three pre-polymerization tube heat exchangers, which are provided with multiple cut-off control valves in parallel or series-parallel combination. The plate heat exchanger is provided with three parallel plate heat exchangers.
SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 6 Polycyclic fused ring derivatives are specifically claimed e.g. (2E)-3-(4-(7-(10-(bis((4-(2,4-bis(hexyloxy)phenyl)phenyl))amino)-3,7-dithiatricyclo(6.4.0.02,6)dodeca-1(8),2(6),4,9,11-pentaen-4-yl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazol-4-yl)phenyl)-2-cyanoprop-2-enoic acid of formula (A), 4-(7-(10-(bis((4-(2,4-bis(hexyloxy)phenyl)phenyl))amino)-3,7-dithiatricyclo(6.4.0.02,6)dodeca-1(8),2(6),4,9,11-pentaen-4-yl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazol-4-yl)benzoic acid, (2E)-3-(5-(7-(10-(bis((4-(2,4-bis(hexyloxy)phenyl)phenyl))amino)-3,7-dithiatricyclo(6.4.0.02,6)dodeca-1(8),2(6),4,9,11-pentaen-4-yl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazol-4-yl)thiophen-2-yl)-2-cyanoprop-2-enoic acid and (2E)-3-(5-(10-(bis((4-(2,4-bis(hexyloxy)phenyl)phenyl))amino)-3,7-dithiatricyclo(6.4.0.02,6)dodeca-1(8),2(6),4,9,11-pentaen-4-yl)thiophen-2-yl)-2-cyanoprop-2-enoic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The smoke inhibitor comprises 8-12 pts. wt. magnesium hydroxide and 8-16 pts. wt. amine polyphosphate. The flame retardant comprises 3-8 pts. wt. pentaerythritol and 12-20 pts. wt. melamine. The plasticizer comprises 4-8 pts. wt. di(2-ethylhexyl)sebacate and 2-4 pts. wt. paraffin wax. The reinforcing agents comprises 8-10 pts. wt. fumed silica and 2-4 pts. wt. carbon black. The cross-linking agent comprises 2-3 pts. wt. triallyl cyanurate and 3-5 pts. wt. diisopropylbenzene hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The release agent for detachment of target component from non-ionic polymer resin is chosen from water, organic solvent and water-organic solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: Electrically conductive paste comprises 7 pts. wt. bismaleimide, 6 pts. wt. matrix resin, 2 pts. wt. epoxy diluent, 3 pts. wt. dispersing agent, 8 pts. wt. modified nano silver flakes supported graphene, 1 pts. wt. curing agent, 0.3 pts. wt. curing accelerator, 70 pts. wt. micro silver powder, 2 pts. wt. coupling agent and 0.4 pts. wt. antioxidant. The matrix resin comprises 20-30 pts. wt. bismaleimide, 35 -45 pts. wt. bisphenol A type epoxy resin, 5-15 pts. wt. epoxy diluent and 15-25 pts. wt. dispersing agent. Preferred Components: The micro silver powder is amino acid modified micro silver powder. The dispersing agent is ethylene bis(stearamide). The coupling agent is 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane. The antioxidant is 2,5-tert.-butyl hydroquinone. The modified nano silver flakes supported graphene is non-covalently bonded modified nano silver flakes supported graphene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The anode and cathode respectively consist of lead oxide wire mesh anode and titanium wire mesh cathode covered with nanofiber film material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The floating plate is made of polyurethane foam material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The low thermal microspheres comprise silica as main component and hollow microspheres of aluminum. The average particle diameter of the microspheres is 40-200 mu m. The inert gas filled microspheres have low thermal conductivity. The reinforcing agent is 600 meter square/kg superfine cement. Preferred Components: The filtrate reducing agent is copolymer of 2-acrylamido-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid and acrylic acid aqueous solution. The molecular weight of the co-polymer is 100-1,500,000. The concentration of binary co-polymer is 8%-12%. The strengthening agent is aluminum thiosulfate, sodium silicate or aluminum chloride. The de-foaming agent is tributyl phosphate. Preferred Conditions: The mixture is stirred at a speed of 8000-12000 revolutions per minute for 40-80s.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The pipe insulation sleeve patch and the pipe insulation sleeve main are formed from polyurethane. The lower inner tube of the fill housing has polyurethane insulation. The outer sheath layer and the mending leather jacket are formed from polyethylene. The incubated fill tube sleeve includes polyurethane and high density polyethylene vinyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The steel comprises 0.23-0.27 wt.% nitrogen, 22-23 wt.% chromium, less than 1 wt.%, preferably less than 0.5 wt.% unavoidable impurities and 0.3-1 wt.% silicon, preferably 0.5-1 wt.% silicon. The steel comprises 45-65 vol.%, preferably 50-60%, austenite and ferrite. The austenite is of less than 30 mu , preferably less than 20 mu . The steel is isotropic. Preferred Method: The atomization technology is gas atomization carried with nitrogen. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The allyl crosslinking agent comprises triallyl polyisocyanate, triallyl cyanurate, trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate, propoxylated glycerol triacrylate, tris(2-hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate triacrylate, pentaerythritol triacrylate, tripropylene glycol diacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate, ethoxylated bisphenol A diacrylate, diethylene glycol dimethacrylate, dipropylene glycol diacrylate and/or polyethylene glycol diacrylate. The radical scavenger comprises 2,2-diphenyl-1-trinitrobenzene hydrazine, benzoquinone, tetramethylbenzene quinone, 2-methyl-2-nitro-methane and/or phenyl-N-tert-butyl nitrone. The polymerization inhibitor comprises 2,5-di-t-butylhydroquinone, 2-tert-butyl hydroquinone, hydroxyanisole, methylhydroquinone, hydroquinone and/or 2,6-di-t-butyl-4(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene fibers have weight average molecular weight of 100-1000 million, preferably 250-700 million, mechanical strength of 15-45 cN/dTex and average fineness of 50-3000 dTex, preferably 400-2000 dTex. Preferred Composition: The ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene fibers further contains 0.05-5 wt.% radical scavenger. The ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene dope used during preparation of crosslinked ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene fibers contains polar modifier, antioxidant, low-volatile solvent and 0-1 wt.% polymerization inhibitor. Preferred Process: The crosslinked ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene fibers are formed by crosslinking peripheral portion of fiber in presence of 1-30 wt.% allyl crosslinking agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The absolute value of lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy of unit (B) is more than that of unit (A). The copolymer has number average molecular weight of 500-1000000 g/mol and molecular weight distribution of 1-100.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Processes: The ash obtained after incineration in step (e) and enriched with nutrients, or the residue obtained after gasification in step (e) and enriched with nutrients, is not again subjected to any of steps (a)-(g). Nutrients are separated from vapor released in the drying of step (d) and added to the ash obtained in step (e) or to the residue obtained after gasification in step (e). Nutrients from liquid fraction of digestate are separated by evaporation, preferably evaporation using the residual heat obtained in step (g). Nutrients from vapor released in the drying of step (d) are separated by gas cleaning of vapor with wash water, preferably sulfuric acid solution, and mixing of wash water with liquid fraction of digestate. In step (d), a 2nd portion of the biomass is mixed with digestate before drying, and drying is carried out biothermally. Drying in step (d) is performed by using the residual heat obtained in step (g). Fly ash is collected and added to the bottom ash. The method further includes (h) converting carbon dioxide (CO2) released in the incineration of step (e) into biomass, preferably algae biomass and/or bacterial biomass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The morphology controller has higher boiling point than solvent and low vapor pressure. The morphology controller is compound containing pyrrolyl group and amide group. The morphology controller is N-cyclohexyl-2-pyrrolidone, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, 1,3-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2(1H)-pyrimidinone, benzyl benzoate, N-octyl-pyrrolidone, N-vinyl-pyrrolidinone, benzyl ether, dimethyl-imidazolidinone, bromobenzene, N-methylformamide, benzaldehyde or quinoline. The solvent is gamma -butyrolactone, formamide, N,N-dimethylformamide, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, dimethylsulfoxide, diethylene glycol, 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, N,N-dimethyl-acetamide, acetone, alpha - terpineol, beta -terpineol, dihydroterpineol, 2-methoxyethanol, acetylacetone, methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, pentanol, hexanol, ketones and/or methyl isobutyl ketone. The content of morphology controller based on the total volume of the solvent and the morphology controller is 3-10 vol.%. Preferred Method: The solar cell production method comprises applying the coating composition using spin coating method, roll coating, spray coating method, flow coating method, electrostatic coating method, ink-jet printing method, nozzle printing method, dip coating, electrophoretic deposition, tape casting method, screen printing, pad printing method, doctor blade coating, gravure printing method, gravure offset printing method, or Langmuir-Blodgett method. EXAMPLE - Methyl ammonium iodide and lead iodide were mixed at molar ratio of 1:1, and then added to mixture of 99 vol.% N,N-dimethylformamide and 1 vol.% N-cyclohexyl-2-pyrrolidone, and stirred for 12 hours at 60 degrees C to obtain methylammonium leadtriiodide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The anode and cathode are selected from platinum tungsten, rhodium-tungsten, titanium carbide, titanium nitride, silicon nitride, ruthenium oxide, ruthenium dioxide, ruthenium-tungsten, molybdenum, titanium, tungsten, copper, nickel, nickel-iron alloy, stainless steel, iron and bronze. The alkali metal charge carrier is selected from sodium, potassium and lithium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The nitrogenous macroporous carbon contained sulfur material is prepared by taking 10 g melamine, heating to 80 degrees C, dissolving in 50 ml 5 wt.% diluted hydrochloric acid, dissolving 5-50 g glucose in 5-50 ml deionized water, mixing melamine solution and glucose solution at glucose to melamine mass ratio of 1:0.5-5, water bathing at 90 degrees C, stirring, reacting for 45 minutes to increase viscosity of liquid, cooling to obtain glucose melamine prepolymer solution; taking 5-10 g polystyrene, dissolving in 40 ml ethyl acetate as dispersed phase-A, preparing 100 ml of 30 wt.% dodecyl sodium sulfonate and anhydrous ethanol mixture as continuous phase-B, homogenizing at 8000 revolutions/minute, sonicating for 15 minutes to obtain polystyrene suspension; uniformly dispersing polystyrene suspension in glucose melamine prepolymer solution, water bathing at 85 degrees C, stirring and reacting for 50 minutes, spray drying to obtain nitrogenous macroporous carbon precursor; heating precursor under nitrogen atmosphere to 160 degrees C at a rate of 10 degrees C/minute, incubating for 2 hours, polymerizing, heating to 900 degrees C at a rate of 10 degrees C/minute, incubating for 2 hours, carbonizing, cooling, ball-milling to obtain nitrogen containing macroporous carbon, mixing elemental sulfur and nitrogen containing macroporous carbon according at a mass ratio of 7:3, vacuumizing, heating to 80 degrees C, reacting for 5 hours, and cooling to 25 degrees C. The nitriding treatment is performed by pressing lithium metal sheet on copper film at 10 kg/cm2 under argon atmosphere to obtain 18 mm negative electrode, treating composite film with 99.999% high purity nitrogen atmosphere, and processing for 1 hour at 25 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The collection region layers are selected from a group consisting of germanium, gallium antimonide, gallium indium antimonide, gallium indium arsenide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The zinc precursor solution is prepared by dissolving zinc resource in ammonium hydroxide solution. The zinc resource zinc sulfate heptahydrate, zinc sulfate, zinc chloride, zinc nitrate or zinc acetate dehydrate. The sulfur precursor solution is prepared by dissolving sulfur source in ammonium hydroxide solution. Sulfur source is thiourea, sodium thiosulfate, sodium sulfide or hydrogen sulfide. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The front electrode layer comprises n-type zinc oxide thin film or indium tin oxide thin film. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The step (a) is carried out under extraction pressure of 0.0007-0.122 kgf/cm2, and extraction time of 30-130 minutes for 1-2 times depending on nature material. The step (b) is carried out at 40-80 degrees C for 6-24 hours under concentrated pressure of 0.0009-0.122 kgf/cm2. The step (c) is carried out at 30-60 degrees C for 20-30 hours under pH of 4-7.5. The pulverizing process comprises stirring dye with a stirrer, supplying predetermined amount of the dye in a spray dryer using a pump, supplying the dye diskette, and controlling size of dye by controlling rotation and temperature of the diskette, discharging the natural dye powder via primary cyclone, subjecting the natural dye powder using a bag filter, and discharging a secondary cyclone. Preferred Components: The enzyme is alcalase, fructose, termamyl or cellubiose. The natural dye is obtained from Caesalpinia sappan, Terminalia chebula, Punica granatum, Rubia tinctorum, Camellia sinensis, Chrysanthemum morifolium, Artemisia capillaris, Sophora japonica, Chamaecyparis obtusa, Lacquer, Dactylopius coccus, Persicaria tinctoria, Rheum undulatum, Butea frondosa, Vitis vinifera, Robinia pseudoacacia, Lawsonia inermis, Uncaria gambir, Santalum album, Kerria lacca, or Heamatoxylon campechianum. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The latter part of the seal is made of PTFE.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor layer is made of zinc sulfide, cadmium sulfide, zinc selenide, indium oxyhydroxide, zinc oxyhydroxide. The light absorption layer has copper-indium-gallium-selenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The copper-indium-gallium selenide light-absorption layer has porosity of 0.1-10% and thickness of 500-3000 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal material protective agent is selected from copper sulfate, manganese sulfate or potassium iodide. The protein decomposing agent is protease. The synergist is zinc phosphide or sodium citrate. The acid is weak acid. The corrosion inhibitor is silver, copper, zinc or nickel salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The anti-sludging agent is amino carboxylic acid or hydroxycarboxylic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The thermoelectric material comprises Zintl (RTM: intermetallic compounds). The compliant metal layer is made of nickel, nickel foam and nickel graphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The structural material has a carbon nanotube, carbon fiber, a boron nitride nanotube, a boron nitride fiber and cellulose nanofiber. The semiconductor layer has a copper tin germanium sulfur composite, copper tin sulfur composite, copper tin germanium sulfur composite, Copper indium gallium selenide, copper indium selenide, methylammonium lead iodide and porous titanium dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The light-absorbing layer comprises chalcogenide compound chosen from copper-indium sulfide, copper-gallium sulfide, copper-indium selenide, copper-gallium selenide, copper-aluminum selenide, copper-indium telluride, copper-gallium telluride, copper-zinc-tin sulfide or cadmium telluride. The cleaning solution contains ammonium hydroxide, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, ammonium fluoride, hydrogen peroxide, potassium cyanide and deionized water. The buffer layer has band gap energy of 3.2-3.6 eV.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of methyltriethoxysilane, gamma -glycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane, ethanol and dilute hydrochloric acid is 2:1:9:10.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The thickness of coating of polysiloxane is 9-14 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The outer or inner pipe is made of alloy of nickel or titanium as main component and fluorine resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: In the step (i), the mass ratio of organic molecular material, macronutrient fertilizer, trace elements, high molecular water-retaining material and beneficial microorganism is 10-90:10-90:1-20:0.02-4:0.05-6; in the step (ii), the mass ratio of the intermediate product, weak alkaline and acid material is 1:0.005-0.2:0.002-0.5. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The formulation comprises 80 wt.% of limestone fine aggregate smaller than 4 mm, 13 wt.% of fine limestone smaller than 0.064 mm, 1.9 wt.% of superplasticizer additive, 0.1 wt.% additive viscosity modulator, and 5 wt.% conductive graphite fine powder. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The outer tube is an aluminum alloy pipe. The tube comprises an inner pipe that is made of red copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - USBinterface is connected with a window body frame.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Light absorption layer is made of copper indium sulfide, copper gallium sulfide, copper indium selenide, copper gallium selenide, copper aluminum selenide, copper indium telluride, copper gallium telluride, copper indium gallium sulfide, copper indium gallium selenide, copper zinc tin sulfide or cadmium telluride. Cleaning gas is selected from ammonia, chlorine trifluoride, fluorine, water, oxygen, nitrogen, nitrogen trifluoride or nitrogen. The plasma is made of reaction gas i.e. selected from argon, nitrogen, oxygen, water, hydrogen, helium, methane, ammonia, carbon tetrafluoride, acetylene or propane. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The turbine rotor material has uniform bainite structure and does not contain ferrite in metal structure. Preferred Properties: The turbine rotor material has diameter of at least 1600 mu m, 0.2% yield strength of 685 MPa or more, and Charpy impact-absorbing energy in room temperature of 20J or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Components: The remaining waste having moisture content of 30-40%, total solids ratio of organic component is more than 80%, heat of more than 2500 Kcal/kg, and particle size of less than or equal to 5 mm. The additive has water content of less than or equal to 35%, particle size of less than or equal to 5 mm, and pH of greater than or equal to 7.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The free radical scavenger is 2,2-diphenyl-1-trinitrobenzene hydrazine, p-benzoquinone, benzoquinone tetramethyl benzene, 2-methyl-2-nitro-methane and/or phenyl-N-tert-butyl nitrone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The crosslinking agent is triallyl polyisocyanate, triallyl cyanurate, trimethylolpropane trimethyl acrylic ester, ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate, propoxide, tris (2-hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate triacrylate, pentaerythritol triacrylate, tripropylene glycol diacrylate, 1,6-glycol diacrylate, ethoxylated bisphenol A diacrylate, diethylene glycol dimethyl acrylic ester, dipropylene glycol diacrylate and/or polyethylene glycol diacrylate and the polymerization inhibitor is 2,5-di-tert-butyl hydroquinone, 2-tert-butyl hydroquinone, p-hydroxy anisole, methyl hydroquinone, hydroquinone and/or 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4 (dimethyl aminomethyl phenol).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The thin outer sheath is made of acrylic resin, epoxy-based photo-curable material, ETFE or TPU high performance materials or ethylene - tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, and thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer material. The non-metallic reinforcing member is polyethylene terephthalate terephthalamide fibers, para-aramid fibers or meta-aramid fibers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic small molecule is (1, 2-anthraquinone-3-sodium sulfonate) ARS/(1, 2, 9, 10-hydroxyl-3-sodium sulfonate) ARSH2 and its derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The positive electrode comprises collector, electric conductive additive, adhesive and positive active substance. The electric conductive additive comprises activated coal, coal black, acetylene black, graphite powder, carbon nano tube or graphene. The current collector comprises nickel network titanium mesh, stainless steel network, graphite felt and/or graphite plate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The adhesive comprises polytetrafluoroethylene or polyvinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The voltage input module is equipped with a USB interface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The well treatment fluid comprises a friction reducer made of polyacrylamide and copolymer of sodium acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonate. The ultra-lightweight particulate is a furan, furfuryl, phenol formaldehyde, phenolic epoxy, melamine formaldehyde resin, urethane resin, polystyrene divinylbenzene, polystyrene/vinyl/divinyl benzene and acrylate-based terpolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hard particles comprise a material chosen from diamond, boron carbide, boron nitride, aluminum nitride, silicon nitride, carbides of tungsten, titanium, molybdenum, niobium, vanadium, hafnium, zirconium, silicon, tantalum, and chromium, and borides of tungsten, titanium, molybdenum, niobium, vanadium, hafnium, zirconium, silicon, tantalum, and chromium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The matrix particles comprises metal chosen from iron, nickel, cobalt, titanium, aluminum, copper-based alloys, iron-based alloys, nickel-based alloys, cobalt-based alloys, titanium-based alloys, and aluminum-based alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alkylene polyamine is chosen from methylene polyamine, ethylene polyamine, butylene polyamine, propylene polyamine, pentylene polyamine, piperazine, or an N-amino alkyl-substituted piperazine. The alkylene polyamine comprises ethylenediamine, triethylenetetramine, tris(2-aminoethyl)amine, propylenediamine, trimethylenediamine, tripropylenetetramine, tetraethylenepentamine, hexaethyleneheptamine, or pentaethylenehexamine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The mold cavity is formed in a water-soluble mold containing polyvinyl alcohol and polyethylene glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The solar collector is multi-focus reflective heat collector. Preferred Method: The cooling water waste heat is used for first stage heat transfer unit and secondary heating is applied to hot water supply in rural areas. The heat exchanger unit is operated using hot water from water storage tank through pipelines.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Structure: In the superlattice structure, the composition of the InAsSb layer is InAs0.91Sb0.09, where the InAs0.91Sb0.09 layers are lattice-matched to the GaSb layers. The thicknesses of the layers are 4 Monolayers InAs0.91Sb0.09 and 10 Monolayers GaSb, respectively. The superlattice structure forms at least a portion of an IR photodetector. The InAsSb layer is a first layer and the GaSb layer is a second layer on the first layer, the first and second layers repeating to form the superlattice structure. The GaSb layer is a first layer and the InAsSb layer is a second layer on the first layer, the first and second layers repeating to form the superlattice structure. The antimony (Sb) component of the InAsSb layers is such that the strain in the superlattice structure is less than that found in an indium arsenide (InAs)/GaSb Type-II Strained Layer Superlattice (SLS). Alternatively, the superlattice structure is suitable for use as a portion of an IR photodetector, comprises: a layer comprising InAsSb; and a layer comprising GaSb adjacent to the InAsSb layer; the adjacent InAsSb and GaSb layers repeating to form a superlattice structure arranged to operate as an absorber layer; first and second layers capping the absorber layer, each of the first and second layers having a wider bandgap than that of the absorber layer such that a heterostructure is formed between each of the first and second layers and the absorber layer. The first and second layers are p-type superlattice contact layers. The superlattice structure further comprises an n-type superlattice electrical contact layer on the first layer and a GaSb layer on the second layer. Preferred Photodetector: The IR photodetector further comprises an array of the IR photodetectors on a common substrate thus forming a pixel array, the array further comprising an etched area around each of the photodetectors to isolate the pixels.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The wind power normalized steel plate has ferrite and pearlite microstructure. The rolling step is performed under pass reduction rate of more than 40% for 8 times.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - A buckle is made of elastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The composite material is cement or concrete.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The composite material is metallic material e.g. steel and aluminum alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The system includes various elements made of a composite material e.g. carbon fiber reinforced plastic and glass fiber reinforced plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Solid material is selected from metals and metal compounds. Solid material is selected from magnetocaloric materials.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Accelerator is selected from tert. amines, imidazoles, guanidines, and urea compounds. Epoxy resin composition contains 1-30 wt.% of greater than or equal to 1 accelerator based on total weight of greater than or equal to 1 cyanoalkylated polyamine (A). Epoxy resin composition further contains additives selected from catalysts, curing agents, accelerators, lubricants, reactive diluents, corrosion inhibitors, agents for increasing heat conductivity, adhesion promoters, additional curing agents, and stabilizers. Epoxy resin composition provided in step (a) contains greater than or equal to 1 solvent which is removed after step (c) and before coated particles are transferred into mold in step (d).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compositions: Shaped body contains 0.1-20 vol.% cured epoxy resin and 80-99.9 vol.% solid material based on total volume of cured epoxy resin and solid material. Preferred Parameters: Shaped body has porosity of 20-80% based on total volume of shaped body. Preferred Processes: Particles provided in step (b) are pre-treated before coating particles in step (c) by greater than or equal to 1 pre-treatments selected from cleaning surface of particles, surface treatment, and coating of particles with auxiliary materials. In step (d), greater than or equal to 1 solid place holder particles are placed into mold together with coated particles. After curing epoxy resin in step (e), solid place holder particles are removed from shaped body.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The flange material is a fine-grained structural steel. Theflange material is a low alloy high strength structural steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The first interference multilayer is based on materials chosen from the group comprising titanium oxide, niobium oxide, tantalum oxide, zirconium oxide, aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, and magnesium fluoride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The front sheet is based on material selected from the group comprising glass, polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, polyethylene naphthalate, polymethyl methacrylate, polyesters, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene furanoate, polymers based on poly (bis-cyclopentadiene) condensates, fluorine based polymers, colorless polyimide (CP), cellulose, Polyaryletheretherketone (PEEK) (RTM: Not defined) polymers, and combination thereof.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The glass frit includes element i.e. selected from lead, lithium, phosphorus, germanium, gallium, cerium, iron, silicon, zinc, tungsten, magnesium, cesium, strontium, molybdenum, titanium, indium, vanadium, ruthenium, barium, nickel, copper, sodium, potassium, arsenic, cobalt, zirconium, manganese, neodymium, chromium or aluminum. Composition also comprises metal oxide, dispersing agent, thixotropic agent, plasticizer, viscosity stabilizer, antifoaming agent, pigment, UV stabilizer, antioxidant and coupling agent. The metal oxide is selected from bismuth oxide, tellurium or tin oxide. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The inorganic salt solution is sodium chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Definitions:    Y1, Y2 = phenylene, naphthylene, anthracenylene, divalent thiophene group or furyl-diyl.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 2 Compounds (I) are specifically claimed, which are 3-(5-(9-(6-(3-(6-(3,7-bis(5-(2-carboxy-2-cyanoeth-1-en-1-yl)thiophen-2-yl)-10H-phenothiazin-10-yl)hexyl)-5-(6-(3,6-bis(5-(2-carboxy-2-cyanoeth-1-en-1-yl)thiophen-2-yl)-9H-carbazol-9-yl)hexyl)phenyl)hexyl)-6-(5-(2-carboxy-2-cyanoeth-1-en-1-yl)thiophen-2-yl)-9H-carbazol-3-yl)thiophen-2-yl)-2-cyanoprop-2-enoic acid (Ia) and 3-(5-(10-(6-(3-(6-(3,7-bis(5-(2-carboxy-2-cyanoeth-1-en-1-yl)thiophen-2-yl)-10H-phenothiazin-10-yl)hexyl)-5-(6-(3,6-bis(5-(2-carboxy-2-cyanoeth-1-en-1-yl)thiophen-2-yl)-9H-carbazol-9-yl)hexyl)phenyl)hexyl)-7-(5-(2-carboxy-2-cyanoeth-1-en-1-yl)thiophen-2-yl)-10H-phenothiazin-3-yl)thiophen-2-yl)-2-cyanoprop-2-enoic acid.    EXAMPLE - 0.80 g 5,5',5'',5'''-(9,9'-(6,6'-(5-(6-(3,7-Bis(5-formylthiophen-2-yl)-10H-phenothiazin-10-yl)hexyl)-1,3-phenylene)bis(hexane-6,1-diyl))bis(9H-carbazole-9,6,3-triyl))tetrathiophene-2-carbaldehyde was dissolved in 20 ml chloroform, 0.28 g cyanoacetic acid and 0.28 g piperidine were added to the obtained solution and refluxed for 24 hours to obtain reaction mixture. The reaction mixture was cooled, the solvent was removed and recrystallized using mixture of methanol and chloroform to obtain 0.40 g 3-(5-(9-(6-(3-(6-(3,7-bis(5-(2-carboxy-2-cyanoeth-1-en-1-yl)thiophen-2-yl)-10H-phenothiazin-10-yl)hexyl)-5-(6-(3,6-bis(5-(2-carboxy-2-cyanoeth-1-en-1-yl)thiophen-2-yl)-9H-carbazol-9-yl)hexyl)phenyl)hexyl)-6-(5-(2-carboxy-2-cyanoeth-1-en-1-yl)thiophen-2-yl)-9H-carbazol-3-yl)thiophen-2-yl)-2-cyanoprop-2-enoic acid with 42% yield.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar cell module is computed based on the specification of Japanese industrial standards (JIS) C8913 (2005).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The mixing of all the ingredients is performed at room temperature of 28-30 degrees C without heating process and then screened using a 200 mesh sieve to separate the parts that are not soluble in cold water, where no addition of other ingredients such as surfactants or other polymers in the product creation process controllers lost fluid. The polyvinyl alcohol is present at 2-10 (preferably 5)%, where the polyvinyl alcohol is mixed in cold water while stirring continuously for 10-24 hours and then filtered, followed by addition of hydrochloric acid solution to reduce the acidity (pH) of solution to 2-3 and a cross-junction material (crosslinking agent), and after the viscosity of the solution is reached, the acidity (pH) is raised by adding a solution of caustic soda and buffers. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Anti-reflective film which a light-reflection preventing film is coated on upper surface of the substrate. Glass plate is positioned at the upper surface of the anti-reflective film, where carbon nanotube coating layer is formed in the upper surface of the glass plate. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The ball is made of a cracked glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The wireless network includes Bluetooth.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The steel product further comprises metal selected from zirconium and nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Electrode powder is selected from nickel, copper, silver, aluminum, molybdenum, tungsten, titanium or nickel aluminum alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The generator module includes alkaline earth metal selected from magnesium, calcium, strontium and barium, non-metal or basic metal selected from carbon, silicon, germanium, tin and lead, 4B transition metal including titanium, zirconium and halfnium, series 3A element including boron, aluminum, gallium and indium, and series 4A element including carbon, silicon, germanium, tin and lead. The thermoelectric material for the n-type legs is selected from a group of half-Heusler compounds including niobium iron antimonide, vanadium carbonyl sulfide and tantalum iron antimonide. The thermoelectric material for the p-type legs is a half-Heusler compound comprising alloy of yttrium, lanthanide or nickel, antimony, and bismuth.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The fullerene derivative has LUMO energy level of -3.4 eV to -5.0 eV. Preferred Composition: The photoactive layer comprises electron donor and electron acceptor. The electron acceptor includes fullerene derivative (I).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The heat-transport system further has tank (I) which is arranged at feed fluid path and which stores the feed fluid, tank (II) which is arranged at return fluid path and which stores the return fluid, condenser (I) arranged at the return fluid path, gas-liquid separator (425) which separates the return fluid into a liquid phase return fluid and a gaseous-phase return fluid, condenser (II) arranged at the feed fluid path, gas-liquid separator (II) which separates the feed fluid into a liquid phase feed fluid and a gaseous-phase feed fluid, tank (III) which stores the liquid phase return fluid, tank (IV) which stores the gaseous-phase return fluid, mixing unit which mixes the liquid phase return fluid of tank (III) and gaseous-phase return fluid of tank (IV), recovery line provided connecting between tank (III) in return fluid path and mixing unit, compressor (I) which is arranged at feed fluid path and which drives with motive power recovered by the expander, compressor (II) which is arranged at the feed fluid path and which drives with the motive power recovered by the expander. The expander is one or more portion of reactor (461), and has reaction portion which supports the reaction catalyst (II). Several expanders are arranged in the return fluid path. One or more portion of the heat input to reactor (461) is electric power generation exhaust heat, industrial exhaust heat or solar heat. One or more portion of the thermal output from reactor (421) is used for freshwater manufacture or refrigerating cycle drive.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The feed fluid contains an organic hydride, preferably cyclohexane or methylcyclohexane. The return fluid contains an aromatic compound, preferably benzene or toluene, and hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The organic liquid is one of ammonia, butane, isobutane, 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane, trichloromonofluoromethane, 2,2-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane, 1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane, 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane, carbon dioxide, or 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The energy pick-off devices have poly-cuspid valves with flaps of flexible polymeric plastics material, including one of nitrile rubber, polyurethane, and silicone rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent substrate is made of an alkali free glass, a quartz glass, an acryl, where a light absorption layer is made of single crystal silicon, polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, microcrystal silicon, a copper-indium-gallium-selenide thin film. The transparent electrode material is made of indium tin oxide, aluminum zinc oxide, molybdenum, silver and nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The upper surface of the panel is coated with 8-12%, preferably 10% primer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metallic layer is formed of copper (Cu) and tin (Sn).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The amine absorbent is made of the amine group compound which includes monoethnolamine (MEA), diethanolamine (DEA), methyl diethanolamine (MDEA), triethanolamine (TEA) and 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrodes are formed of material selected from a group consisting of alloys, lithium, potassium, cesium, copper, magnesium, aluminum, tantalum, titanium, silver, chromium, zinc, nickel, molybdenum, and carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The semiconductor material layer comprises an alloy of bismuth telluride of formula: Bi2(TexSe1-x)3 and (SbyBi1-y)2(TexSe1-x)3. The semiconductor material layer is made of an alloy of bismuth telluride, the ohmic contact metal layer is made of cobalt and the diffusion barrier metal layer is made of nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The insulating shell is formed by atomic layer deposition of silicon dioxide (SiO2) Tristert-butoxysilanol (TTBS) and Trimethylaluminum (TMAl) precursors or atomic layer deposition of deposition of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) or hafnium oxide (HfOx). The insulating material is removed by reactive ion etching with an atmosphere containing carbon tetrafluoromethane (CF4), trifluoromethane (CHF3) and argon (Ar). The semiconductor nanowire comprises a silicon or a III-V semiconductor. The electrode comprises a transparent material and transparent conductive oxide, where the transparent conductive oxide comprises indium tin oxide (ITO) or Al-doped zinc oxide (AZO).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The structured semiconductor layer comprises a semiconductor oxide compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The module has a frame that is formed with aluminum pieces.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Composition: The solar cell further has colored layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The colored layer contains amorphous hydrogenated silicon, amorphous hydrogenated silicon-germanium, microcrystalline hydrogenated silicon, amorphous hydrogenated germanium, chromium, nickel and/or molybdenum. The photoelectric transformation layer contains group I-III-VI compound, group II-VI compound or group III-V compound. The back contact electrode is made of silver and copper, silver and molybdenum, silver and nickel, silver, aluminum or copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The fluoride layer preferably contains fluoride of calcium, magnesium, strontium, barium, cerium, sodium, or lithium as main component. The concentration of silicon dioxide increases from the fluoride layer of convex portion towards the substrate. The glass board material used during the manufacturing process contains calcium, magnesium, strontium, barium, cerium, sodium, or lithium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fluorine-type gas used during the manufacturing process is trifluoromethane, tetrafluoromethane, nitrogen trifluoride, sulfur hexafluoride, xenon difluoride, or ammonium fluoride. The gas used during the plasma etching of glass board material is oxygen gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The step of removing at least a portion of the geothermal scale comprises dissolving at least a portion of the geothermal scale with the descaling agent to produce a metal ion, and complexing the metal ion with the N-(phosphonoalkyl)iminodiacetic acid or its salt. In the method (m2), the N-(phosphonoalkyl)iminodiacetic acid or its salt is present as a solid in the treatment fluid and is introduced to the geothermal well in a slurry form. Preferred Components: The metal ion comprises at least one metal ion comprising an iron ion, a copper ion, a silver ion, a magnesium ion, a calcium ion, an aluminum ion, a manganese ion, a nickel ion, a barium ion, a strontium ion, a zirconium ion, a zinc ion, a titanium ion, a tin ion, a beryllium ion, an antimony ion, and/or an arsenic ion. The geothermal scale comprises a siliceous material and a metal-containing compound. The descaling agent further comprises hydrofluoric acid or a hydrofluoric acid-generating compound. The descaling agent is introduced into the wellbore in a treatment fluid that contains less than or equal to 1 wt.% alkali metal ions. The geothermal scale comprises up to 50 wt.% of the siliceous material. The siliceous material comprises silica, a silicate and/or an aluminosilicate. The geothermal well has a bottom-hole temperature of greater than or equal to 300 degrees F. The geothermal scale is present in the wellbore, in a fracture of a subterranean formation (18) penetrated by the wellbore, and/or on a tool present in the wellbore. The N-(phosphonoalkyl)iminodiacetic acid is of formula ((HO)2-P(=O)-(CH2)n-N(CH2-C(=O)-OH)2), preferably N-(phosphonomethyl)iminodiacetic acid or its salt.n = 1-5. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sulfur- or phosphorus-containing nucleophilic agent is an inorganic compound having at least one set of lone pair of electrons. The nucelophilic agent preferably contains sulfur. The sulfur-containing nucleophilic agent is sulfite, bisulfite, or solution of sodium sulfite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: Viscosifying polymer is synthetic polymer chosen from polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylate, polypyrrolidone and polyacrylamide, or polysaccharide chosen from cellulosic derivatives, galactomannan/its derivative, xanthan, succinoglycan and scleroglucan. Polysaccharide is chosen from guar gum, hydroxypropyl guar, carboxymethyl guar, carboxymethyl hydroxypropyl guar, xanthan gum and scleroglucan. Viscosifying polymer is at least partially crosslinked.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The anti-wear agent is phosphorothioate and nitrogen-containing phosphate derivative. The oily agent is alkyl phosphite. The metal deactivator is benzotriazole derivative and thiobenzimidazole. The friction modifier is oleic acid oxalate. The demulsifier is polyether polymer compound DL32. The anti-foaming agent is dimethyl silicone acrylate-ether copolymer. The rust inhibitor is methyl benzotriazole and alkenyl succinic acid half ester. The reinforcing agent is diene succinimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent electrode layer is made of material selected form a group consisting of aluminum zinc oxide, indium tin oxide and antimony tin oxide. The p-type light-absorption layer is made of material selected form a group consisting of copper indium gallium selenide, copper indium gallium selenide sulfide, copper gallium selenide, copper gallium selenide sulfide and copper indium selenide. The cell has zinc salt selected form a group consisting of zinc sulfate, zinc acetate, zinc chloride and zinc nitrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrode layer is made of material selected form a group consisting of molybdenum, copper, silver, gold and platinum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The cell has chelating agent comprising tartaric acid and succinic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred system: The generator for production of synthesis gas is suitable for generating mineral salts destined at least in part for the greenhouse. The system further comprises generator of fertilizing substances connected to the synthesis gas generator to receive the mineral salts resulting from the gasification of the biomass, and connected to the greenhouse and/or to the photobioreactor to provide fertilizing substances. The generator of the fertilizing substances comprises device for analyzing chemical composition of the mineral salts resulting from the gasification of the biomass, and device for mixing the salts capable of producing selected fertilizing substances. The system comprises one or more heat exchangers and/or thermal conservation devices connected to electricity generator. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The average particle diameter of graphite is preferably 1-20 mu m, and dibutyl phthalate oil absorption amount of graphite is preferably 85 ml/100 g or more. Preferred Composition: The content of graphite in the negative electrode active material is 0.5-3 %mass, preferably 1-3 %mass with respect to 100 %mass negative electrode active material. The content of carbon black in negative electrode active material is 0.1-3 %mass, preferably 1.5-3 %mass with respect to 100 %mass negative electrode active material. Carbon black is acetylene black.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Renewable energy is sunlight, wind force, and hydraulic power.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Processes: Hydrogen gas pressure is controlled to less than or equal to 5 MPa when heating heat exchanger. Crude gas absorbed during carbon dioxide heating decompression is heated to 200-600 degrees C and less than or equal to 5 MPa before introducing into carbon dioxide reduction device (10). Mixed hydrogen and refined gas is preheated to greater than or equal to 250 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Composition further comprises dispersing agent, thixotropic agent, plasticizer, viscosity stabilizer, anti-foaming agent, pigment, UV stabilizer, antioxidant and coupling agent. Preferred Components: The glass frits further comprise bismuth oxide, tellurium oxide, lead oxide, tellurium oxide, alkali metal oxide of formula M2O (I), silicon oxide, barium oxide, vanadium oxide, phosphorus oxide, magnesium oxide, cerium oxide, strontium oxide, molybdenum oxide, titanium oxide, tin oxide, indium oxide, nickel oxide, cupric oxide, antimony oxide, germanium oxide, gallium oxide, calcium oxide, arsenic oxide, cobalt oxide, zirconium oxide, manganese oxide and aluminum oxide.M=undefined. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameters: Wood dry powder has 10-60 meshes particle diameter, branch dry powder has 30-90 meshes particle diameter, leaf dry powder has 50-120 meshes particle diameter, and hay dry powder has 50-120 meshes particle diameter. Preferred Compositions: Biomass fuel comprises 40 mass%, preferably 60 mass% wood dry powder, 30 mass%, preferably 20 mass% branch dry powder, 20 mass%, preferably 10 mass% tree leaf dry powder, and 10 mass% hay dry powder, which is mixed by pressing wood dry powder having 12 meshes, preferably 60 meshes particle diameter, branch dry powder having 30 meshes, preferably 90 meshes particle diameter, tree leaf dry powder having 60 meshes, preferably 120 meshes particle diameter, and hay dry powder having 60 meshes, preferably 120 meshes particle diameter.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Layers: The back electrode layer includes a copper layer having thickness of 10 nm and a silver layer having thickness of 40 nm. Preferred Properties: The thickness of zinc oxide layer is 500 nm. The thickness of cadmium sulfide layer is 50-100 nm. The thickness of cadmium telluride layer is 50-100 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The total amount of the component (A) and component (B) is 90 %mass or more with respect to the whole composition. The ester system antifoamer consists of a (meth)acrylate polymer with weight average molecular weight of 10000-100000. The component (A) is preferably decene oligomer and the component (B) is polyol ester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The ribbon is comprised of lead and tin, while the electrode is comprised of silver as conductive material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The power plant includes motive fluid i.e. organic fluid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The thermally conductive solar receiver comprises silicon carbide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The water block comprises copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The first intermediate reflector layer includes silicon oxide (SiOx), silicon carbide (SiCx), silicon nitride (SiNx), zinc oxide (ZnO), and indium tin oxide (ITO). The copper oxide includes copper oxides (CuO) and cuprous oxides (Cu2O).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The first intermediate reflector layer includes silicon (Si), silicon germanium (SiGe), Gallium (Ga), copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), and silver (Ag).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The adhesive layer, first electrode layer are made of titanium or tungsten, copper, aluminum, silver, gold, and alloys. The second electrode layer is made of tin and nickel -vanadium alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Components: The composition comprises microemulsion of saponified coconut oil. EXAMPLE - No suitbale example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nanoinclusions comprises nanoinclusions of indium antimonide and indium antimonide alloy. Indium antimonide alloy is In1-xGaxSb, where x is more than 0 to less than 1, or nanoinclusions of lead telluride and its alloy. Lead telluride alloy is of formula: PbTe1-xSex (i), Pb1-xGexTeySe1-y (ii), Pb1-xSnxTeySe1-y (iii), and Pb1-xSrxTeySe1-y (iv), where y is more than 0 to less than 1. The group V-VI host material is bismuth selenide, bismuth telluride or antimony telluride. The group V-VI host material is of formula: Bi2Te3-xSex (v) or alloy of Bi2Te3-xSex (vi).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal structure includes at least one silver, zinc, and aluminum, while the metal contacts include aluminum, and the electrically conducting connection structure includes aluminum, silver, copper, zinc, and/or gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The thermal generator comprising heat-resistant substrate, is made of aluminum oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The thermoelectric material comprises copper-silver-selenium compound (Cu2AgxSe), where x is greater than 0 but less than or equal to 0.6.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The primary configuration element is separated from the carbon family conductor. The alkaline aqueous solution is sodium hydroxide aqueous solution, potassium hydroxide solution, lithium hydroxide aqueous solution or ammonium hydroxide. The voltage is applied to the cathode and the anode, such that the hydrogen ion and the oxygen ion present in the water of the aqueous electrolyte are maintained.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The cathode comprises tungsten, nickel, molybdenum, gold or platinum. The primary configuration element comprises mercury or silver. The secondary configuration element comprises aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The geothermal brine is maintained at adjusted pH by addition of base that is selected from calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The aqueous brine product stream is supplied to a recovery process for recovery of a metal selected from a group consisting of lithium, manganese and zinc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fluxing agent is tin or indium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Reflecting mirror has a high refractive layer formed of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and low refractive layer formed of silicon dioxide (SiO2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metallic layer is made of a metal i.e. selected from molybdenum, aluminum, copper or nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The flexible organic thermoelectric conversion element further comprises organic thermoelectric conversion adhesive composition or organic thermoelectric conversion composition containing onium salt compounds (d) of formulae: R22-S+(-R21)-R23.X- (I), X-.S+(-R21)(-R23)-R24-S+(-R21)-R23.X- (II), R25-I+-R26.X- (III), R28-N+(-27)(-R29)-R30.X- (IV) and R32-C+(-R31)(-R33).X- (V). The flexible organic thermoelectric conversion element comprises 5-60 %mass carbon nanotubes (a), 30-80 %mass polymer compound (b), 0.1-10 %mass compound (c), and 1-30 %mass onium salt compound (d).R21-R23,R25-R26,R31-R33=alkyl, aralkyl, aryl or heteroaryl;R27-R30=H, alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy or aryloxy;R24=alkylene or arylene;X-=anion of strong acid;andor R21+R23,R25+R26=aliphatic rings, aryl or heterocyclyl.Any two groups of R21-R23, R27-R30 and R31-R33 forms aliphatic rings, aryl or heterocyclyl. Preferred Definitions:    Y'=-SH.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The difference of modulus of carbon nanotubes highest occupied molecular orbital and modulus of dispersing agent lowest unoccupied molecular orbital is 0.1-1.9 eV. Preferred Composition: The thermoelectric conversion material comprises solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The thermoelectric conversion element further comprises solvent. Preferred Definitions:    X=O;and    R'a=hydroxy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent conductor pattern is made up of indium-tin-oxide (ITO), aluminum-zinc-oxide (AZO), tin oxide or indium-zinc-oxide (IZO).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The semiconductor substrate is made up of silicon (Si), germanium (Ge) or gallium arsenide (GaAs). The transparent conductor pattern is made up of platinum (Pt) and gold (Au).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nano-conductive material is carbon nanotubes. The base material is a flexible base material. The electrode (13) and electrode (15) are made of aluminum, gold, silver, or copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The thermoelectric conversion material further contains organic solvent, and is formed by dispersing nano-conductive material in the organic solvent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The thermoelectric conversion layer further contains dopant and polymeric binder chosen from conjugated polymer binder and nonconjugated polymeric binder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The output of solar cell is measured based on JISC8913 standards.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The VIa group element is selected from sulfur, selenium or tellurium. The Ib group element is copper or silver. The buffer layer comprises material that is selected from cadmium sulfide, cadmium zinc sulfide, zinc sulfide, zinc selenide, zinc indium sulfide, zinc indium selenide, zinc magnesium oxide, zinc tin oxide, zinc oxide, indium selenide or indium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent is ethanol, methoxyethanol, methanol, phentanol, propanol or butanol. The precursor solution comprises antimony i.e. selected antimony acetate or antimony chloride or their mixture. Chelating agent is selected from monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, ethylenediamine, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, nitrilotriacetic acid, hydroxyethyenediaminetriacetic acid, ethylenebis(oxyethylenenitrilo)tetraacetic acid, triethylenetetraamine hexaacetic acid or hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal paste is made of aluminum and silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Process: The manufacture of solar cell module further involves lamination compression-bonding of upper surface of the photovoltaic cell using a lamination apparatus, and connecting the surface electrode and tab wire, and the backside electrode and tab wire.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The solder particles are tin bismuth (SnBi58) solder particles. The mass ratio of the solder particles to the silver-coated copper powder is 55:5-40:20.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The acid anhydride is an alicyclic acid anhydride comprising a carboxyl group, preferably cyclohexane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid-1,2-anhydride, and has melting point of 130-160 degrees C. The organic acid is malic acid or adipic acid. The hardening accelerator is imidazole. Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of the organic acid is 50 mu m or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The amount of glass frit is 0.5-30 wt.% in comparison to neodymium oxide. The composition comprises silver powder (60-95 wt.%), organic vehicle (1-30 wt.%), and glass frit (0.1-20 wt.%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The ceramic substrate is made of alumina. The metal layer is made of tungsten.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The neutron detection material comprises a glass system including aluminum oxide, lithium oxide and silicon dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: During fabrication of photonic crystal, supporting material and sacrificial layer are formed. Preferred Composition: The photonic crystal further includes anti-reflection coating arranged on top of the periodic structure, and diffusion barrier layer arranged below the periodic structure. The anti-reflection coating comprises a layer of dielectric material. The layer of metal comprises tungsten, ruthenium, platinum, silver, gold, copper, titanium and/or tantalum. The dielectric material comprises silica, titanium dioxide, alumina and/or hafnium dioxide. The diffusion barrier layer comprises silicon nitride and/or silica. The supporting material comprises alumina. The sacrificial layer comprises polysilicon. Preferred Property: The anti-reflection coating has thickness of 1-200 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Sulfur magnesium oxychloride cement is gel material, which comprises 100 pts. wt. magnesium oxide, 30-70 pts. wt. magnesium sulfate and 20-70 pts. wt. water. Bamboo fiber is granule, where sulfur magnesium oxychloride cement covers each of bamboo fiber granule. Decoration layer is made of ammonia, melamine, veneer or paint layer. Antistatic layer is metal layer, which is made of aluminum, copper or steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The organic layer is a hole transport layer (103), a hole injection layer or hole transport and hole-injection layer at the same time, where the hole transport layer, a hole injection layer or hole transport/hole-injection layer is composed of (I). The organic layer is an electron injection layer, an electron transport layer or electron injection layer and electron transport layer at the same time, where the electron injection layer, electron transport layer or electron injection/electron transport layer is composed of (I). The organic layer comprises a photoactive layer, where the photoactive layer is composed of (I). The photoactive layer comprises an electron donor material and an electron acceptor material, where the electron acceptor material is (I). The organic solar cell is bulk heterojunction type solar cell of electron donor and electron acceptor materials.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Definitions:    m = 2; and    G = perylene (optionally substituted).    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 8 Compounds (I) are specifically claimed e.g. bis(1-methylcyclohept-1-ene)-fullerene of formula (Ia), bis(methyl cyclohept-1-enecarboxylate)-fullerene of formula (Ib), bis(ethyl cyclohept-1-enecarboxylate)-fullerene of formula (Ic), bis(1-methylcyclooct-1-ene)-fullerene of formula (Id) and (2Z,10Z)-6,14-dipentyl-1,4,9,12-tetrahydrodicyclohepta(cd,lm)perylene.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The buffer layer is made of aluminum gallium nitride and the barrier layer is made of gallium nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The ball is made of steel or aluminum. The ball is made of metal or metal alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of tungsten carbide having particle diameter of 0.2 microns or less is more than 80 %mass, preferably more than 95 %mass. The content of tungsten carbide having particle diameter of 1.3 microns or more is less than 95 %mass, preferably 65-80 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The step (c) is carried out at a temperature of 0-300 degrees C, in the presence of a first generation Grubbs catalyst or second generation Grubbs catalyst. The step (a) is carried out at a temperature of -20 degrees C to 200 degrees C. The step (b) is carried out at a temperature of -78 degrees C to 200 degrees C. Preferred Components: The first optionally substituted alkenyl compound is of formula (Cl-Mg-(A)l-CH=CH2). The second optionally substituted alkenyl compound is of formula (Br-(B1)m-C(R)=CH2). EXAMPLE - 720 mg of Fullerene (C60) was dissolved in 200 ml of orthodichlorobenzene. 1.29 ml of dimethylformamide and 3 ml of allylmagnesium chloride solution were added to the dissolved mixture and then stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes. 0.2 ml of ammonium chloride aqueous solution was added to the mixture. Organic solvent such as toluene was introduced to the mixture and then purified by passing through a silica pad to obtain (I).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 4 Compounds (I) are disclosed, which are (E)-2-cyano-3-(7-(4,4,8,8,12,12-hexamethyl-4H,8H,12H-12c-aza-dibenzo(cd,mn)pyren-2-yl)-10-hexyl-10H-phenothiazin-3-yl)-acrylic acid (Ia), (E)-2-cyano-3-(6-(4,4,8,8,12,12-hexamethyl-4H,8H,12H-12c-aza-dibenzo(cd,mn)pyren-2-yl)-4,4-dihexyl-4H-cyclopenta(2,1-b;3,4-b')dithiophen-2-yl)-acrylic acid, (2E)-2-cyano-3-(5-(5-(2-(decan-4-yl)-4-(5-(8,8,14,14,22,22-hexamethyl-1-azahexacyclo(11.7.1.1(3,19).0(2,7).0(9,21).0(15,20))docosa-2,4,6,9,11,13(21),15,17,19-nonaen-5-yl)thiophen-2-yl)-3,6-dioxo-5-(undecan-5-yl)-2H,3H,5H,6H-pyrrolo(3,4-c)pyrrol-1-yl)thiophen-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl)prop-2-enoic acid and (2Z)-2-cyano-3-(4-(5-(2-(decan-4-yl)-4-(5-(8,8,14,14,22,22-hexamethyl-1-azahexacyclo(11.7.1.1(3,19).0(2,7).0(9,21).0(15,20))docosa-2,4,6,9,11,13(21),15,17,19-nonaen-5-yl)thiophen-2-yl)-3,6-dioxo-5-(undecan-5-yl)-2H,3H,5H,6H-pyrrolo(3,4-c)pyrrol-1-yl)thiophen-2-yl)phenyl)prop-2-enoic acid.    EXAMPLE - 0.30 g 7-(4,4,8,8,12,12-Hexamethyl-4H,8H,12H-12c-aza-dibenzo(cd,mn)pyren-2-yl)-10-hexyl-10H-phenothiazine-3-carbaldehyde was dissolved in 5 ml chloroform, 0.11 g cyanoacetic acid and 0.30 ml piperidine was added and stirred the solution for 12 hours under reflux conditions. Then obtained solution was cooled to room temperature, concentrated and separated by silica column chromatography using methylene chloride and methanol as eluent solution at volume ratio of 15:1 to obtain 180 mg (E)-2-cyano-3-(7-(4,4,8,8,12,12-hexamethyl-4H,8H,12H-12c-aza-dibenzo(cd,mn)pyren-2-yl)-10-hexyl-10H-phenothiazin-3-yl)-acrylic acid with 55.1% yield.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The primary thin film has thickness of 3-5 nm and the secondary thin film has thickness of 5-7 nm. Preferred Composition: The primary intrinsic semiconductor layer comprises intrinsic hydrogenated amorphous silicon or its oxide, and has thickness of 80-150 nm. The secondary intrinsic semiconductor layer is made of germanium-doped hydrogenated silicon. The secondary p-type semiconductor layer comprises amorphous or microcrystalline hydrogenated silicon doped with p-type impurity. The doping amount of p-type impurity is 1-3%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The re-absorption enhancing layer is made up of zinc oxide, aluminum oxide, titanium dioxide, aluminum tin oxide, zirconium dioxide and copper oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organosilicon compound is chosen from organic silane compound, organic modified siloxane compound and silicon-modified acryl compound. The content of organosilicon compound is 0.1-10 parts %mass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The curable resin composition further comprises a curable resin chosen from radically polymerizable resin, epoxy resin and phenol resin, and a reinforcing fiber material. The radically polymerizable resin is a vinyl ester resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The uneven structure portion is formed of silver, gold, aluminum and copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The molding material is formed by screwing through a sheet rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Thermoelectric element comprises nanostructured materials made of bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3), antimony telluride (Sb2Te3), lead telluride (PbTe), lead selenide (PbSe), half-Heusler, silicon (Si), and/or silicon germanium (SiGe).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The silicon-containing layer comprises amorphous silicon and single crystalline silicon wafer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The silicon-containing layer comprises metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The silicon-containing layer comprises polycrystalline silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The piezoelectric block is formed from a ceramic piezoelectric material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The piezoelectric block is formed from a polymeric piezoelectric material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The additive is elastomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of thermoelectric-semiconductor microparticles is 30-99 %mass in the thermoelectric-semiconductor composition. The thermoelectric-semiconductor microparticles are microparticles of bismuth-tellurium type thermoelectric-semiconductor material. Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of thermoelectric-semiconductor microparticles is 10 nm to 200 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of ionic liquid is 0.01-50 %mass in the thermoelectric-semiconductor composition. The cation component of the ionic liquid is pyridinium cation, imidazolium ion, and/or their derivatives. The anion component of ionic liquid contains halide anion chosen from chloride ion, bromide ion and iodide ion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The heat-resistant resin is polyamide resin, polyamidoimide resin, polyimide resin and/or epoxy resin. The support is a plastic film chosen from polyimide film, polyamide film, polyetherimide film, polyaramide film and polyamidoimide film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The protective gas is dissociated methanol gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate consists of p-type silicon, p-type silicon carbide, p-type gallium nitride and p-type gallium arsenide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The alkali metal is cesium or rubidium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The rejection layer is polyamide layer. The carrier contains polyarylene ether, polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyphenylenesulfone, polyamide, polyvinyl alcohol, cellulose acetate, cellulose triacetate, cellulose acetate-triacetate blend, cellulose ester, cellulose nitrate, regenerated cellulose, aromatic/aliphatic or aliphatic polyamide, aromatic/aliphatic polyimide, polybenzimidazole, polybenzimidazolone, polyacrylonitrile, polyacrylonitrile-poly(vinyl chloride) copolymer, polyacrylonitrile-methallyl sulfonate copolymer, polyetherketone, polyetheretherketone, sulfonated polyetheretherketone, poly(dimethylphenylene oxide), polycarbonate, polyester, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polystyrene, polypropylene, polyelectrolyte complexes, poly(methyl methacrylate), polydimethylsiloxane, aromatic/aliphatic polyimide urethane and/or crosslinked polyimide, preferably polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyphenylenesulfone, polyvinylidene fluoride and/or cellulose acetate. The membrane further has protective layer provided on the rejection layer. Preferred Property: The polyamide layer has thickness of 10-1000 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred composition: The composite material preferably comprises 70 pts. wt. chlorinated polyethylene, 30 pts. wt. ethylene acrylate rubber, 35 pts. wt. calcined kaolin, 10 pts. wt. antimonous oxide, 20 pts. wt. decabromodiphenyl ethane, 0.5 pt. wt. stearic acid, 7 pts. wt. dicumyl peroxide and 2 pts. wt. triallyl isocyanurate resin as raw materials. The composite material further comprises 0.5-3 pts. wt. pigment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The first and second modules are made of polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The thermoelectric conversion layer comprises carbon nanotubes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hollow particles comprise non-electroconductive organic material. The content of hollow particles is 10-30 %mass with respect to total content of thermoelectric conversion layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The adhesive strip or the produced composite is present as a strapless transfer adhesive tape/-composite, a disc-based adhesive strip/-composite provided with adhesive tape on both sides, and a stamped part. The materials, which are to be connected, are metals, e.g. steel, aluminum or plastics, glass, ceramic, natural-, mineral- or carbon fibers, preferably carbon fiber materials. Preferred Method: The materials are bonded together depending on the intended function in similar or different combinations. The production of the molded parts or end products are carried out such that the different material layers are introduced in a negative form, where alternately a layer of the adhesive strip is alternated with another material layer. The heat conductive- or electricity conductive materials (lightning rod for wind turbines), supply lines for power supply or thread for fastenings or holders of different types are incorporated during the production process of the component. The stability and stiffness of the later component with no or low weight gain is increased by introducing a foam or an air cushion. The production of complete end products is carried out by simultaneous horizontal and/or vertical bonding of multiple components in a single operation, where the prepared composite materials are present in all geometries and dimensions. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The solar water heaters and power distribution cabinet are connected to biogas tank at winter conditions. The wind power generator and photovoltaic array includes wind turbines, solar photovoltaic cells, batteries, wind and solar controller and inverter. The wind and solar controllers are connected with wind turbines and solar photovoltaic cells. The inverter is connected to battery. Anaerobic hydrolyzed medium comprises primary medium comprising potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium and secondary medium comprising 0.5 g glucose, 1 g peptone, 0.4 g dipotassium phosphate, 1 g ammonium sulfate, 0.1 magnesium chloride, 0.05 g magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, 1 g ferric chloride, 1 g yeast extract and 1000 ml distilled water. The bacteria are club-shaped bacteria or Gram negative bacteria.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The fused cyclic compound (I) is preferably of formula (II)-(XVII).x=not defined.N.B: n is not defined.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The curing agent is hydroxyalkyl amide, where the hydroxyalkyl amide has more functional groups and has high crosslinking density for the polyester. The filler is mica having different sheet-like structure.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polyester is modified polyester resin with carboxyl end group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrode sheet comprises lithium titanium oxide as anode active material. The lithium titanium oxide is lithium titanate spinel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The rust preventive oil is a mixture of naphtha and acetone. The electrode chemical mixture is chemical slurry.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The secondary battery includes nonwoven fabric material selected from polyester resin, nylon resin, polysulfone resin, poly lactic acid, chitosan, collagen, cellulose, fibrinogen or their mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The reducing agent is chosen from hydrazine hydrate, sodium borohydride, sodium thiosulfate, potassium thiosulfate, hydrobromic acid and ethylenediamine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal plate is formed of nickel, magnesium, iron, silicon, sulfur element, and aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The active electrode material silicon monoxide comprises carbon-coated silicon monoxide particles. The microstructure of carbon-coated silicon monoxide particle comprises Si (Si0) and SiO2(Si4+) nanodomains. The composition is deposited onto a copper foil to form a film laminate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The conductive binder comprises a polymeric composition having polyfluorene-containing repeating units of formula (I), preferably PFM (poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-co-fluorenone-co-methylbenzoic acid)) of formula (II).x,x',y,z =0-1;x+x'+y+z=1;R1, R2=(CH2)nCH3;R3,R4=(CH2)nCOOH;n=0-8;andR5,R6=H, COOH or COOCH3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The anion conduction film further comprises the polymer having halogen atom, carboxyl group, hydroxyl group and/or ether group. The anion conduction film further comprises non-woven fabric and/or microporous film that are laminated.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The aqueous solution of phosphoric acid has phosphoric acid concentration of 0.4-0.5 mole/l. The aqueous solution of ferric chloride has ferric chloride concentration of 0.08-0.13 mole/l. Preferred method: The aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide is prepared by mixing hydrogen peroxide and water in a volume ratio of 30:100.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The step of heating reaction vessel in an oven is carried out at 150 degrees C for 8 hours. The step of vacuum tube furnace under the protection of nitrogen is carried out at 900 degrees C and heating rate of 5 degrees C/minute for 3 hours, or at 800 degrees C and heating rate of 6 degrees C/minute for 4 hours or at 700 degrees C and heating rate of 7 degrees C/minute for 5 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal cobalt salt is cobalt acetate tetrahydrate, cobalt chloride, cobalt nitrate or cobalt carbonyl. The metal nickel salt is nickel acetate tetrahydrate, nickel chloride, nickel nitrate or nickel carbonyl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The radical scavenger is isopropanol, ethanol or ethylene glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sulfonating agent is concentrated sulfuric acid, fumed sulfuric acid, sulfur trioxide, chlorosulfonic acid, sulfuryl chloride, trimethylsilyl chlorosulfonic acid and/or aminosulfonic acid. The chlorinating agent is chlorine gas, phosgene, chlorine dioxide, thionyl chloride, chlorosulfonic acid, phosphorus oxychloride, phosphorus pentachloride and/or phosphorus trichloride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (claimed): The aromatic polymer, sulfonating agent and chlorinating reagent are mixed, sulfonated, and chlorinated, or sulfonic acid group-containing aromatic monomer is polymerized, obtained sulfonated aromatic polymer with chlorinating agent, and chlorinated, to obtain sulfuryl chloride aromatic polymer. The sulfuryl chloride aromatic polymer is amidated, to obtain sulfonamide aromatic polymer. Preferred Composition: The aromatic polymer is polybiphenyl, polysulfone, polyether sulfone, polybenzimidazole, polyether ketone, polyether ether ketone, polyphenylene ether, polyphenylene sulfide, polyphenylene sulfide, polyaramid, polyaromatic polyimide, polystyrene, styrene copolymer or their derivatives. The content of sulfonamide group is 0.001-100 mol% with respect to ionic group in the polymer. The sulfuryl chloride aromatic polymer is amidated using mixed gas containing ammonia gas and liquid ammonia, or ammonia solution of methanesulfonyl chloride. Preferred Definitions:    M=H+, Li+, Na+, K+, Ca+, Mg2+, Fe3+ or Cu2+.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sulfur and lithium thiocyanate are added in the mol ratio of 1:7 to the reaction kettle. Tetrahydrofuran is evaporated from the reaction kettle. A mixture of dioxolane and glycol methyl ether is added in the volume ratio of 1:1 to 1 l of electrolyte containing lithium bis-trifluoromethanesulfonimide and Nafion (RTM: binder). Nano calcium carbonate is dispersed uniformly, and nitric acid is added to obtain .
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The substrate comprises porous electroconductive copper foam or nickel foam. The soluble nickel salt comprises nickel nitrate, nickel sulfate and/or nickel chloride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The soluble nickel salt comprises aqueous solution of hexamethylene tetramine or urea. The polyhydric alcohol comprises ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol and/or hexanediol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The graphite oxide is prepared by Hummer system with ultrasonic dispersion time of 1-3 hours at temperature of 20-40 degrees C. The concentration of the graphite oxide dispersion liquid is l-4 g/L. The mass ratio of the melamine and graphite oxide is 1:2-4:1 and heated at reflux time of 1-2 hours. The freeze-drying temperature is -40 degrees C to 50 degrees C. The heating rate in the heat treatment of 500-600 degrees C is 2.3 degrees C/minute and heating rate in the heat treatment of 700-800 degrees C is 5 degrees C/minute. The mass ratio of nitrogen-doped graphene with ethylene glycol is 1:10-1:30 and ultrasonic time of 1-3 hours. The mass ratio of metal palladium and nitrogen-doped graphene composite is 1:49-1:1. The mass amount of palladium nitrate and hydrazine hydrate is 5-10 times.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The ore has a granularity of not more than 0.074 mm. The inoculation amount is 10-30 wt.%. The mass ratio of ore and culture medium is 0.25:100-1:100.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of graphene oxide and DNA is 1.25-5:1. The mass ratio of graphene oxide and divalent nickel salt is 4.3-19.7:1. The molar ratio of sodium borohydride and divalent nickel salt is 10-75:1. The molar ratio of divalent nickel salt and divalent palladium salt is 0.67-1.2:1. The molar ratio of divalent palladium salt and tetravalent platinum salt is 1:1. The divalent nickel salt is nickel chloride, nickel sulfate, nickel nitrate or nickel acetate. The bivalent palladium salt is palladium acetate, potassium tetrachloropalladate or palladium chloride. The tetravalent platinum salt is chloroplatinic acid or potassium chloroplatinic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The aromatic tetramine comprises 3,3'-diaminobenzidine, 3,3',4,4'-tetra-aminodiphenyl ether and 3,3',4,4'-tetra-aminodiphenyl sulfone. The aromatic dicarboxylic acid comprises 4,4'-dicarboxylic diphenyl, 4,4'-dyhydroxy diphenyl ether, 2,2-bis(4-(4-carboxy-phenoxy)phenyl)hexafluoropropane, 2,2-bis(4-(4-carboxy-phenoxy)phenyl)propane, 9,9-bis(4-(4-carboxy-phenoxy)phenyl)fluorene, 4,4'-bis(4-carboxy-phenoxy)diphenyl sulfone, 4,4'-bis(4-carboxy-phenoxy)biphenyl, 1,4-bis(4-carboxy-phenoxy)naphthalene, 1,5-bis(4-carboxy-phenoxy)naphthalene, 1,6-bis(4-carboxy-phenoxy)naphthalene and 2,6-bis(4-carboxy-phenoxy)naphthalene. The amino acid comprises dimethyl 4-aminobenzene, 5-aminoisophthalic acid and 2-aminoterephthalic acid. The organic solvent comprises dimethyl sulfoxide, N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide and 1-methyl pyrrolidone. The crosslinking agent comprises bisphenol A type epoxy resin, ethylene glycol diglycidyl glycerol ether, isophthalaldehyde and terephthalaldehyde.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The compound (I) is prepared by dissolving aromatic tetramine, aromatic dicarboxylic acid and amino acid into polyphosphoric acid under nitrogen protection, reacting at 150-250 degrees C for 2-30 hours, cooling to 80-120 degrees C, pouring into ice water, suction filtering, washing filter cake with deionized water, steeping in 5% sodium bicarbonate solution for 1-2 days, suction filtering, washing filter cake with deionized water to neutral, vacuum drying, dissolving into concentrated sulfuric acid or fuming sulfuric acid under nitrogen protection, heating to 50-120 degrees C, reacting for 1-30 hours, cooling to room temperature, pouring into ice water, suction filtering, leaching filter cake into 5% sodium bicarbonate solution for 1-2 days, suction filtering, washing filter cake with deionized water to neutral, and vacuum drying.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of polysulfone and methylene chloride is 1:20-50. The mass ratio of polysulfone, acylating agent and anhydrous tin tetrachloride is 1:1-4:2-8.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The catalyst is made of cupric oxide, zinc oxide, zirconium oxide, aluminum oxide, cerium oxide and lanthanum oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of soft polyurethane prepolymer segment and hard polyurethane prepolymer segment is 1:1.0-1.8.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The extractant is dichloromethane, ethyl acetate or n-hexane. The film forming method is casting film or cast film. The diamine is of formula (H2N-A-NH2). The binary halide is of formula (X1-CH2-B-CH2-X2).A, B = pyridine-2,3-diyl of formula (II), 4',4''-oxo-methylenediphenyl of formula (III), 4',4''-oxy-methylenediphenyl of formula (IV), 1,2-diphenylethen-4,4'-diyl of formula (I); andX = Cl or Br.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic particles are chosen from titanium dioxide, silica, alumina, zirconium dioxide, graphene, graphene oxide, carbon nanomaterial, tetraethoxysilane, montmorillonite, mordenite, zirconium phosphate, phosphotungstic acid, phosphomolybdic acid and silicomolybdate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The porous support has thickness of 5-100 mu m, porosity of 20-95% and pore size of 50 nm to 2 mu m. Preferred Composition: The composite electrolyte membrane further comprises inorganic particles having particle diameter of 4-20 nm. The porous support is made of polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyldifluoroethylene, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyimide and/or polyamide. The proton conductive ionomer is chosen from copolymer, Nafion (RTM: sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene-based fluoropolymer-copolymer), Flemion (RTM: perfluorinated ionomer), Dow ionomer, Solvay ionomer, Sumitomo 3M ionomer, hydrogen ion-conductive ionomer, poly(perfluorosulfonic acid) and poly(perfluorocarboxylic acid). The copolymer is chosen from homocopolymer, alternating copolymer, random copolymer, block copolymer, multiblock copolymer, graft-copolymer and polybenzimidazole random copolymer. The hydrogen ion-conductive ionomer is chosen from sulfonated polyimide, sulfonated polyarylethersulfone, sulfonated polyether ether ketone, sulfonated polybenzimidazole, sulfonated polysulfone, sulfonated polystyrene, sulfonated polyphosphazene, sulfonated polyetherethersulfone, sulfonated polyethersulfone, sulfonated poly(ether benzimidazole), sulfonated poly(arylene ether ketone), sulfonated polyetherketone, sulfonated polystyrene, sulfonated polyimidazole, sulfonated polyetherketoneketone and poly(aryl ether benzimidazole).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nano metal oxide is chosen from silver oxide and palladium oxide. The nano metal material further comprises carrier material chosen from carbon material, oxide material and polymer material. The cyano ligand complex is loaded on surface of carrier. Preferred Process: Nano metal loaded on carrier, hydrogen peroxide or Fenton's reagent and nitrile are mixed, to obtain a system and reacted under ultraviolet light, to obtain surface cyanided-modified nano metal material. The suspension system containing Fenton's reagent is reacted without ultraviolet light.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The nano metal is chosen from platinum, palladium and ruthenium. The nano metal alloy is chosen from platinum-ruthenium alloy, platinum-palladium alloy, platinum-silver alloy, platinum-iron alloy, platinum-cobalt alloy, platinum-nickel alloy, gold-palladium alloy, silver-palladium alloy, palladium-cobalt alloy and palladium-nickel alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The raw material solution B further comprises other metal salt that is chromium, cobalt, nickel, copper, iron, lead and/or aluminum. The raw material solution A further comprises conductive agent that is conductive carbon black, powdered activated carbon, chopped carbon fibers, graphite and/or carbon nanotube.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent is water, ethanol and/or propanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Property: The thickness of coating layer of aluminum oxide nanoceramic particles is 4-8 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of urea and magnesium powder is preferably 1:5. The inert gas is chosen from nitrogen, argon and helium. The pickling is carried out using 1 mol/L acid chosen from hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid and phosphoric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal material includes ruthenium oxide and iridium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal material includes a mixture of ruthenium and iridium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The aqueous methanol reforming hydrogen generation and power generation modules further consist of a heat exchanger and an integrated vaporization chamber. The hydrogen purifying device has a membrane separator consisting of a plating layer containing palladium-silver alloy. The fuel cell vehicle further includes alternating current-direct current converter and buffer battery.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The palladium-silver alloy comprises 75-78 wt.% palladium and 22-25 wt.% silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal layer is made of molybdenum and manganese alloy and plated with nickel. The positive terminal is made of aluminum or aluminum alloy, and the negative pole terminal is made of copper or copper alloy and aluminum or aluminum alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The substrate is 304 stainless steel, 316 stainless steel, 430 stainless steel, and/or 310 stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The rare earth permanent magnetic material is formed of neodymium, praseodymium, dysprosium, cobalt, niobium, aluminum, copper, boron and iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The oxidizing agent is sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, potassium permanganate, and/or hydrogen peroxide. The reducing agent is hydrogen gas, hydrazine hydrate, and/or sodium borohydride. Preferred Method: The first step includes mixing graphite powder and anhydrous sodium nitrate. the first step further includes reducing excess potassium permanganate with 3-5% hydrogen peroxide into manganese(II) sulfate. The second step includes dissolving graphene oxide in N-methylpyrrolidone solvent before performing functionalization reaction.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The functionalization agent is diamine or diol. The diamine is ethylene diamine, butanediamine, hexamethylene diamine, ethylene diamine and/or dicyclohexyl carbodiimide. The diol is ethanediol, propylene glycol, and/or diethylene glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inert atmosphere is argon, nitrogen and/or hydrogen mixed gas. The iron salt is ferrous sulfate, ferrous acetate and/or ferric chloride. The manganese salt is manganese sulfate, manganese nitrate, manganese acetate and/or manganese chloride. The pH regulating agent is 0.5-2 mol/L sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide and/or ammonia. The lithium salt is lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide and/or lithium acetate. The phosphonium salt is ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, ammonium phosphate and/or diammonium phosphate. Preferred Method: The sintering is carried out at 660 degrees C for 7 hours.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The oxalate is oxalic acid, ammonium oxalate, sodium oxalate, potassium oxalate and/or lithium oxalate. The 1-20 wt.% carbon source is from glucose, sucrose, fructose, lactose and/or starch.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The poor solvent is water, methanol, ethanol, propanol or isopropanol. The volatile solvent is methanol, tetrahydrofuran or hexane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The composite dense membrane has thickness of 0.1-20 mu m. The porous membrane has thickness of 20-500 mu m. Preferred Composition: The cation exchange resin is fluorine-containing polymer, sulfonated polyether ether ketone, sulfonated polysulfone, sulfonated polyethersulfone, sulfonated polystyrene or polyacrylic acid. The organic polymer resin is polysulfone, polyketone, polyimide, polybenzimidazole, polyvinylidene fluoride, poly(vinyl pyridine), polyacrylonitrile, polypropylene, polyethylene, polybutadiene or cellulose acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Cations of positive electrolyte are selected from Li+ and Na+. Electrodes are selected from platinum, copper, aluminum, nickel, stainless steel, acetylene black, carbon black, activated carbon, amorphous carbon, graphite, graphene, and/or nanostructured carbon material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: Phenothiazine compound has solubility of greater than or equal to 0.5 M. Preferred Components: Phenothiazine compound is preferably compound of formula (ia). The 1st and 2nd non-aqueous liquid electrolyte solutions contain a metal halide salt selected from lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4), sodium tetrafluoroborate (NaBF4), lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6), sodium pentafluorophosphate (NaPF5), lithium bis(oxalato)borate, tetra-n-butylammonium hexafluorophosphate tetra-n-butylammonium bromide, and/or tetra-n-butylammonium tetrafluoroborate. The 1st non-aqueous liquid electrolyte solution contains a positive electrolyte. The 1st non-aqueous liquid electrolyte solution further contains solvent selected from carbonate, nitrile, ether, aromatic compound, and/or ester. The 1st and 2nd non-aqueous liquid electrolyte solutions are the same. Anions of the salt are selected from BF4-, PF6-, ClO4-, AsF6-, CF3SO3-, N(SO2CF3)2-, N(SO2CF2CF3)2-, B(C2O4)2-, and/or B12X6H(12+n)2-. The 1st non-aqueous liquid electrolyte solution contains positive electrolyte, and the 2nd non-aqueous liquid electrolyte solution contains negative electrolyte.X=halo.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: Separator material is made of sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene-based fluoropolymer-copolymers, sulfonated poly(ether ether ketones), polysulfones, polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene-propylene copolymers, polyimides, polyvinyldifluorides, porous ceramics, porous insulated metals, cation-conducting glasses, or zeolites.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode contains lithium-containing complex oxide as active material. The negative electrode contains carbon as active material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cyclic ester (I) or (II) is preferably 5-methyl-1,3-dioxolane-2,4-dione or 1,4-dioxane-2,3-dione. The electrolyte solution further contains lithium salt as electrolyte. The nonaqueous solvent is chosen from cyclic carbonate, linear carbonate, aliphatic carboxylic acid ester, gamma -lactone, cyclic ether, linear ether and their fluorinated derivative. The lithium salt is chosen from lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate, lithium hexafluoroantimonate, lithium perchlorate, lithium aluminum chloride and lithium sulfonylimide (LiN(CkF2k+1SO2)(CmF2m+1SO2)).k,m=1 or 2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The heating channel is provided with a blocking plate flathead on front both ends of the rectangular shaped heating channel separation plate, and a heating channel heat conductive fin (103) located inside the blocking plate to facilitate heat transfer of exhaust gas. The reaction channel is: provided with a rectangular blocking plate on front end portion of the rectangular shaped reaction channel separation plate, a mixed gas inlet chamber located on inner upper side of the blocking plate, a catalyst room for generating hydrogen gas from gas mixture in lower side of a gas mixture inlet chamber, and opens the blocking plate to communicate with each position with the mixed gas inlet; and communicated with the hydrogen gas exhaust unit. The upper and lower portions of the catalyst chamber is provided with a reaction channel upper heat conductive fin and a reaction channel lower heat conductive fin for promoting heat transfer in mixed gas and hydrogen gas. The reaction channel upper heat conductive fin is inclined on upper surface and increasingly narrowed inside the mixed gas inlet. The reaction channel lower heat conductive fin is inclined to upper portion of the hydrogen gas exhaust unit from lower side of the catalyst outlet. The reformer further comprises a secondary heater for improving temperature of the gas mixture by passing through the reaction channel upper heat conductive fin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: In the step (i) and (iii), the protective atmosphere is nitrogen, argon or mixed gas of nitrogen and hydrogen, where the content of hydrogen in the mixed gas is 2-10%. In the step (i), the divalent iron source solution is ferrous sulfate solution of concentration 0.05-2.5 mol/l. In the step (i) and (ii), the aqueous solution of phosphorus source is ammonium dihydrogen phosphate or phosphoric acid solution of concentration 0.05-3 mol/l. In the step (i), the pH is controlled using aqueous ammonia, sodium hydroxide and/or potassium hydroxide. In the step (ii), the oxidizing agent is hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, sodium chlorate NaClO3, sodium hypochlorite NaClO, potassium chlorate KClO and/or potassium hypochlorite KClO3. In the step (iii), the lithium source is lithium hydroxide, lithium carbonate, lithium oxalate, lithium acetate and/or lithium chloride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: In the step (i), the dispersant is cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), polyvinyl pyrrolidone PVP and/or polyethylene glycol 400, where the concentration of the dispersant in the aqueous solution is 0.02-0.2%. In the step (iii), the carbon source is glucose, fructose, sucrose, lactose, stearic acid, Super P (RTM: Conductive carbon blacks) and/or water-soluble phenolic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: : The compound has layered structure of space group R3-m, has true density of 4.4-5.0 g/cm3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The transition metal atom in the sodium-containing transition metal oxide is nickel, titanium and/or manganese. The sodium-containing transition metal oxide is of formula: NaxTiyNizMn1-y-zO2, where x is 0-0.67, y is 0.15-0.2 and z is 0.3-0.35. The electrolyte includes 70 %mass or more ionic liquid containing anion and sodium ion. The material (a) is non-reinforced carbon black, hard carbon and/or alkali-metal containing titanium oxide. The material (b) is zinc, indium, tin, silicon, phosphorus, antimony, lead and/or bismuth.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of lithium compound in the nonaqueous electrolyte is 0.1-10 %mass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solvent is chosen from cyclic carbonate and linear carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sodium-containing transition metal oxide comprises oxide (O1) in which the stoichiometric ratio of nickel, titanium and manganese is 1/3:1/6:1/2, and oxide (O2) in which the stoichiometric ratio of iron and cobalt is 1/2:1/2. The sodium-containing compound is sodium carbonate. The compound containing the transition metal element is chosen from oxide, hydroxide and carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic acid includes at least one of hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid and phosphoric acid. The concentration of the inorganic acid is 0.01-5 M. The noble metal includes at least one of palladium, platinum, ruthenium and rubidium. The concentration of the precious metal salt is 0.01-5 M. The addition amount of the stabilizer is 1-40 pts. wt.. The precipitating agent solution comprises sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate and sodium carbonate. Preferred Method: The acid processing time is 0.5-8 hours. The drying is carried out at 60-150 degrees C for 0.5-10 hours. EXAMPLE - Functional groups were formed on the surface of Black pearl 2000 (RTM: Conductive carbon black), 2 M sulfuric acid and 2 M nitric acid were mixed in a volume ratio of 1:1, stirred for 2 hours, carbon black turbid solution was filtered, the filtrate was washed multiple times with distilled water until pH became neutral, and dried at 80 degrees C for 5 hours. 0.1 M Palladium(II) chloride was dissolved in hydrochloric acid aqueous solution to obtain dihydrogen tetrachloropalladate solution, then 100 ml sodium gluconate (2 mM) was added, and dissolved to obtain palladium precursor solution. 0.1 M sodium hydroxide aqueous solution was added into palladium precursor solution, stirred, preprocessed carbon black was added into palladium precursor solution, stirred at 10 degrees C for 2 hours, then 0.5 M sodium borohydride aqueous solution was added, stirred, washed multiple times with distilled water, and dried at 80 degrees C for 5 hours to obtain the highly dispersed precious metal-supported catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode active material is preferably lithium-manganese phosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of carbon in the magnesium-aluminum oxide composite is 0.1-50 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The vapor deposition is performed by an atomic layer deposition method or chemical vapor deposition method. The pore formation involves heating substrate coated with thin film obtained from vapor deposition at 450-600 degrees C in the presence of oxygen or water. The method further involves annealing during which substrate coated with porous thin film in the presence of air, nitrogen or nitrogen comprising less than 1% ozone. Preferred Composition: The electrode material is chosen from glassy carbon or carbon nanofibers, platinum, gold, copper, nickel, iron, stainless steel, indium tin oxide or zinc oxide. The oxidizing agent comprises ozone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal raw material is a compound chosen from compounds of formulae: L1L2Mn (1), L1L2L3Mn (2) and Cp(R1R2R3R4R5)MnCp(R6R7R8R9R10) (3), preferably bis(ethyl cyclopentadienyl)manganese, bis(cyclopentadienyl)manganese, bis(methyl cyclopentadienyl) manganese, bis(isopropyl cyclopentadienyl)manganese, bis(methyl cyclopentadienyl)manganese tricarbonyl, bis(tert-butyl cyclopentadienyl)manganese, bis(ethyl cyclopentadienyl)manganese 2,4-dimethylpentanedione, bis(pentamethyl cyclopentadienyl)manganese, and tris(2,2,6,6-tetramethylheptane-3,5-dione).Cp=cyclopentadienyl;andL1-L3,R1-R10=H, carbonyl, or ligand having alkyl, allyl, allylalkyl, diketone, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, silyl, amino, silylamino, cyclopentadienyl and phenyl (all optionally substituted), bonded to Mn via covalent bond, coordination bond, or ionic bond.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fluorophosphate compound comprises one or more lithium difluorophosphate and mono-fluoro-lithium phosphate. The content of fluorophosphate compound is 5 %mass or less with respect to the total mass of the non-aqueous electrolyte. The inorganic particles comprise silicon. The insulating layer is arranged between the positive electrode and separator.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The oxidative sulfonating agent includes sulfonic acid-containing compound of formula: R-SO3H (I), concentrated sulfuric acid, oleum, sulfuric acid and/or hydrogen fluoride. The concentration of oxidative sulfonating agent is more than 98%. The carbon/sulfur ratio of sulfonated graphene is 6:1-3:1.R=F, Cl or Br.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic material includes organic polymer material and small molecular organic material. The small molecular organic material includes 4-50C linear hydrocarbon or aromatic hydrocarbon with benzene ring structure. The organic material has degree of crystallinity of 0-30%, 20-40%, 50-80% or 60-90% and molecular weight of 50-50000, preferably 50-10000. The weight ratio of organic material and reaction medium is: 5:1-1:500, preferably 1:3-1:70.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The organic polymer material is chosen from polyethylene wax, chlorinated polyethylene, acetylene oligomer, polyacetylene, polyolefin containing halogen, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, and polyyne containing halogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electric conductive filler is graphite powder, activated graphite powder, electric conductive carbon black, or carbon nano tube.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer is polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyurethane or polyethylene. The dispersant is polyethylene glycol or polyacrylamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The liquid oxidizing agent used in surface treatment is 10-50 wt.% hydrogen peroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The carbon felt comprises polyacrylonitrile and/or rayon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The carbon felt comprises polyacrylonitrile and rayon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): Compound (I) is prepared by completely dissolving polyether sulfone in 98% concentrated sulfuric acid, adding chloromethyl octyl ether, stirring, reacting, precipitating in water, washing with deionized water and anhydrous ethanol to neutral, suction-filtering, air-drying at room temperature to obtain chloromethyl polyether sulfone of formula (II), dissolving in organic solvent, preparing into solution, adding thiazole, performing amine chemical treatment reaction at 60-100 degrees C for 6-48 hours, re-precipitating, washing with anhydrous ethanol, soaking in anhydrous ethanol, suction-filtering, air-drying at room temperature, dissolving in organic solvent, distributing in casting film liquid and casting. Preferred Components: The functional group is of formulae (i) and (ii). The organic solvent is N,N-dimethyl acetamide, N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, N-methylpyrrolidone, dichloroethane, tetrachloroethane, dichloromethane and/or chloroform. Precipitating is done using precipitating agent comprising water, methanol, ethanol, propanol, diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone and/or ethyl acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The first electrode includes porous silicon spheres. The battery has silicon oxide nanoparticles including silicon oxide nanospheres.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The second electrode is made of lithium metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The electrolyte is made of a mixture of lithium hexafluorophosphate, ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The olivine-type lithium-manganese-iron phosphate compound is of formula: LiFeaMnbMcPO4 (I), where M is magnesium, calcium, strontium, yttrium, zirconium, molybdenum, barium, lead, bismuth, lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, or gadolinium, a is 0-0.5, b is 0.5-1, and c is 0-0.2, which satisfies the relation: 2a+2b+(valence of M)x c=2. Preferred Process: The olivine-type lithium-manganese-iron phosphate compound is obtained by subjecting lithium compound, phosphoric acid compound, iron compound, and manganese compound to a hydrothermal reaction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The graphene release agent is benzylamine, dimethyl sulfoxide, or phthalic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of carbon with respect to magnesium silicate complex is 0.1-50 %mass. The molar ratio of silicon with respect to magnesium in magnesium silicate complex is 0.1-500. The composition further comprises positive electrode active material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transition metal is selected from manganese, cobalt, and nickel. The lithium manganese oxide (Li2MnO3) is lithium-manganese-nickel-cobalt-oxide component ((0.5)Li2MnO3-(0.5)LiMn(0.5)Ni(0.35)Co(0.15)O2). The transition metal salts are selected from salts of manganese, nickel and cobalt. The salt of manganese is manganese acetate tetrahydrate. The salt of nickel is nickel nitrate hexahydrate. The salt of cobalt is cobalt nitrate hexahydrate. The method utilizes a lithium precursor comprising lithium hydroxide hydrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The self-ignition combustion fuel is glycine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The inorganic compound is hydride group compound, thiolisicon group compound, sodium super ionic conductor group compound, lithium super ionic conductor group compound or perovskite group compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The organic compound comprises polyethylene oxide, polyacrylonitrile, polymethyl methacrylate or polyvinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The material of the stator winding of the electric motor is made of copper, copper alloy, or an aluminum or aluminum alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The battery has an electrode which contains silicon as a negative electrode active material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fluoro-hydrocarbon group (b) is 2-20C fluoroalkyl group or 2-20C fluoroalkylene group. The fluorine atom bonded with the carbon atom of fluoro-hydrocarbon group (b) is 20 mol% or more based on the total number of moles of hydrogen atom and fluorine atom. The compound (A1) is given by the formula (1) or (2).R1=2-20C fluoroalkyl;R2=residue obtained by removing isocyanate group from polyisocyanate compound, or is group of (m+n) valence;R3=1-20C organic group which does not have polymerizable unsaturated bond;m=1-4;n=0-3;R4 and R8=2-20C fluoroalkyl or 1-20C organic group;R5 and R7=residue obtained by removing isocyanate group from diisocyanate compound;R6=2-20C fluoroalkylene or 1-20C divalent organic group;andk=1-10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The activated carbon has pore volume of 0.1-0.5 cc/g measured by quenched solid density functional theory, when pore diameter is 15.4-200 Angstrom , pore volume of 0.3-0.7 cc/g, when pore diameter is less than 15.4 Angstrom and specific surface area of 1500-3000 m2/g measured by BET method, or pore volume of 0.1-2 cc/g when pore diameter is 15.4-200 Angstrom , pore volume of 0.7-1.5 cc/g when pore diameter is less than 15.4 Angstrom and specific surface area of 3000-4000 m2/g measured by BET method. The specific surface area of the composite material is 500-2000 m2/g measured by BET method. The composite material has pore volume of 0.15-0.75 cc/g when pore diameter is 15.4-200 degrees A and pore volume of 0.15-0.61 cc/g when pore diameter is less than 15.4 Angstrom . Preferred Composition: The content of metal oxide is 10-150 %mass with respect to total content of activated carbon. The metal oxide is chosen from lithium-metal oxide chosen from compounds of formulae: LiMO2, LiM2O4, LiMPO4, Li2MO3-LiMO2, Li2MPO4F and Li2MSiO4, vanadium pentoxide, iron phosphate and lithium-vanadium oxide.M=transition metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The insulation bag and the cap plate comprising a coating layer are made of a material selected from a group consisting of polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The precursor is hydrogen sulfide. The film is lithium sulfide. The substrate is made of aluminum oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The precursor is made of lithium tert-butoxide, lithium acetylacetonate, tetramethyl, heptanedionato lithium, lithium cyclopentadienide, lithium pentamethylcyclopentadienide and lithium 2-methyl-2-butoxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The apparatus further has filtration system in fluid communication with inlet(s), and controller. The membrane is semi-permeable, preferably porous membrane. The cathode and anode form electrode set (E1) of electrode set(s) and connected in parallel to form a cell, and have planar, mesh-like configuration.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Property: The cell generates power of 240-50000 mV.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The solutions (S1) and (S2) have sodium chloride concentration of 0.006-0.1 M and 0.2-6.0 M, respectively. Preferred Process: The process further involves delivering continuously the solution (S2) to anode, and recirculating the flow of the solution (S1) for repeatedly contacting the cathode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer is ion-conductive polymer (P) chosen from polyalkylene oxide, polymer with alkylene oxide group(s) or copolymer comprising spacer group-containing repeating unit (I). Preferred Definitions:    A=alkylene, carbonate, siloxane, phosphazene, methyl methacrylate, methacrylate, phenylenyl, phenylene oxide and benzylenyl;    Q-=sulfonyl imido or sulfonato;    Z+=alkali ion;    Q+=pyridinium, ammonium, imidazolium, piperidinium, pyrrolidinium, phosphonium, guanidinium, morpholinium, uranium or thiouronium;    Z-=lithium-conductive salt anion;and    Q'=alkylene oxide group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrode active material is alloy powder containing carbon powder, silicon powder, tin powder, silicon or tin, and/or lithium transition metal oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The imidazole is chosen from 1,2-dimethyl imidazole, 2-ethyl- 4-methylimidazole, 4-ethyl-2-methylimidazole and 1-methyl-4-ethyl imidazole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The layered solid solution compound comprises lithium-manganese-nickel-cobalt-metal composite oxide of formula: xLi2MnO3-(1-x)LiNiaMnbCocMdO2.x=0.2-0.8;a=0.3-1;b=0-0.6;c=0-0.5;d=0-0.05;a+b+c+d=1;andM=element chosen from Fe, Ti, Zr, Al, Mg, Cr, V, Nb, Ta, W, Mo, Cu, Zn, Sn and Ru.Preferred Property: The porosity of the secondary particles is 15-40%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Lithium borohydride and fluoride are used in a molar ratio of 20-5:1 or 40-2:1. The protective gas is argon or hydrogen. Preferred Method: The ball milling step is carried out at 100-500 rpm (preferably 300-400 rpm) for 0.5-10 minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electroconductive material comprises carbon black having volume average particle diameter of secondary particles of 100-1000 mu m and graphite having volume average particle diameter of 10-60 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The microporous film has average hole diameter of 0.001-0.03 mu m, thickness of 1-20 mu m and air permeability of 600 seconds/100 cm3 or less. The microporous film is arranged between the positive electrode and negative electrode of lithium ion secondary battery, and exposed at 150 degrees C for 1 hour, and area retention is measured as 90% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: In the method: that spraying is performed at a residual pressure of reaction gas of 6.7-20 Pa; during sputtering, at least one additional target and/or a composite target of a metal comprising palladium, iridium, ruthenium, tungsten, zirconium, niobium, tantalum, antimony, tin, molybdenum, nickel, cobalt , silica or graphite and/or their oxides is used; before applying the platinum, an intermediate layer of a catalyst support is additionally applied based on titanium, niobium, tantalum, palladium, ruthenium, tungsten, zirconium, antimony, tin, molybdenum, nickel or cobalt and/or their alloys and/or oxides; and the deposition of the intermediate layer is carried out by magnetron sputtering in a vacuum. Preferred Components: The primary gas is argon (preferred), nitrogen, hydrogen and/or helium. The reactive gas is oxygen (preferred), nitrogen and/or air. EXAMPLE - Magnetron sputtering of crowdions was performed using a platinum target on to produce 1 mm thick platinum nano-structured coating on the surface of the particulate layer of finely porous carbon paper marks. Then the air was evacuated from the chamber to a residual pressure of not greater than 2 x 103 Pa. Then the vacuum chamber was supplied with a plasma gas (argon) to a pressure of 1.7 Pa and maintained at a predetermined level throughout the deposition process. Then a titanium submarine was subjected to ion etching stream of argon with an average energy of 1.5 keV. Then on the platinum target, voltage was applied and excited plasma discharge power density at 0.021 x 105 W/m2. The a reaction gas comprising oxygen gas was supplied to the vacuum chamber at a pressure of 7 Pa, where the proportion of oxygen was 77%. Then platinum was sprayed onto the surface of finely porous layer of carbon paper, where the process was carried out for 240 seconds to obtain the platinum-based catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The anode active material comprises lithium tantalite having particle diameter of 0.1-1 mu m and less than 0.1 wt.% lithium carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The separator is formed of polyolefin-based porous membrane or porous polymer nonwoven fabric.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Composition: The secondary battery further comprises shutdown layer positioned between separator and positive electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The binder comprises inorganic oxide chosen from alumina, titanium oxide, sodium oxide, calcium oxide, boron oxide, potassium oxide and lead oxide. The alkali metal is lithium or sodium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The layer (B) comprises polyvinylidene fluoride, polyimide, polyethylene, polypropylene and/or glass comprising silicon oxide of formula: SiOx, where x is 0-2, and binder. The inner surface of the pore is coated with tetrafluoroethylene polymer or copolymer chosen from expanded polytetrafluoroethylene, perfluoroalkoxyalkane, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropene copolymer, ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer and ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer. Preferred Property: The thickness of layer (B') is 0.1 mu m or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The negative electrode contains negative electrode active material including lithium metal, lithium alloy, carbon material capable of inserting and extracting lithium, tin, tin compound, silicon, silicon compound, and lithium titanate compound. The positive electrode contains positive electrode active material including composite metal oxide of lithium and cobalt, manganese, and/or nickel, or lithium-containing olivine-type phosphates containing iron, cobalt, nickel and/or manganese.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of compound (I) is 0.001-10 %mass. The nonaqueous solvent includes cyclic carbonate and chain-shaped ester. The cyclic carbonate is chosen from ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, 1,2-butylene carbonate, 2,3-butylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, trans or cis-4,5-difluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, vinylene carbonate, and vinyl ethylene carbonate. The chain-shaped ester is asymmetrical linear carbonate, symmetrical linear carbonate, and chain-shaped carboxylate ester. The asymmetrical linear carbonate is chosen from methyl ethyl carbonate, methylpropyl carbonate, methyl isopropyl carbonate, methylbutyl carbonate and ethylpropyl carbonate. The symmetrical linear carbonate is chosen from dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate and dibutyl carbonate. The chain-shaped carboxylate ester is chosen from methyl pivalate, ethyl pivalate, propyl pivalate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, methyl acetate, and ethyl acetate. The electrolytic salt contains lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium difluorophosphate, lithium monofluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, lithium bis(perfluoroethanesulfonyl)imide, lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide, difluoro bis(oxalato-O,O')lithium phosphate, and tetrafluoro(oxalato-O,O')lithium phosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The porous carbon structure is carbon particles in the form of powder. The silicon precursor is chlorosilane of formula: HxSiCly or hydroxysilane of formula: (HO)aSiRb.x,a,b,y=1-3;anda+b,x+y=1-4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The deep-level dopants include selenium, sulfur, and indium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The noble metal coated by titanium is iridium oxide or ruthenium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The noble metal coated by titanium is platinum iridium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The deposition metal of metalikon contact unit is made up of aluminum, zinc, aluminum and zinc mixing metal, aluminum, zinc and copper mixing metal, and aluminum, zinc and silver mixing metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal is selected from lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, magnesium, calcium, aluminum, tin, gallium and indium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The current collector comprises titanium. The active material layer comprises lithium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The modified metal oxide nanoparticles are organosilica sol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The modified metal oxide nanoparticles are alternately modified by silicon-type functional group of formula: R5-X2-Si(CH3)m(-O-)3-m.m=0 or 1;X2=direct bond or 1-5C alkylene;andR5=1-20C linear or branched alkyl (all optionally substituted by vinyl, thio, amino, Cl, acryl, methacryl, styryl, phenyl, glycidoxy, 3,4-epoxycyclohexyl or block-forming isocyanato).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The core comprises nickel-cobalt-metal hydroxide of formula: Ni1-x-yCoxMy(OH)2, where x is 0.005-0.05, y is 0.005-0.05 and M is calcium, magnesium or zinc. The content of cobalt in the cobalt compound is 1-10 %mass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The cylindrical cell comprises polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, and polystyrene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of silicon or its alloy in the composite material is 10-80 wt.%. The content of carbonized material added to composite material is 0.5-99.5 wt.% with respect to the total amount of composite material and carbonized material. Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of carbonized material 0.1-40 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of number of atoms of boron with respect to sum of total number of atoms of nickel, cobalt, manganese, molybdenum and number of atoms of metal (M) in the lithium-nickel-cobalt-manganese complex oxide, in the positive electrode active material is 0.001-0.05. The average particle diameter of the secondary particles and primary particles is 3-20 mu m and 0.2-0.5 mu m. The ratio of (d90-d10) with respect to average particle diameter, which is the parameter which shows the breadth of the particle size distribution of the secondary particles is 0.60 or less. The secondary particles have hollow structure which has a hollow portion in a grain. The boron raw material is oxo-acid of boron and/or boron oxide, preferably orthoboric acid. Preferred Process: The complex oxide particles obtained after baking process are further pulverized.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alkali metal salt is of formula: MX. The positive electrode or negative electrode further contains binder and electroconductive agent. The alkali metal salt is lithium salt.M=alkali metal;X=Cl, Br, I, BF4, PF6, CF3SO3, ClO4, CF3CO2, AsF6, SbF6, AlCl4, N(CF3SO2)2, N(CF3CF2SO2)2, PF3(C2F5)3, N(FSO2)2, N(FSO2)(CF3SO2), N(CF3CF2SO2)2, N(C2F4S2O4), N(C3F6S2O4), N(CN)2, N(CF3SO2)(CF3CO), R1FBF3 or R2BF3;R1F=n-CmF2m+1;m=1-4;R2=n-CpH2p+1;p=1-5;andn=not defined.N.B: n is not defined.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The glyme is triglyme.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The alloy layer comprises 10-20 %mass nickel-tin alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The volume-based average particle diameter (D50) of the carbon material is 1-3 0 mu m by laser diffraction method. The carbon material has BET specific surface area of 1-5 m2/g. Preferred Process: Manufacture of carbon material involves cooling the product obtained after contacting pulverized particles and oxygen after graphitization process and at the time of independent heat processing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The additive is preferably chosen from 1-benzyl-2-methylimidazole, 1-isobutyl-2-methylimidazole, 2-ethyl-4-methylimidazole, 2-ethyl-5-methylimidazole, and 1,8-diazabicyclo(5.4.0)-7-undecene. The addition amount of additive is 0.1-10 %mass with respect to the organic electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon concentration reduction process (S1) is performed using aqueous acid containing hydrofluoric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The step (c) comprises mixing the first and second anode electrolytes in volume ratio of 12:1-1:1. Preferred Components: Preferred Components: The first and second anode electrolytes have 0.1-6 M acid solution, preferably sulfuric acid, and 0.3-3 M vanadium pentoxide. The first anode electrolyte includes 0.3-3 M reducing compound; or 0.8-1.2 concentration ratio of reducing compound based on vanadium pentoxide. The second anode electrolyte includes 0.3-3 M aliphatic alcohol; or 0.8-1.2 concentration ratio of aliphatic alcohol based on concentration of the vanadium pentoxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The redox flow battery comprises at least one unit cell containing an ions passing membrane, a pair of electrodes opposed to center of the membrane, and the anode electrolyte and cathode electrolyte located in anode cell and a cathode cell, separated by a membrane. The unit cell further comprises a pair of flow frame combined opposite to each other on both sides of the membrane, a cell frame formed on the outer surface of the electrode. The anode electrolyte is stored in an anode electrolyte tank, an anode electrolyte pump for circulating the anode electrolyte in the cathode cell when discharged from the anode electrolyte tank. The cathode electrolyte is stored cathode electrolyte tank, and is circulated by a cathode electrolyte pump in a cathode cell. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Carbon starting material is chosen from carbon nanotubes, graphene, graphene oxide, graphite, expanded graphite, exfoliated graphite, amorphous carbon, activated carbon, and any combinations. Hydrophilic surface is chosen from metal surface, glass surface, silicon surface, plastic surface, ceramic surface and any combination. Metal is chosen from aluminum, copper, gold, silver, platinum, tantalum, titanium, and stainless steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Functionalized carbon starting material contains acyl chloride, carboxyl, hydroxyl, amide, glycerol, organic ester, polyethylene oxide (PEO), polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), amino terminated polystyrene, benzosulforic acid (BSA), poly (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) (PABS), or any combination. Fuctionalized carbon starting material contains carboxyl, hydroxyl, amide, or glycerol. Carbon starting material is carbon nanotubes and is single-walled carbon nanotubes, double-walled carbon nanotubes, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, or any combination. Aqueous solution is de-ionized water, distilled water, purified water, or any combination. Ratio of carbon starting material and water is 0.1-10 mg/g water. Hydrophobic surface contains dimethyl organosilane, fluorinated dimethyl organosilane, fluorinated polymer or Teflon (RTM: PTFE). Preferred Process: Dispersing the carbon starting material in water in presence of mechanical agitation chosen from sonication, mechanical stirring, high shear mixing, microfluidization, homogenization, is carried out. Dispersion is applied to hydrophilic surface by casting, spin-coating, dip-coating, flow-coating or spray-coating. Dispersion is transferred between 1-5 mg/cm2. Preferred Conditions: Aqueous solution is free of binding material or surfactant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The separator of secondary battery is inorganic layer. The inorganic particles present in inorganic layer are chosen from aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, zirconium dioxide, yttrium (III) oxide, zinc oxide, calcium oxide, nickel (II) oxide, magnesium oxide, silicon dioxide, silicon carbide, aluminum hydroxide, aluminum hydrate, barium titanate, lead titanate, lead zirconate titanate, lead lanthanum zirconium titanate, lead magnesium niobate, lead titanate, hafnium (IV) oxide, strontium titanate and/or cerium (IV) oxide. The inorganic layer comprises 90-60 wt.% of inorganic particles and 10-40 wt.% of binder. Preferred Properties: The inorganic layer has a thickness of 10-40 mu m and diameter of 0.1-5 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The binder of the inorganic layer is fluorine-based resin, and at least one of the cathode active material layer and anode active material layers contains a binding agent, which is a fluorine based resin. The binding agent and binder are polyvinylidene fluoride, and/or polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoro propylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The acidic aqueous solution comprises p-toluenesulfonic acid dehydrate, 5-sulfosalicylic acid, phosphoric acid and/or hydrochloric acid. The oxidant comprises hydrogen peroxide, ammonium persulfate, iron nitrate nonahydrate, iron chloride hydrate and/or potassium dichromate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The surfactant is sulfonate-type anionic surfactant of formula: RSO3M (I).R=anthraquinone or naphthoquinone;andM=alkali metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The electrode base material comprises metal-based material, carbon-based material, flexible fabric, polymeric film, polymeric fiber yarn and/or filament containing natural cellulose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The transition metal is chosen from iron, cobalt, and copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal-organic framework is capable of occluding and releasing hydrogen atoms, oxygen atoms, nitrogen atoms, or carbon atoms. The nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound is chosen from pyridine, piperidine, piperazine, morpholine, pyrrolidine, pyrroline, imidazole, pyrazole, triazole, tetrazole, and benzimidazole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of complex (D) and water-soluble polymer (C) is 0.1-10 pts. wt. and 0.1-2 pts. wt. with respect to 100 pts. wt. electrode active materials (A). The weight ratio of polymer (C) with respect to complex (D) is 0.2-15. The binding resin particulate (B) is comprises conjugated diene-type polymer and/or an acrylate-type polymer. The composite particle further comprises an electroconductive agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of nitrile compound is 0.01-3 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass electrolyte solution. The electrolyte solution further contains electrolytic salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nonaqueous solvent is chosen from ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, vinylene carbonate and 4-ethynyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one. The lithium salt is chosen from 38 compounds e.g. lithium(1-methoxycarbonyl-2-oxo-ethane-diolato)(oxalate)borate, lithium(1-ethoxycarbonyl-2-oxo-ethane-diolato)(oxalate) borate, lithium bis(1-diethoxyphosphoryl-2-oxo-ethane-diolato)borate, lithium bis(formyloxy)bis(malonate)phosphate and lithium tetrakis(formyloxy)(oxalate) phosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The absorbent material contains barium titanate, lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate (PB(Mg3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3), hafnium oxide, strontium titanate, tin oxide, cerium oxide, magnesium oxide, nickel oxide, calcium oxide, zinc oxide, zirconium oxide, yttrium oxide, aluminum oxide, titania, soda lime, amine-grafted zeolite and lithium-silica.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The inner sealant layer includes absorbent material and polyolefin-based polymer. The polyolefin-based polymer is cast polypropylene. The outer covering layer of polymer film includes polyethylene naphthalate or nylon film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal plate has aluminum, stainless steel, nickel and iron and alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of aluminum precursor, ruthenium precursor and zinc precursor is 1:9:0.5-1:9:3. The aluminum precursor includes aluminum nitrate nonahydrate, aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, aluminum hydroxide and aluminum acetate. The zinc precursor includes zinc nitrate nonahydrate, zinc chloride, zinc sulfate, zinc hydroxide and zinc acetate. The ruthenium precursor includes ruthenium chloride, ruthenium nitrate and ruthenium fluoride. Acid is hydrochloric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: A solvent used in manufacture of positive electrode active material includes distilled water and 1-3C alcohol in a volume ratio of 1:1-9:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The coating material comprises silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The active material comprises germanium, tin, tungsten bronze, iron, aluminum, gold, silver, cobalt, nickel, manganese, sulfur, or molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The hot carbon is deposited in the chamber on substrate formed of a material including graphene, silicon carbide, ceramic material, or carbon with silicon nitride coating or boron nitride coating or molybdenum disilicide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The catalysts includes carbon nanotube, carbon nanofoam, nickel, iron, tungsten, molybdenum, niobium, vanadium, copper, copper-based alloy, or intermetallics, carbides, nitrides, or cermet compounds.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The assembly includes inorganic particle having lithium ion transport ability selected from group consisting of lithium phosphate, lithium titanium phosphates, lithium aluminum titanium phosphates, lithium lanthanum titanates, lithium germanium thiophosphates and lithium nitrides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The plate terminal is formed from aluminum alloy, copper (Cu), silicon (Si), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), titanium (Ti), lead (Pb) and tin (Sn).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The ammonium-alginate aqueous solution is added to the mixed powder, after the carbon coating process and heating process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The manufacture of negative electrode active material slurry further involves adding solvent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The addition amount of surfactant is 0.5-5 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass negative electrode active material. The high-molecular surfactant is carboxymethyl cellulose. The binder is styrene-butadiene rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The complex oxide (a) is of formula: (Li1-aMga)1+m(Co1-b(M1)b)1+n(M2)cO2 (I), where M1 is an element chosen from chromium, manganese, iron, nickel, zirconium, titanium, molybdenum, vanadium, aluminum, boron and germanium, M2 is an element chosen from sodium, potassium, calcium, strontium, barium, and fluorine, a is 0.001-0.08, b is 0.001-0.08, c is 0-0.05, m is -0.05-0.05, and n is -0.05-0.05. The complex oxide (a) preferably contains manganese. The atomic ratio of lithium with respect to aluminum contained in the coating layer is 0.6-10:1. The content of coating layer is 0.01-15 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass positive electrode active material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The joining layer is made of acetylene black, graphite, and crystalline graphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The laser source is carbon dioxide laser source. The graphene is porous graphene or boron-doped graphene. Preferred Property: The graphene has surface area of 100-3000 m2/g and thickness of 0.3-1 cm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer is chosen from homopolymer, vinyl polymer, block copolymer, carbonized polymer, aromatic polymer, cyclic polymer, polyimide, polyetherimide and polyether ether ketone, and comprises boron dopant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The capacitor housing is formed from polyethylene sulfide material, polycarbonate material or polyurethane material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte solution further comprises difluoro lithium phosphate and monofluoro lithium phosphate. The positive electrode active material comprises lithium-manganese-metal oxide composite of formula: LiMn2-xMa'xO, where Ma' is transition metal and x is 0.2-0.7, or LiMn1-uMe'uO2, where Me' is transition metal (excluding manganese), and u is 0-0.9, lithium-metal oxide composite of formula: zLi2Mc'O3(1-z)LiMd'O2, where Mc' and Md' are transition metal and z is 0.1-0.9, and/or lithium-metal-iron phosphate of formula: LiMb'1-yFeyPO4, where Mb' is transition metal and y is 0-0.1, or Li2Mf'PO4F, where Mf' is transition metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The compound (B) is chosen from fluoroalkyl sulfonylimide lithium, fluoroalkyl sulfonyl methide lithium and lithium fluoroalkyl sulfonic acid. The content of compound (A) is 0.01-10 %mass with respect to 100 %mass electrolyte solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The anodal active material comprises the lithium tantalate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The separator is formed with polyolefin-based porous membrane or porous polymer nonwoven fabric.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: Average particle diameters of carbon-type microparticles are 0.4 nm-100 mu m. Surfactant is nonionic surfactant having hydrophobic lipophilic balance (HLB) value of 1-18.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Water-insoluble organic solvent is chosen from hydrocarbon type solvent and silicone type solvent. Carbon-type fine particle dispersion contains 0.01-20 mass% carbon-type microparticles, 1-97.99 mass% water-insoluble organic solvent, 1-60 mass% surfactant, and 1-97.99 mass% water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The lead terminal includes aluminum material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The conductive layer is made of metal oxides or metal oxynitrides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The cermet compound non-ionic conducting ceramic phase is made of strontium zirconium oxide, magnesium aluminum oxide, alumina and nickel aluminum oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The lithium ion battery has core sections including the anode and cathode. The cathode includes at least two out of the compound A through M group of materials. The anode includes silicon, lithium metal, carbon, or graphite. The endothermic materials are included within a ceramic matrix comprising inorganic fibers, inorganic particulate materials and binders. The inorganic particulate materials are selected from a group consisting of fumed ceramics, opacifiers, and their mixtures. The ceramic mixtures include ceramic oxide powder, opacifier, endothermic material, dry binder, liquid binder, and fiber, all having predetermined weight percentages. The endothermic materials are selected from a group consisting of nesquehonite, gypsum magnesium phosphate octahydrate, aluminum hydroxide, dawsonite, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium carbonate subhydrate, boehmite, and calcium hydroxide. The group of endothermic materials also includes sodium bicarbonate. The endothermic material is selected from a group consisting of materials that include hydroxyl components, hydrous components, hydroxyl or hydrous components in combination with at least one carbonate, hydroxyl or hydrous components in combination with at least one sulfate, non-hydrous carbonates, non-hydrous sulfates, non-hydrous phosphates and their combinations. The endothermic agent is sodium bicarbonate. The multi-core rechargeable electrochemical assembly includes an anode current collector and a cathode current collector selected from a group consisting of copper and nickel foils, meshes, plates, and clothes. The single-core rechargeable electrochemical assembly includes a negative current collector selected from copper, nickel and stainless steel. The positive current collector is selected from aluminum and stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metallic material comprises aluminum, aluminum alloy, copper, titanium, steel alloy, or combination. The material of the polar boss comprises steel, a ceramic, a metal alloy, steel, steel alloy, titanium, aluminum alloy, brass, beryllium, a ceramic, a composite material, or a combination.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The sealing structure, in the roof area of the bead, has a coating containing fluoroelastomer, silicone rubber, nitrile-butadiene rubber, polyurethane, natural rubber, perfluoro-elastomer, styrene-butadiene, butyl rubber, fluorosilicone, chlorosulfonated polyethylene, silicone resin, epoxy resin or mixtures of specified substances, or pressure-sensitive adhesive and/or physically setting adhesive.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The plate is made of metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The heating temperature is 500-800 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The dispersing agent is preferably ammonium polycarboxylate having a mean molecular weight of 20000-30000 or sodium polycarboxylate having a mean molecular weight of 30000-40000. The usage amount of dispersing agent is 1-10 wt.% with respect to raw material in the slurry.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preparation (Claimed): The polypeptide is produced by culturing transformant. Preferred Biomolecule: The DNA is chosen from (a) DNA comprising a 1485 base pair sequence (SEQ ID NO: 76, 80, 64, 52, 56, 62, 66, 68, 70, or 72) fully defined in the specification, or (b) DNA comprising base pair sequence capable of hybridizing under stringent conditions with base pair sequence of SEQ ID NO: 76, 80, 64, 52, 56, 62, 66, 68, 70, or 72. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: Manufacture of phosphoric acid-type fuel cell involves supporting the metal catalyst containing platinum and gold, in support containing carbon material, heat processing obtained product at 80-200 degrees C by immersing in phosphoric acid, and forming cathode catalyst layer in which the coverage of gold in the surface of the metal catalyst is 5-45%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The atomic ratio of platinum and gold is 30:1-5:1. In the metal catalyst, the atomic ratio of platinum and cobalt is 3:1-1:2, and the atomic ratio of platinum and cobalt and gold is 30:1-5:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of the carbonaceous substance is 1-20 %mass with respect to composite graphite particles. The organic solution is a solution which does not contain solid carbonaceous material. The graphite particles are granulated graphite particles in which several aggregated graphite particles are formed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The negative-electrode active material is composite particles with Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area of 5-120 m2/g and average particle diameter of 1-40 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrode contains transition metal atom or ion as a center metal of a metal complex having reduction ability of the oxygen. The metal complex having reduction ability of oxygen is polynuclear metal complex. The layered metallic compound is a layered double hydroxide of formula: (M2+1-xM3+x(OH)2)(power(x+))(A(power(n-))x/n.mH2O)(power(x-)), where M is manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, or zinc, x is more than 0 to less than 1, A(power(n-)) is monovalent hydroxide ion and m and n are more than 0.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nonaqueous electrolyte further comprises 0.3-0.6 %mass lithium bis(oxalato)borate. The positive electrode comprises lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide of formula: Li1+z(NixMnyCo1-x-y)1-zO2, where x/y is 1-1.34 and x+y is 0.65-0.9.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The compound is represented by formula (2).R=residue excluding an isocyanate group from polyisocyanate compound (n+k);X,Y'=1-20C organic group;n=1-4; andk=0-3. Preferred Definitions:    m=1 or 2; and    A1-A3=Me or Et.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The average particle diameter of particles is 0.05-10 mu m. The electrolyte has an ionic conductivity of 2x 10-7 S/cm or more as measured by impedance method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive-electrode active material has discharge capacity of 10 mAh/g or more in electric potential of 4.4V (vs Li/Li+) or more. The positive-electrode active material is oxide of formula: LiMn2-xMaxO4, LiMn1-uMe'uO2, zLi2McO3-(1-z)LiMdO2, LiMb1-yFeyPO4, or Li2MfPO4F.Ma,Mb,Mc,Md,Mf=transition metal;x=0.2-0.7;Me'=transition metal (excluding Mn);u=0-0.9;z=0.1-0.9;andy=0-1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The phosphorus- and/or boron-containing compound is of formula (III) or (IV). The content of phosphorus- and/or boron-containing compound with respect to 100 %mass of electrolyte solution is 0.01-10 %mass. The electrolyte solution further contains difluorolithium phosphate and monofluorolithium phosphate. The fluorine-containing ether compound (II) is preferably 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl-2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl ether, 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl ether, 1,1,1,2,3,3-hexafluoro-3-(2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropoxy)propane, 1,1,1,2,3,3-hexafluoro-3-(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropoxy)propane, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoro-3-(2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropoxy)propane or 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoro-3-(2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropoxy)propane.M=phosphorus or boron;w=0 or 1;R4,R5=OH, OLi, 1-10C alkyl, 1-10C alkoxy, 3-10C siloxy, 6-15C aryl or 6-15C aryloxy;andR6=optionally substituted 1-20C organic group.When M is boron, w is 0.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal (M1) is preferably cobalt or nickel. The metal (M2) is preferably aluminum or cobalt. The double-hydroxide nanosheet has compositional formula: (M12+1-xM23+x(OH)2)x+. Monolayer peeling of double-hydroxide nanosheet is carried out from layered double hydroxide of formula: (M12+1-xM23+x(OH)2)(Znx/n.mH2O). The ratio of mass of layered double hydroxide with respect to mass of graphite is 3-4.x=more than 0 and 1/3 or less;Z=anion;n=valence of anion;andm=more than 0 and less than 1.Preferred Properties: The double hydroxide nanosheet and graphene oxide nanosheet have thickness of 0.48-1 nm and 0.33-0.83 nm, respectively. The superlattice structural component has interlayer distance of 0.8-1.1 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The volume ratio of water and solvent (S2) is 0-0.5. The solvents (S1) and (S2) are chosen from formamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, methyl formamide and dimethylformamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The luminescent material is copolymer obtained by copolymerizing fluorene group of formula (I) and thiophene group of formula (II) or (III).R,R1,R3=H or 1-10C alkyl;andR2=R1 or 2-10C alkoxyalkyl.Preferred Process: The suspension polymerization is performed in presence of dispersing agent and surfactant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inert electrode comprises a sheet i.e. made of a material. The material is selected from gold, platinum, silver, titanium, titanium alloys, copper, copper alloy, lead or lead alloys. The phosphorus is black phosphorus or phosphorus oxide. The metal compound is lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium chlorate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate(V), lithium perchlorate, lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium chloride, lithium carbonate, lithium sulfate, sodium chloride, sodium chlorate, sodium hydroxide, sodium percarbonate, sodium perchlorate, sodium tetrafluoroborate, sodium hexafluoroarsenate, sodium hexafluorophosphate, potassium chloride, potassium chlorate, potassium hydroxide, potassium carbonate, potassium sulfate, potassium perchlorate, potassium sulfite or potassium nitrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic solvent is N,N'-dimethylformamide, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethyl sulfoxide, methanol, ethanol, tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile, methylene chloride, dichloroethane, dichloropropane, chloroform, trichloroethane or diphenyl ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The second electrode includes lithium metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The conductive coating includes carbon. The electrolyte includes a mixture of ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Method: The method further comprises depositing at least one side having the surface contact layer by means of ion-assisted electron beam-physical vacuum vapor deposition and the other layer by sputtering or electron beam-physical vacuum vapor deposition; combining at least one layer of the surface of the contact layer by heating the carrier plate, where heating is carried out before or during coating by thermal radiation or electron bombardment and/or by ion bombardment of the carrier plate; forming gradient by co-evaporation, and mixing vaporized coating materials in vicinity with the carrier plate, where the gradient formation takes place by diffusion of the deposited coating materials due to energy input onto the surface of the contact layer during or after the deposition of the carbon contact layer. Preferred Components: The device further comprises a second coating unit having a sputtering unit or an electron beam evaporator, and at least one coating unit having a heat radiator, an electron source or an ion source to heat the support plate arranged before or during the coating. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The pH of mixture is adjusted to 3.5-4.5 by adding acid. The mixture further contains a metal (M) compound. Carbon is supported on the surface of lithium-manganese-iron phosphate compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Negative electrode active material contains 10-90 mol.% Bi2O3 and 5-85 mol.% SiO2+B2O3+P2O5 of oxide conversion. Ratio Bi2O3/(SiO2+B2O3+P2O5) is 0.1-8 in molar ratio of oxide conversion. Negative electrode active material further contains 1-50 mol.% lithium oxide+sodium oxide (Li2O+Na2O) of oxide conversion. Negative electrode active material has an amorphous phase. Negative electrode active material further contains Si, tin (Sn), aluminum (Al), and/or their alloys. At the time of the completion of discharge of the electrical storage device, the negative electrode active material contains 10-70 mol.% Bi2O3, 5-65 mol.% SiO2+B2O3+P2O5, and 20-80 mol.% Li2O+Na2O of oxide conversion. Preferred Parameter: In the time of the completion of discharge of the electrical storage device, the half-power band width of the diffraction peak detected by the range of 2 theta value of 15-40 degrees in the powder X-ray-diffraction profile using CuK alpha -ray of the negative electrode material is greater than or equal to 0.1 degrees .    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: Negative electrode material contains binder which consists of thermosetting resin and/or water-soluble polymer. Thermosetting resin is a polyimide resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nitrile compound is of formula: A-(X)n-CN. The cyclic ether compound is of formula (II). The additive (B) is preferably chosen from adiponitrile, succinonitrile, propionitrile, 1,3-dioxane and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran. The content of additive (A) is 0.1-3 %mass. The content ratio of additive (A) and additive (B) is 0.1-3.A=H or nitrile;X=-CH2-, -CFH-, -CF2-, -CHR11-, -CFR12-, -CR13R14-, -C(=O)-, -O-, -S-, -NH- or -NR15;R11-R15=optionally substituted 1-5C hydrocarbyl or nitrile;n=1 or more;Y'=-CR25R26CR27R28-, -OCR29R30CR31R32- or CR33R34OCR35R36;andR21-R36=H or 1-8C alkyl.When n is 1-8, X is -CH2-, -CFH-, -CF2-, -CHR11-, -CFR12- or -CR13R14-, and R11 and R14 are 1-5C alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode active material contains spinel-type lithium nickel manganese oxide of formula: LiaNibMncMe'dOe, preferably LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4, olivine-type lithium nickel phosphate, or lithium cobalt phosphate.Me'=element chosen from transition metal elements other than Mn and Ni, Al, or alkaline-earth metal;a=0.9-1.2;b=0.45-0.55;c=1.45-1.55;d=0-5;ande=3.8-4.2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The compound (I) is chosen from 2,2-bis(trifluoromethyl)-1,3-dioxolane, 2-fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1,3-dioxolane, 2,2-difluoro-1,3-dioxolane, and 2-fluoro-2-(1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethyl)-1,3-dioxolane. The solvent is fluorine-type solvent containing fluorine group, or non-fluorine-type solvent which does not contain fluorine group. The amount of compound (I) is 1-2 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass fluorine-type solvent. The fluorine-type solvent includes carbonate in which at least one hydrogen atom is substituted by fluorine atom. The amount of compound (I) is 1-5 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass non-fluorine-type solvent. The non-fluorine-type solvent includes carbonate which does not contain fluorine group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Components: Cathode comprises carbon fibers. Wastewater contains magnesium salt, ammonium salt, and phosphorus salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The hollow protrusions are made using electrolytic etchant comprising hydrochloric acid, aluminum chloride hexahydrate, and sulfuric acid. Activation processing for fabricating the activated carbon uses an aqueous solution method including sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide in mixed alkali. A viscosity control substance comprises alcohol and pure water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The component is selected from a group consisting of tin oxide, antimony oxide, magnesium oxide, germanium oxide, titanium oxide, vanadium oxide, silicon oxide, molybdenum oxide, oxide of alkali metal, oxide of alkaline-earth metal, oxide of a post-transition metal, oxide of a metalloid and transition metal oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The component is selected from a group consisting of antimony, antimony alloy, tin, tin alloy, lead, magnesium, magnesium alloy, calcium, germanium, rubidium, alkali metal, alkaline-earth metal, post-transition metal and metalloid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Complex: In the GroEL protein nanoparticle complex, the ring-shaped nanoparticle structure is arranged at the ring shape in the state which the nanoparticles are spaced apart in the region of 4-7 nm in diameter. The nanoparticle is gold (Au). The GroEL variant further comprises at least one type of nucleotide selected from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), ATP, and its derivatives. Preferred Method: In preparing nanoparticle-GroEL protein complex, contacting the GroEL variant and the nanoparticle is carried out in the presence of the nucleotide selected from ADP, ATP, and its derivatives. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The composition further comprises: 1-10 wt.% impact modifier comprising rubber-modified polystyrenes, unhydrogenated block copolymers of an alkenyl aromatic monomer and a conjugated diene, hydrogenated block copolymers of an alkenyl aromatic monomer and a conjugated diene and/or, acrylate core-shell impact modifiers; and 1-5 wt.% hydrogenated block copolymer of an alkenyl aromatic compound and a conjugated diene. Preferred Components: The composition comprises 53-63 wt.% poly(phenylene ether)polysiloxane block copolymer reaction product, 10-20 wt.%, preferably 15-25 wt.% reinforcing filler, 5-15 wt.% or 15-25 wt.% flame retardant and 0.5-3 wt.% a linear low density polyethylene. The first and second poly(phenylene ether), each comprises poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether). The poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane block copolymer comprises a poly(phenylene ether) block comprising phenylene ether repeat units of formula (p1) and polysiloxane block of formula (p2), preferably poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane multiblock copolymer.n = 30-60.The reinforcing filler comprises glass fibers (preferred), carbon fibers, wollastonite, halloysite, clays, talcs, micas, glass flakes, solid glass beads, hollow glass beads, solid ceramic beads and/or hollow ceramic beads. The flame retardant comprises a cyclic oligo(bis(phenoxy)phosphazene), a linear oligo(bis(phenoxy)phosphazene), a linear poly(bis(phenoxy) phosphazene) and/or crosslinked poly(bis(phenoxy)phosphazene), organophosphate ester or phosphazene. The organophosphate ester comprises bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The nickel-hydrogen storage battery has charging rate of 20-80%. The concentration area of aluminum and manganese is less than or equal to 4.0%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The silane coupling agent has a mercapto group. The content of linear sulfone compound is 0.1-20 %mass. The electrolytic salt is lithium bis(fluoro)sulfonylimide and/or lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide. The negative electrode contains compound (A) derived from a silane coupling agent or a siloxane compound, and linear sulfone compound, and compound (B) derived from the linear sulfone compound. The solvent further contains a carbonate compound and a cyclic carboxylate compound. The electrolytic salt contains fluorine-containing lithium salt. The compound (A) contains 0.05-0.5 %mass disulfide compound of formula: R1-Si(-R2)(-R3)-(CH2)n-S-S(=O)2-R4. The compound (B) contains sulfonyl compound of formula: R5-S(=O)2-R6.n=1-8;R1-R4=halo, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy or siloxane;R5=R1 excluding siloxane;andR6=H or Li.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium rich-type positive electrode active material precursor comprises lithium salt, manganese salt, nickel salt and cobalt salt. Oxidation graphite is further used in mixing process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ionic dissociation functional group is of formula: -AM. The compound (A) further comprises alkyleneoxy group. The atom group (X) is chosen from isocyanate group of formulae (I) and (II), carbonyl group of formula (IV), sulfur dioxide group of formula (III), and phosphorus oxide group of formula (V). The compound (A) has structural unit of formula (VI).M=monovalent metal ion;A=-CO2- or SO3-;R1=2-4C alkylene;R2=1-10C bivalent hydrocarbyl;j=0-20;W'=O or imino;R3=(m+n)-valent residue derived from isocyanate compound by excluding isocyanate group;m=1-4;n=0-3;Z=-AM, isocyanato or group of formula (i);andY'=monovalent organic group.(i) When m is 1 and n is 0, Z is -AM; (ii) when m is 1 and n is 1-3, Z is -AM or group (i); and (iii) when m is 2 or more, Z is -AM, isocyanate group or group (i).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon material contains graphite. The silicon oxide is of formula: SiOx, where x is 0-2 (excluding 0 and 2). The silicon oxide has average particle diameter of 0.1-10 mu m and specific surface area of 1-10 m2/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of unsaturated cyclic carbonate ester in the non-aqueous electrolyte is 0.01-10 wt.%. The compound (I) is preferably of formula (II) or (III).R11-R16=R1. Preferred Definitions:    halo=fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The support plate and the printed circuit boards are formed from aluminum or copper or alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The binary inorganic compounds comprise transition metals, rare earth metal borides, carbides, nitrides, or silicides, where the group comprises titanium diboride, zirconium diboride, hafnium diboride, vanadium boride, niobium boride, tantalum boride, chromium(III) boride, molybdenum boride, molybdenum pentaboride, tungsten boride, tungsten boride, lanthanum boride, thorium boride, titanium carbide, zirconium carbide, hafnium carbide, vanadium carbide, niobium carbide, tantalum carbide, chromium carbide, molybdenum carbide, tungsten carbide, scandium carbide, titanium nitride, zirconium nitride, hafnium nitride, vanadium nitride, niobium nitride, tantalum nitride, chromium, chromium(III) nitride, molybdenum nitride, molybdenum nitride (Mo2N), tungsten nitride (WN), tungsten nitride (W2N), cerium nitride, titanium disilicide, zirconium(IV) silicide, hafnium silicide, vanadium silicide, niobium disilicide, tantalum silicide, chromium(II) silicide, molybdenum disilicide, tungsten silicide. The ternary inorganic compounds comprise perovskites, including lanthanum nickel oxide. The material is porous or meso-porous or nano-sized materials. The material is hierarchically structured in that a 3-dimensional structure is made of a 2-dimensional structure which is made of a 1-dimensional structure. The material is formed as rod, wire, fiber, powder, 3-dimensional structure. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The nitrile solvent is selected from a group consisting of acetonitrile, propionitrile, butyronitrile, pivalonitrile and capronitrile. The additives are selected from a group consisting of vinyl carbonate (VC), 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one (FEC) and 4-vinyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one (VEC).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The carbonaceous film is formed on the positive electrode active material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Substance ratio of element (M) with respect to core particle in the coating layer is 0.1-5. Substance ratio of niobium with respect to core particle in the coating layer is 0.1-5. Substance ratio of element (M) with respect to niobium is 0.01-50. Lithium-transition metal composite oxide is represented by formula LiaNi1-x-yCoxMnyLzO2.a=0.95-1.2;x=0.1-0.35;y=0.2-0.35;z=0-0.02; andL=W, Zr, Mo, or Nb.Preferred Processes: The method includes 1st heat treatment process of heat-processing 1st covering particles and 2nd heat treatment process of heat-processing 2nd covering particles. Preferred Conditions: The 1st heat-processing temperature is 150-800 degrees C. The 2nd heat-processing temperature is 250-500 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In generating reaction-product gases from the compound comprising carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen, the compound comprises cellulose and lignin. The method further involves providing a flow of an inert gas to the reaction chamber, where the inert gas comprises at least argon or nitrogen. The reaction product gases include hydrogen gas. The method also involves processing the hydrogen gas through at least burning the hydrogen gas or feeding the hydrogen gas into a fuel cell. The water comprises liquid water. The method as well involves processing the reaction-product gases through passing the reaction-product gases through a reduced pressure chamber to remove traces of unreacted carbon; and processing the reaction product gases through passing the reaction-product gases through a water-cooled chamber to remove unreacted water. Alternatively, generating reaction-product gases involves: heating a wet compound, the compound comprising carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen, such that water comprised from the wet compound dissociates and reacts with the compound through a pyrolysis reaction to generate the reaction-product gases.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electron conducting layer is made of titanium and/or nickel and/or gold and/or silver and/or molybdenum and/or tungsten and/or stainless steel alloy. The first side of electron conducting layer is applied with a catalyst made of platinum and/or nickel and/or silver and/or palladium and/or manganese oxide and/or rhodium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The selectively conducting material comprises noble metal deposited on a metal oxide, platinum deposited on tin oxide, tin oxide (SnO2). The carbon is synthetic graphite. The mixed layer comprises from about 6% to about 14% carbon by weight.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The electrochemical oxidation and/or reduction is carried out under influence of a magnetic field which favorably enhances the reaction (preferred) or not carried out under the influence of the magnetic field which favorably enhances the reaction. The step of electrochemically oxidizing and/or reducing is carried out on the lanthanide but not the actinide, a mixture of lanthanide and actinide, or a mixture of at least two different lanthanides. The working electrode is magnetically modified. Preferred Components: The lanthanide, irrespective of oxidation state, is lanthanide, neodymium, promethium, samarium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium or europium, preferably praseodymium, samarium, gadolinium, dysprosium or ytterbium. The ligand is a fluorosulfonate anion or trifluoromethanesulfonate (triflate).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent has a dielectric constant of at least 5. The solvent is acetonitrile.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The film comprises: at least one polymer; at least one ionically conductive polymer; at least one fluorosulfonate polymer; and at least one fluorosulfonate polymer and the ligand. The film is not magnetically modified. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The active material is obtained from tin citrate, and nitrate or organic acid salt of nickel, manganese and lithium, and aqueous solvent. The positive-electrode active material has Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area of 2-10 m2/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of additive (a) and additive (b) is 3-5 %mass and 2-5 %mass, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The volume ratio of liquid complex and/or liquid salt with respect to solvent in which polysulfide is soluble is 95:5-50:50. The liquid complex is glyme lithium salt complex. The liquid salt is ionic liquid. The solvent is ether-type solvent and/or sulfone-type solvent. The electrolyte solution further comprises fluorinated ether and/or aromatic compound. The saturated sulfur concentration of lithium sulfide (Li2S8) of fluorinated ether and/or aromatic compound is 10 mM or less. The saturated sulfur concentration of lithium sulfide (Li2S8) of the liquid complex and the liquid salt is 10 mM or less. The saturated sulfur concentration of lithium sulfide (Li2S8) of the solvent in a state which dissolved lithium salt is 400 mM or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solvent contains 3-97 vol.% fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate and 3-97 vol.% fluorinated linear carbonate. The total amount of fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate and fluorinated linear carbonate is 6-100 vol.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The surfactant is made of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, sodium dodecyl sulfate and benzyldodecyldimethylammonium bromide, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, benzyldodecyldimethylammonium bromide, benzyldimethylhexadecylammonium chloride, didodecyldimethylammonium bromide, amprolium hydrochloride and benzethonium chloride. The metal particles, metal oxide particles, metalloid particles and metalloid oxide particles comprise one of silicon, aluminum oxide, cupric oxide, Magnesium oxide, silicon dioxide, germanium dioxide, boron trioxide, tellurium dioxide, vanadium-V oxide, bismuth oxide, antimony-V oxide, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, iron oxide, chromium trioxide, nickel oxide, cobalt oxide, lithium-iron-IV-polonium, lithium-cobalt dioxide, lithium-manganese oxide, lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide, lithium-nickel oxide, lithium-nickel-cobalt-aluminum oxide, lithium-manganese-nickel oxide, lithium-iron-manganese-polonium and lithium-titanium-oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal particles, metal oxide particles, metalloid particles and metalloid oxide particles comprise lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, cobalt, vanadium, manganese, niobium, iron, nickel, copper, boron, silicon, titanium, germanium, tellurium, zirconium, tin, scandium and yttrium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The binder is made of polyvinylidene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The lead-acid battery comprises positive electrode, negative electrode containing bisphenol type-resin and negative electrode active material, and electrolyte solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The bisphenol-type resin comprises sulfonic acid derivative (b1) of formula (I), preferably of formula (II).R1=H or hydrocarbyl;X1,R2=alkali metal or H;n=0-3;andm=1-3.Preferred Property: The electrolyte solution in the lead-acid battery has specific gravity of 1.25-1.35.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The core is of formula: LixNi1-y-z-aCoyAlzM'aO2, where M' is element other than lithium, nickel, cobalt or aluminum, x is 0.9-1.1, y is 0-0.4 (excluding 0), z is 0-0.5 (excluding 0), and a is 0-0.01.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The Tin-X compositions are selected from a group consisting of antimony, cobalt, iron, germanium, nickel and copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer is selected from a group consisting of polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene oxide, polyvinyl pyridine and poly-methyl methacrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The manganese salt is manganese nitrate, manganese acetate, manganese chloride, and/or manganese sulfate. The manganese salt solvent is deionized water, ethanol, ethylene glycol, and/or benzene. The sulfur source is sodium sulfide, thiourea, and/or thioacetamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Molar ratio of Li2S, phosphorus pentasulfide (P2S5), and lithium hydroxide (LiOH), upon Li, P, S, O, and H conversion, satisfies formula Li2S:P2S5:LiOH=(80+k):(20-k):M (6). Solid electrolyte contains halogen element, or only consists of Li, P, S, O, and H. Solid electrolyte is an amorphous solid electrolyte or a crystal solid electrolyte. The crystal is a thio-lithium super ionic conductor (LISICON) type-II crystal. Preferred Parameters: Crystal rates are 30-99%. Volume-based average particle diameter of the particle is 0.01-100 mu m. Preferred Processes: The method includes reacting Li2S, phosphorus compound, preferably P2S5, and LiOH. Preferred Definitions:    k=- 1-1;    L=0-M or 0-N'; and    M,N'=2-60, preferably M=N'.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The Kim reformer has outlet gas temperature of 1200 degrees C, and produces syngas at 1200 degrees C, injected the hot syngas via an inlet, and magnesium in a vapor passage to coagulation condition. The amount of carbon monoxide and hydrogen gas is equivalent. The un-condensed syngas is recycled back by an indirect heater, and filtered via a filter to remove water and carbon dioxide. The condensed magnesium (liquid state) is molded in form of magnesium anode bar under oxygen-free space or hydrogen free space. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The plant comprises several cabinet-like enclosures, each includes a part of the plant, and the gas tanks separately from other modules of the plant, are arranged in at least one enclosure. A hydrogen detection- and warning system is arranged within at least one of the enclosures. The compressors have a cylindrical chamber, in which a piston movable along the longitudinal axis of the cylinder is arranged, which divides the chamber into two part chambers, which are mutually hermetically sealed by the piston. The highly porous cavity structure in the gas tanks comprises open-pore foam made of a mineral material, or open-cell metal foam. The highly porous cavity structure in the gas tanks comprises a pore size steadily increasing from the wall of the gas tank towards the center of the interior of the gas tank. The cooling system of the plant operates based on water, where it comprises a heat exchanger, with which the heat generated by the fuel cell and the compressors is discharged by cooling water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The active material with ionic conductive coating is made of material selected from glass ceramic based lithium sulfate-phosphorous sulfate, lithium lanthanum zirconate, lanthanum lithium titanate, lithium niobate, lithium Phosphoroxynitride, and lithium phosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The manufacture of positive electrode active material further involves mixing aqueous solution in which iron(II) oxalate is dissolved in aqueous ammonia, and citric acid aqueous solution. Preferred Property: The positive electrode active material has Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area of 2-10 m2/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Processes: Water vapor is further introduced into entrance chamber for reforming fuel gas to produce reformed gas. Water is further evaporated into entrance chamber in which water is evaporated from entrance chamber to produce water vapor for use to reform fuel gas. Preferred Component: Fuel cell is a solid oxide fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of fluorine in fluorinated linear carbonate, fluorinated ether is 33-70 %mass and 50-75 %mass, respectively. The content of fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate, fluorinated linear carbonate and fluorinated ether is 3-94 vol.%, 94-3 vol.% and 3-40 vol.%, respectively with respect to solvent content. The total content of fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate, fluorinated linear carbonate and fluorinated ether with respect to solvent content is 9-100 vol.%. The content of sultone compounds with respect to electrolyte solution content is 0.2-7 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The negative electrode active material is made up of cobalt copper, nickel and silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode active material is lithium-containing metallic phosphorus acid compound having olivine structure. Preferred Properties: The particle size of primary particles and secondary particles is 0.03-0.5 mu m, and 0.5-100 mu m, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkali-metal cations are potassium cations. The anions are halide ions or hydroxide ions. The halide ions are fluorinated material ions or chloride ions. The salt is potassium hydroxide, potassium fluoride, or potassium chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The raw material (a) or raw material (b) further contains element (M2) chosen from boron, aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, and germanium, and element (M3) chosen from hafnium, niobium, and tantalum. The molar ratio of zirconium with respect to element (M1) contained in the raw material (a) is 1-2. The molar ratio of zirconium with respect to element (M2) contained in the raw material (a) is 0-0.8. The molar ratio of zirconium with respect to element (M3) contained in the raw material (a) is 0-0.5. The raw material (c) contains oxide, hydroxide, chloride, carbonate, nitrate, sulfate, or organic acid salt of lithium. Preferred Process: The precipitate is heated at 80 degrees C or more. Manufacture of garnet-type compound further involves preparing dispersion liquid by dispersing the precipitate in a solution containing the raw material (c), and evaporating the dispersion liquid to dryness.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The carburizing process comprises separating carbon and hydrogen from a hydrocarbon gas via generating plasma to hot filaments or inductively coupled plasma under environment of hydrocarbon gas and argon gas in interior of a chamber provided with the stainless steel separator plate for producing ionized carbon, diffusing and providing the carbon on surface of the stainless steel separator plate to form the carburized diffusion layer. The carburizing process is carried out at 350-450 degrees C for 30-300 minute under vacuum pressure of 9x 10-3 to 2x 10-2 mbar. Preferred Components: The hydrocarbon gas is acetylene, methane, ethane, propane, butane or pentane. The carburized diffusion layer has: diffusion depth of 0.1-10 mu m from surface of the stainless steel separator plate; 0.1-12 atomic% carbon; interfacial contact resistance of 0-25 m~0cm2; and current density of 0-6.5 mu Acm-2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The apparatus further comprises an inductively coupled plasma for ionizing gas into the chamber by inductive coupling the plasma. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal or metalloid is selected from group 13 element, group 14 element, and group 15 element. The metal or metalloid element is preferably silicon, germanium or tin. The negative active material includes silicon alloy of formula: SiZ, where Z is alkali metal, alkali earth-metal, group 11 element, group 12 element, group 13 element, group 14 element, group 15 element, group 16 element, transition metal, and/or rare-earth element, preferably calcium, scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, strontium, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, barium, lutetium, hafnium, tantalum and/or lanthanum element, provided that Z is not Si. The SiZ alloy is preferably of formula: Si-M'-M", where M' is aluminum, titanium, or iron, and M" is nickel, iron, or manganese. The negative active material is in at least one form chosen from nanoparticles, nanowire, nanotube, nanobelt, nanorod, nano porous structure and nanotemplate. The composition further includes carbonaceous negative active material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The content of guanidine carbonate is 3 pts. wt. or more, preferably 3-30 pts. wt. based on 100 pts. wt. of the acrylate-based binder. The ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid is acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, itaconic acid, fumaric acid, chrotonic acid, maleic acid, maleic anhydride, mesaconic acid, glutaconic acid, and/or their derivatives.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The acrylate-based binder includes lithium polyacrylate. The lithium polyacrylate is lithium salt of polyacrylic acid including ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid as monomer repeating unit. The content of the binder is 2-10 wt.% based on total weight of the composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The car unit, the chair and the chair back are made of plastic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrode piece material is selected from one of aluminum foil, copper foil or nickel foil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The anode comprises (I), preferably (YBaMn2O5+delta ), (NdBaMn2O5+delta ),(PrBaMn2O5+delta ), (SmBaMn2O5+delta ), (GdBaMn2O5+delta),(EuBaMn2O5+delta ) and/or (TbBaMn2O5+delta ). (I) generates electron by decreasing delta according to binding with oxygen, or generates water by decreasing deltaaccording to detachment with oxygen, is electrically neutral and has double layered perovskite structure. The electrolyte is yttria stabilized zirconia, scandia-stabilized zirconia, samaritan doped ceria, gadolinia doped ceria and/or lanthanum gallate. The cathode comprises lanthanum-strontium-iron-yttria stabilized zirconia. Preferred Definitions:    R = Y, Nd, Pr, Sm, Gd, Eu, Tb
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The thermoplastic resin material filled with the filling process is a liquid crystal polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of contacting solid electrolyte and silicon oxide is 0.01-10 mu m. Preferred Composition: The solid electrolyte contains lithium, phosphorus and sulfur. Lithium, phosphorus and sulfur in amorphous solid electrolyte are converted into lithium sulfide and phosphorus pentasulfide. The molar ratio of lithium sulfide and phosphorus pentasulfide is 60:40-82:18. Silicon oxide is silicon dioxide. The content of silicon oxide in the amorphous composite is 2-40 mol% with respect to solid electrolyte. The crystalline solid electrolyte is of formula: Li3.2P0.96S4 (thio-LISICON region III analog).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The thickener contains cellulosic polymer with carboxymethylcellulose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The compound (C) has weight average molecular weight of 1 million or less, and comprises functional group chosen from hydroxyl group, carboxylic acid group, sulfonic acid group, sulfinic acid group, phosphoric acid group, phosphonic acid group, boronic acid group, primary amino group, secondary amino group, tertiary amino group, quaternary ammonium group and their salts. The compound (B) contains nitrogen atom.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Alternately, the adsorbed resin is contacted with reducing agent. The hydrochloric acid solution contains an alkali metal salt or an alkaline-earth metal salt. The alkali metal salt is sodium chloride. The alkaline-earth metal salt is calcium chloride. The reducing agent is hydrazine, hydrochloric acid, oxalic acid and/or sodium borohydride. The adsorbed resin is contacted with nitric acid aqueous solution before separation process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium-vanadium oxide is preferably of formula: Li4V10O27, Li1.5V2O4, Li0.9V2O4, Li3VO4, LiV2O5, Li1.11V3O7.89, LiVO2, Li6.1V3O8, LiV2O4, Li0.2V1.16O2, Li0.19VO2, LiV3O8 or LiVO3. The all-solid-state battery further contains tungsten, molybdenum and/or nitrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrode active material is an alloy powder containing carbon powder, silicon powder, tin powder, silicon, or tin, or lithium transition metal oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The electrode mixture composition further contains a crosslinking agent containing epoxy group or oxazoline group, and a pyridine compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The elongated metal nanoparticles have morphology of nanowire or nanorod, and comprise palladium core and platinum shell. The carbon support is a functionalized carbon support comprising several carbon nanoparticles containing functional group chosen from carboxylic, carbonyl, phenol and lactone, exposed on the surface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: At least one of carbon material (A), carbon material (c) and carbon material (f) is natural graphite. The carbonaceous particles (h) are carbon black. The aspect ratio of carbon material (A) is 1-4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The compound has crystal structure belonging to space group C2/m. The precursor contains sodium manganate (NaMnO2 or Na14Mn2O9). Production of cathode active material involves mixing raw material (R1) containing sodium and raw material (R2) containing manganese in a molar ratio of 2.25-3.0 to give a raw material mixture, and sintering the raw material mixture to give the precursor containing sodium manganate (NaMnO2 or Na14Mn2O9). The molten salt contains lithium chloride or lithium nitrate. The method further involves rinsing the cathode active material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The anion of ionic liquid is hexafluoroantimonate, hexafluorophosphate, tetrafluoroborate, bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, trifluoromethanesulfonate, acetate and nitrate. The core-shell-forming metal is chosen from palladium, nickel, copper, silver, manganese, ruthenium, titanium, cobalt, iron, tin and iridium. The oxidation electrode of core-shell metal catalyst sc carbon material support formed using carbon nanotubes, carbon black, Ketjen (RTM: conductive carbon black), acetylene black and activated carbon powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ionic liquid is salt comprising cation and anion. The cation of ionic liquid is chosen from 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium, 1-methyl-3-propyl-imidazolium, 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium, 1-methyl-3-pentyl-imidazolium, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium and 1-heptyl-3-methyl-imidazolium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of number of moles of bisoxalate borate ion with respect to total of number of moles of bisoxalate borate ion and number of moles of borofluoride ion is 0.44 or more, preferably 0.71 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The active material (A) includes artificial graphite, natural graphite, amorphous carbon, silicon, and silicon oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The unsaturated bond of compound (B) is chosen from carbon-carbon bond, double bond and triple bond. The compound (B) has ionic group in water. The ionic group of compound (B) is chosen from hydroxyl group, carbamic acid group, carboxylic acid group, sulfonic acid group, sulfinic acid group, phosphoric acid group, phosphonic acid group, boronic acid group, borinic acid group, primary amino group, secondary amino group, tertiary amino group, quaternary-ammonium group, and their salts. The compound (B) and/or polymer (C) have water solubility. The amount of compound (B) is 0.1-5 %mass with respect to amount of active material (A). The amount of compound (C) is 0.1-5 %mass with respect to amount of active material (A). An electrolyte contained in the non-aqueous secondary battery contains 10 %mass or less electrolyte solution additive (E). The electrolyte solution additive (E) contains carbonate compound, alkene sulfide, sultone compound, acid anhydride, and/or isocyanate compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The crystal structure of rhombic system of the active material has lattice constant a-axis length of 16.4-16.8 Angstrom , b-axis length of 5.7-5.8A? and c-axis length of 11-11.3 Angstrom . Preferred Process: The ion-exchange is performed using lithium molten salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Device: The electrode body is a wound electrode body that includes a long positive electrode and a long negative electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of W1 is 3-5 mass% relative to the overall mass of non-aqueous electrolyte. The content of W2 is 0.1-1.5 mass % relative to the overall mass of non-aqueous electrolyte. The overall content of the gas generating agents is not not greater than 5 mass% relative to the overall mass of non-aqueous electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The addition amount of additive is 0.2 part mass or less with respect to 100 parts mass non-aqueous electrolyte.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The non-aqueous electrolyte contains organic solvent and electrolyte containing lithium salt or sodium salt containing fluorine as constituent element. The organic solvent is chosen from ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, and ethylmethyl carbonate. The content of electrolyte in the electrolyte solution is more than 1 mol/dm3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The base plate is composed of aluminium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The positive active material has 50% cumulative particle size (D50) of 8-10 mu m in particle size distribution measurement. Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of lithium with respect to transition metal is 1.25-1.45.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The eutectic element is calcium, germanium, strontium, tin, antimony, barium, lanthanum, cerium and/or aluminum. The ceramic component is comprised from silicon nitride (Si3N4), aluminum nitride or alumina.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The edge of the sequence layer of the galvanic element is coated with an isolating polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The thermally expandable graphite intercalation compound is made of hexafluorophosphate, hexafluoroarsenate, perchlorate, hydrogensulfate, nitrate, sulfur trioxide, cesium ethylene, barium diammoniate, potassium ammoniate, rubidium nitrate, potassium nitrate, potassium salt and carbon-iron choride-nitromethane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The alkaline earth metal is made of ytterbium and europium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrolyte of the metal air battery comprises aqueous acid or an aqueous caustic solution. The electrolyte comprises halogen i.e. potassium aluminum pentafluoride. A surfactant of the electrolyte is sodium lauryl sulfate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic particles include inorganic particles having dielectric constant of greater than or equal to 5 and/or inorganic particles capable of transporting lithium ions.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: In the method, the polar solvent is used in an amount of 50-90 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the total of the inorganic particles, the binder, the dispersant and the polar solvent. The slurry is applied at a humidity of greater than or equal to 10%. Preferred Components: The dispersant is acrylic copolymer and its mixture. The dispersant is present at 0.5-5 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the inorganic particles. The acrylic copolymers contain at least one functional group including hydroxy, carboxy, cyanide, amine and/or amide. The porous substrate is a polymer membrane or its multiple-membrane, a woven fabric or a non-woven fabric made of a polymer including polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polyester, polyacetal, polyamide, polycarbonate, polyimide, polyether ether ketone, polyaryl ether ketone, polyetherimide, polyamideimide, polybenzimidazole, polyethersulfone, polyphenyleneoxide, cyclic olefin copolymer, polyphenylenesulfide and/or polyethylene naphthalate. The binder is present at 3-50 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the inorganic particles. The fraction of (II) in both of the porous coating layer and the binder layer is 30-90%. The porous coating layer further comprises a dispersant. The fraction of the (II) in the binder solution is 30-90%. The binder solution further comprises a dispersant. The dispersant is acrylic copolymer or its mixture. The polar solvent has a boiling point of less than 100 degrees C. The polar solvent is acetone, tetrahydrofuran, methylene chloride, chloroform, dimethylformamide, N-methyl-2-pyirolidone, cyclohexane and/or water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon material further contains composite carbon material (C) obtained by coating carbon material (c) on carbonaceous substance, and having aspect ratio of less than 4. The carbon material (a) or carbon material (c) is spherical natural graphite. The carbon material (a) or carbon material (c) is pressure-processed by isotropic pressurizing process. Preferred Properties: The length of shorter axis of composite carbon material (B) is 10 mu m or less. The tap density of composite carbon material (B) is 0.2-1 g/cm3. The average particle diameter (d50) of composite carbon materials (A)-(C) is 3-60 mu m, each. The specific surface area of composite carbon materials (A)-(C) is 0.1-15 m2/g, each.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of metal particles in the composite graphite particles is 1 %mass or more and less than 30 %mass. The metal particles further contain silicon and/or silicon oxide of formula: SiOx.x=more than 0 and less than 2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The surface of the titanium foil or titanium-alloy foil is densely distributed with fine protrusions, and has surface roughness of 0.5-5 mu m. Preferred Property: The surface roughness of the surface of the composite metal foil is 0.05-0.5 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The dispersing agent comprises carboxyl group. The dispersing agent comprises saturated fatty acid (a) of formula: CnH2nO2 and unsaturated fatty acid (b) of formula: CnH2(n-m)O2.n=10-20;andm=1-3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The complex oxide (a) is of formula: Li1+xMO2+(b') (II), where M is metallic element chosen from nickel and cobalt, x is -0.05 to 0.1, and b' is -0.1 to 0.1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The contact angle of the water in the modified surface is 35-70 degrees . Preferred Composition: The ratio of number of carbon atom and number of oxygen atom of the modified surface is 0.10-0.60, measured by the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The volume ratio of carbonaceous material with respect to solid electrolyte is 20:80-99:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of cobalt with respect to total amount of tin and cobalt is 5-40 atomic%. The content of chromium in the negative electrode active material is 1 %mass or less. The content of zinc in the negative electrode active material is 50 mass ppm or less. The chromium aqueous solution used during the manufacturing process contains 70 mol% or more bivalent chromium ions.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The pH of the wash water is 9-13.5.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The manufacture of olivine-type silicate compound further involves using solvent comprising 20-80 %mass polyol and water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The high-pressure hydrogen manufacturing system further has compressor (250) and accumulator (260).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of surfactant is 50 parts mass or more, preferably more than 150 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass electroconductive fine particles. The microporous layer has thickness of 10-60 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The initial heating is carried out at 290 degrees C or more, which is less than melting temperature of hydrophobic resin. The base material is wound before heating in roll shape, and then unwound. The gas diffusion electrode is then wound after final heat treatment process. Water-repellent processing of base material is carried out before coating process. The final heat treatment is carried out at 320-400 degrees C, by circulating hot air. Preferred Composition: The hydrophobic resin is polytetrafluoroethylene or tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of the metal particles based on X-ray diffraction is less than 1.2 nm. Preferred Components: The carbon material is a zeolite template carbon material. The metal complex is ferrocene, nickelocene, cobaltocene or their derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The battery includes a fiber clapboard that is made of plastic raw material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The oxygen delivery system reduces carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide emissions.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The secondary battery further contains a separator between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium iron phosphate compound is of formula: LiuFePO4 and/or LiuFerMn1-rPO4, where u is 0.9-1.1 and r is more than 0 to 1. The lithium-manganese composite oxide is of formula: LivMn2O4, where v is u. The titanium-containing inorganic oxide is of formula: Li(LixM31-3x/2Ti3+x/2)O4, Li(LiyM41-3yTi1+2y)O4 or Li(Li1/3M5zTi5/3-z)O4, where M3 is magnesium, calcium, copper, zinc and/or strontium, M4 is aluminum, scandium, chromium, manganese, iron, gallium and/or yttrium, x and y are 0-1/3, M5 is vanadium, zirconium and/or niobium and z is 0-2/3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of copolymer of vinyl alcohol and neutralization product of ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid and alkali metal is 20 %mass or more. The molar ratio of copolymer of vinyl alcohol and neutralization product of ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid and alkali metal is 9/1-1/9. The neutralization product of ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid and alkali metal is acrylic acid-alkali metal neutralized material or methacrylic acid-alkali metal neutralized material. The content of binder in the electrode is 0.5-30 %mass. Preferred Properties: The volume average particle diameter of copolymer of vinyl alcohol and neutralization product of ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid and alkali metal is 1-200 mu m. The viscosity of the aqueous solution containing 1 %mass copolymer of vinyl alcohol and neutralization product of ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid and alkali metal is 50-10000 mPa.second.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The coating layer comprises metal oxide, metal hydroxide, metal oxyhydroxide, metal fluoride, metal phosphate, lithium-insertion material and/or polymer. The metal oxide compound is of formula: LixMyOz, LiaM"'bOc or Li2-xM'xM"1-xO3-x (where, x is 0-1, M is cobalt, nickel, manganese, titanium, vanadium, zirconium, chromium, magnesium, iron, molybdenum or aluminum, a-c are more than 0 to 1, M"' is trivalent transition metal cation, M' is ion having average oxidation state of three and M" is ion with average oxidation state of four, y and z are not defined), preferably lithium manganite, cobalt(II,III) oxide (Co3O4), cobalt oxide, nickel oxide, ruthenium oxide, molybdenum oxide, manganese oxide, vanadium oxide or lead oxide. The metal hydroxide is nickel hydroxide and/or cobalt hydroxide. The metal oxyhydroxide is nickel oxyhydroxide and/or ferric oxyhydroxide. The metal fluoride is iron(III) fluoride, iron(II) fluoride and copper(II) fluoride. The metal phosphate is iron(III) phosphate and/or aluminum phosphate. Preferred Composition: The lithium-insertion material is chosen from lithium-cobalt oxide, lithium-nickel-oxide, lithium manganate (Li0.44MnO2), lithium manganate (LiMn2O4), lithium-nickel-manganese oxide (LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4), lithium-manganese-boron oxide (LiMnBO3), lithium-manganese-phosphorus-oxide (LiMnPO4) and lithium-manganese silicate (Li2MnSiO4). The amount of coating layer with respect to total content of the positive electrode active material is 0.5-50 %mass, preferably 1-40 %mass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer is a conductive polymer or ( pi )-electron-conjugated polymer. The ( pi )-electron-conjugated polymer is chosen from polyacetylene, polypyrrole, polyaniline, poly(para-phenylene vinylene) and polythiophene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The simple halogen containing material is selected from a group consisting of metal halide salt, elemental diatomic halogen, non-metal halide, hydrogen halide, mixed halogen halide and noble gas halide. The metal salt includes a complex halogen containing anion that is selected from the group consisting of a metal bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide salt, metal tetrafluoroboarate salt and metal hexafluorophosphate salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode active material layer, negative electrode active material layer and/or inorganic solid electrolyte layer further contain lithium salt. The inorganic solid electrolyte is an oxide type inorganic solid electrolyte chosen from lithium compounds (LixLayTiO3, Li7La3Zr2O12, Li3.5Zn0.25GeO4, LiTi2P3O12, Li1+x+y(Al,Ga)x(Ti,Ge)2-xSiyP3-yO12, Li3PO4, LiPON, LiPOD' and LiA1ON).x=0.3-0.7;y=0.3-0.7;D'=Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Ag, Ta, W, Pt and/or Au;andA1=Si, B, Ge, Al, C, Ga.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The nitrogen-containing polymer has repeating units of formulae (1-1) to (1-3) and (2-1) to (2-3). The substituent (Z) is of formula: -L'-(L1)p-Z1. The substituent (X) is group having carboxyl group, sulfonic acid group, phosphoric acid group or -COCH2CO-. The number average molecular weight of substituent (Y') is 500-1000000. The repeating unit (1-2) is preferably of formula (1-2I) or (1-2II). The repeating unit (2-2) is preferably of formula (2-2I) or (2-2II). The content of polymer is 0.1-20 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass electrolyte.R3=H, halo or alkyl;R5=H or alkyl;L2=single bond, alkylene, CO or O;L'=1-12C alkylene;L1=CO, NR" or O;p=0 or 1;R"=H or substituent;Z1=1-30C alkyl, 1-30C haloalkyl or silicone chain having 1-100 silicon atoms;Y1=group having monovalent polyester chain, polyamide chain, polyimide chain, polyacryl chain, polyether chain or polycarbonate chain, preferably groups of formulae (i) and (ii);Y2=group having bivalent polyester chain, polyamide chain, polyimide chain, polyacryl chain, polyether chain or polycarbonate chain, preferably groups of formulae (iii) and (iv);andR6=H or methyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of fluorinated linear carbonate contained with respect to solvent is 5-85 vol.%. The solvent contains fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate. The content of fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate contained with respect to solvent is 15-95 vol.%. The total content of fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate and fluorinated linear carbonate contained with respect to solvent is 40-100 vol.%. The content of boric acid salt contained with respect to electrolyte solution is 0.001-10%mass. Preferred Compound: Boric acid salt is of formula (I).A=metal ion, hydrogen ion or onium ion with valence of 1-3;b=1-3;p=b/valence of A;m=1 or 2;n=0-8;q=0 or 1;Y1=1-10C alkylene, 1-10C haloalkylene, 6-20C arylene or 6-20C haloarylene (all optionally substituted and containing heteroatom);Y2=halo, 1-10C alkyl, 1-10C haloalkyl, 6-20C aryl or 6-20C haloaryl (all optionally substituted and containing heteroatom), or -Z3Y3, and when n is 2-8, then nY2 optionally combine to form ring;Z1-Z3=O, S or NY4;andY3,Y4=H, 1-10C alkyl, 1-10C haloalkyl, 6-20C aryl or 6-20C haloaryl (all optionally substituted and containing heteroatom), in which two or more Y3 or Y4 are optionally coupled to form ring.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The fuel battery bipolar plate is fixed with a transmission line i.e. USB data transmission line.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electric conduction body comprises fiber coal felt, fiber graphite felt, carbon fiber paper and graphitized fiber coal felt. The pore forming agent is selected from silicon dioxide, calcium carbon, aluminum oxide and titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The pore forming agent is also selected from mixture of methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, n-propanol, isobutyl alcohol, normal butanol, toluene, tetrahydrofuran, chloroform, N, N-dimethylformamide, hydrofluoric acid, sodium hydroxide alkaline liquor, potassium hydroxide alkaline liquor, vitriol, hydrochloric acid and nitric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ion intercalation-type compounds, Nasicon structure compound is LiTi2 (PO4)3 or NaTi2 (PO4)3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic compound or polymer is capable of reversibly storing an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal ions, polyimide, furan, thiophene, pyridine, pyrrole, quinone, anthraquinone or monomers, or compounds containing polymers or monomers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The monomer is ethylenedioxythiophene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The grains containing palladium are supported by carrier.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The graphite particle is coated with amorphous carbon. The positive electrode active material is provided with layered rock-salt type oxide as other active material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The carbon material mixture contains 20-80 %mass of non-graphite carbon materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Mass ratio of the silicon active material to the total amount of the negative electrode active materials is 6 %mass or more. The carbon active material contains natural graphite, and mass ratio of the natural graphite to the total amount of the carbon active material is 30-80 %mass. Preferred Components: The silicon active material contains at least one of amorphous lithium metasilicate and lithium orthosilicate in the interior. Negative electrode further comprises carbon nanotube. The carbon active material contains at least two materials selected from natural graphite, synthetic graphite, hard carbon, and soft carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive active material further contains 1-20 wt.% lithium manganese dioxide, and comprises 80-99 wt.% compound (I). The content of lithium difluorophosphate is 1-1.5 pts. wt. with respect to 100 pts. wt. organic solvent. The content of vinylene carbonate is 0.5-1 pts. wt. with respect to 100 pts. wt. organic solvent. The weight ratio of vinylene carbonate and the lithium difluorophosphate is 1:1-1:3. The lithium salt comprises lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium hexafluoroantimonate, lithium perfluorobutane sulfonate, lithium perchlorate, lithium aluminate, lithium tetrachloro aluminate, lithium fluoro sulfonate (LiN(CxF2x+1SO2)(CF2y+1SO2)), lithium chloride, lithium iodide and/or lithium bis(oxalato)borate.x,y=natural numbers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic solvent comprises ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, methylpropyl carbonate, ethylpropyl carbonate, methylethyl carbonate, acetate, methyl acetate, n-propyl acetate, dimethylsulfoxide, acetonitrile, dimethoxyethane, diethoxyethane, sulfolane, gamma -butyrolactone, ethylene sulfite, propylene sulfite, tetrahydrofuran, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, propyl propionate, decanolide, valerolactone, mevalonolactone, caprolactone, dibutylether, tetraglyme, diglyme, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, cyclohexanone, ethanol and/or isopropyl alcohol. The additive further contains vinylethylene carbonate and/or fluoroethylene carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The peak at 19.5 plus minus 0.5 degrees is derived from cobalt oxyhydroxide and peak at 38.5 plus minus 0.5 degrees is derived from cobalt hydroxide. The tap density of the precursor is 1.6 g/cm3 or more, preferably 2 g/cm3 or more. The precursor contains spherical primary particles having average particle diameter of 1 mu m or less, and secondary particles having average particle diameter of 10-20 mu m (preferably, 12-15 mu m). The molar ratio of transition metal source and the reducing agent in the mixture is 1:0.01-1:0.06. Preferred Process: The lithium cobalt oxide is prepared by heating the composite cathode active material precursor to produce cobalt oxide, mixing and calcining the cobalt oxide with a lithium compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The reducing agent is an organic reducing agent, preferably reducing sugar chosen from glucose, glyceraldehyde, galactose, lactose, maltose, and fructose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic solid electrolyte is an oxide type inorganic solid electrolyte chosen from lithium compounds (LixLayTiO3, Li7La3Zr2O12, Li3.5Zn0.25GeO4, LiTi2P3O12, Li1+x+y(Al,Ga)x(Ti,Ge)2-xSiyP3-yO12, Li3PO4, LiPON, LIPOD' and LiA1ON).x=0.3-0.7;y=0.3-0.7;D'=Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Ag, Ta, W, Pt and/or Au;andA1=Si, B, Ge, Al, C, Ga.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The cellulose polymer has repeating unit of formula (I). The total replacement degree of the hydroxyl group of cellulosic polymer is 0.3 or more. The content of cellulose polymer is 0.1-10 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass solid electrolyte.L2,L3,L6=single bond or divalent connecting group, and at least one divalent coupling group;andX2,X3,X6=H or 1-30C hydrocarbyl optionally having hetero atom.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fluorine-containing linear carbonate is preferably chosen from bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)carbonate, methyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)carbonate, and bis(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl)carbonate. The fluorine-containing maleic acid anhydride is preferably chosen from 3-(trifluoromethyl)-2,5-dihydrofuran-2,5-dione and 3-ethyl-2,5-dihydrofuran-2,5-dione. The solvent further contains non-fluorination saturated cyclic carbonate, fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate, or non-fluorination linear carbonate, and lithium salt chosen from lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium triflate, lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, lithium bisperfluoroethylsulfonyl imide, lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate, lithium bis(oxalato)borate, and lithium fluorophosphate-containing salt of formula: LiPFa(CnF2n+1)6-a (III).a=0-5;andn=1-6.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The average particle diameter of the active material is 1-10 mu m. The composite particles contain 1-80 wt.% flat-shaped microparticles having short-axis length of less than 1 mu m measured by scanning electron microscope image observation. The average particle diameter of the silicon or its alloy is 0.01-5 mu m. The graphite has purity of 99.9 weight% or more calculated from impurity semi-quantitative value of 26 elements (aluminum, calcium, chromium, iron, potassium, magnesium, manganese, sodium, nickel, vanadium, zinc, zirconium, silver, arsenic, barium, beryllium, cadmium, cobalt, copper, molybdenum, lead, antimony, selenium, thorium, thallium or uranium) by inductively-coupled plasma spectrochemical analysis, sulfur content of 0.3 weight% or less measured by oxygen flask combustion method, impurities content of 1000 ppm or less measured by ion-chromatography (IC) measuring method and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area of 40 m2/g or less. The content of silicon or its alloy and carbonaceous substance is 10-80 wt.% and 20-90 wt.%, respectively. When the active material contains graphite, the content of silicon or its alloy, carbonaceous substance and graphite is 10-80 wt.%, 5-40 wt.% and 20-80 wt.%, respectively. The active material has Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area of 0.5-80 m2/g. The carbonaceous substance is a carbon-type compound having weight average molecular weight of 1000 or less. The graphite is expanded graphite or flaky graphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nonaqueous solvent comprises fluorinated linear or cyclic carbonate, or nonfluorinated linear or cyclic carbonate. The fluorinated cyclic carbonate is chosen from 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, 4,5-difluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, 4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, 4-(2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)propyl)-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, 4-(1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropyl)-1,3-dioxolan-2-one and 4-(trifluoromethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-2-one. The fluorinated linear carbonate is chosen from (2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)methyl carbonate and (2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl)methyl carbonate. Preferred Definitions:    Rf'=CF3- or CF3-CH2-;and    R=-CH2-, -CH2-CH2- or -CH2-CH2-CH2-.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The external component is chosen from lithium phosphate, and/or lithium boron phosphate (Li0.18B0.94PO4, Li0.15B0.95PO4, Li0.12B0.96PO4, Li0.09B0.97PO4 and/or Li0.06B0.98PO4). The content of the external component is 0.5-10 wt.% based on the total weight of the solid electrolyte. The internal component is chosen from lithium yttrium zirconium phosphate (Li1.1Y0.1Zr1.9(PO4)3, Li1.3Y0.3Zr1.7(PO4)3, Li1.4Y0.4Zr1.6(PO4)3), lithium aluminum zirconium phosphate (Li1.1Al0.1Zr1.9(PO4)3, Li1.3Al0.3Zr1.7(PO4)3), lithium lanthanum zirconium phosphate (Li1.05La0.05Zr1.95(PO4)3), lithium chromium zirconium phosphate (Li1.1Cr0.1Zr1.9(PO4)3), lithium gallium zirconium phosphate (Li1.1Ga0.1Zr1.9(PO4)3), and/or lithium indium zirconium phosphate (Li1.1In0.1Zr1.9(PO4)3). The amount of the lithium source compound is 105-120 wt.% of the stoichiometric amount. Raw material of the external component used in the preparation comprises lithium hydroxide, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate and boric acid. Preferred Property: The internal component has particle size of 0.5-10 mu m, and the external component has particle size of 10-30 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The oxygen content in graphene oxide powder is 25% or more. The content of aqueous graphene oxide solution is 0.1-10 mg/ml.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alcohol solution is preferably tert-butyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of silicon nanoparticles and titania particles is 70:30-35:65. The weight ratio of mixture (m1) and carbon nanostructure is 80:20-70:30. The carbon nanostructure is reduced graphene oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The porous scaffold is made of aluminum oxide. The precursor solution used in the second step is aluminum-nitride solution    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The catalyst plate is set with polystyrene colloid sphere nanobead.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The 1-60 wt.% crosslinking agent is dihalogenated alkane or aromatic hydrocarbon i.e. o-dichloro-benzyl phenyl, m-dichloro-benzyl phenyl, p-dichloro-benzyl phenyl, dichloroethane, dichloropropane, dichlorobutane, o-dibromobenzyl benzene, m-dibromobenzyl benzene, p-dibromobenzyl benzene, dibromoethane, dibromopropane, and/or dibromobutane. The solvent is methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, and/or butanol. The amount of mixed solvent is 70-100 wt.%. Preferred Method: The reaction step is carried out at 25-60 degrees C for 2-20 hours.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The average molecular weight of copolymer is 5000-800000. Preferred Definitions:    R1=groups of formulae (IIf)-(IIi); and    R2=groups of formulae (IIj)-(IIl).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer fibers are selected from a group consisting of cellulose, polylactide, polyhydroxybutyrate, chitin, starch, polyamide, polyester and polyimide. The gel matrix is comprised with a polymer selected from the polyethylene oxide (PEO), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and polyvinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropene (PVDF-HFP).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon monoxide adsorption amount of platinum is 24 ml/g or more. The content of carbon support in the electrode catalyst is 15-35 %mass with respect to total mass of the catalyst. The oxidant used during the manufacturing process is potassium permanganate. The amount of oxidant used during the manufacturing process is 2.5-14.5 mol% with respect to total number of moles of carbon atoms in the carbon support.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The half power band width H(003) of (003) plane is 0.08-0.13. Preferred Property: The ratio of crystal plane diffraction intensity I(003) of (003) plane and crystal plane diffraction intensity I(104) of (104) plane is 1.8-2.5, in X-ray diffraction measurement.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydrocarbon is 1-5C hydrocarbon chosen from methane, ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene and butane, preferably propylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The method further involves supporting olivine type silicate compound with carbon and then baking. Preferred Composition: The content of component (D) is 1-70 %mass. The mass ratio of total content of components (A)-(C) to component (D) is 0.2-3. Preferred Property: The degree of coalification of component (D) is 1-100.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The organic solvent contains nitrile-type solvent and a carbonate selected from a cyclic carbonate or linear carbonate. The lithium ion secondary battery contains mononitrile as a nitrile-type solvent for the nonaqueous electrolyte. The mononitrile is selected from a group consisting acetonitrile, a propionitrile, a butyronitrile, valeronitrile, benzonitrile, and an acrylonitrile as nitrile-type solvent for the nonaqueous electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of surface treating agent is 0.1-20 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass lithium metal complex oxide powder. The content of dispersions which disperses the surface treating agent to the organic solvent is 0.2-20 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass lithium metal complex oxide powder. The organometallic compound is coupling agent. The ratio of number-of-moles of metal including aluminum, titanium and zirconium in lithium metal complex oxide powder is 0.005-4 with respect to total number of moles of aluminum, titanium and zirconium in surface treating agent. The ratio of number-of-moles of metal including aluminum, titanium and zirconium in lithium metal complex oxide powder is 0.01-13 with respect to number-of-moles of nickel in the lithium metal complex oxide powder. Preferred Process: During manufacture of lithium metal complex, the pulverization process of pulverizing lithium metal complex oxide powder, after the heat treatment process by pulverization strength used as 100-250% of change rate of the specific surface area before and after pulverization.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sulfur-type compound is unsaturated sultone of formula (I). The solvent comprises 3-97 vol.% fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate and 3-97 vol.% fluorinated linear carbonate with respect to the amount of solvent. The total amount of fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate and fluorinated linear carbonate in the solvent is 6-100 vol.%.R'a-R'd=H, F or 1-12C hydrocarbyl optionally substituted by F;andn=0-3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of each of resin binder and thickening dispersant is 0.2-5 parts mass. The content of conductive support agent is 1-10 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass solid content of positive electrode active material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic acid is chosen from phosphoric acid, boric acid, and carbonic acid. The inorganic basic additive is chosen from ammonia, lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and calcium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The pH adjuster is chosen from an organic acid and an inorganic acid. The organic acid contains carboxyl group, sulfo group, or phosphone group. The organic acid is preferably 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid, citric acid, succinic acid, acetic acid, methanesulfonic acid, propyl sulfonic acid, or carbonic acid. The pH adjuster contains organic basic additive and inorganic basic additive. The organic basic additive is chosen from primary amine, secondary amine, tertiary amine, and quaternary ammonium compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of resin binder in the slurry is 0.2-5 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of solid content of positive electrode active material. The viscosifying dispersing agent contains water-soluble polymer chosen from copolymer of acrylic acid and N-vinylacetamide, carboxymethylcellulose, polyethylene oxide, polyacrylic acid, and poly-N-vinylacetamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The sintering process is carried out at 800-1000 degrees C in reducible gas atmosphere or inert gas atmosphere. Preferred Composition: The acid is chosen from dilute hydrochloric acid, concentrated hydrochloric acid, dilute sulfuric acid, concentrated sulfuric acid, aqua fortis, concentrated nitric acid, and aqua regia, preferably aqua regia. The content of total amount of divalent or trivalent metal ion of element of third-fifth period of long form periodic table in metal phthalocyanine polymer before sintering process, is 80-97 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The metal phthalocyanine polymer is obtained by condensing metal amino phthalocyanine compound of formula (1) with metal carboxyl phthalocyanine compound of formula (2). Preferred Definitions:    L=Co2+;and    M=Ni2+ or Fe2+.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The crystalline inorganic compound has lead-germanium-aluminum oxide (Pb3GeAl10O20)-type structure, calcium-aluminum oxide (CaAl4O7)-type structure, barium-aluminum oxide (BaAl2O4)-type structure, or calcium-aluminum oxide (CaAl12O19)-type structure. The carrier excludes oxide ions. The crystalline inorganic compound further contains cation-anion-containing polyhedrons and/or polygons of formula: B'Xn (II). The crystalline inorganic compound is of formula: AxB'yXz (III).A=cation of A-site;x=2.5 plus minus 2;y=11 plus minus 3;andz=20 plus minus 6.Preferred Property: The coordination number of cation (A) and cation (B') contained in the crystalline inorganic compound is 4-12 and 3-7, respectively. Preferred Definitions:    A=H, Li, Na, Mg, K, Ca, Sc, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Mo, Tc, Cd, In, Te, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Hf, W, Hg, Tl, Pb, Bi, Po, Ra, Th, Pa, U, Np, or Pu;    B'=H, Li, Be, B, Mg, Al, Si, P, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, As, Se, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, Sb, Te, Ce, Pr, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Tl, Pb, Bi, Po, At, Th, Pa, U, Np, or Pu;and    X=N, O, F, S, Cl, Se, Br, Te, or I.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The benzyl compound (II) is biphenyl and cyclo-hexylbenzene. The battery comprises a lithium intercalating carbonaceous anode. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The heat-processing is carried out at a temperature of 900 degrees C or less. Preferred Composition: The oxide containing tin comprises niobium and antimony. The platinum or its alloy is platinum-ruthenium alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic oligomer is polyoxymethylene dimethyl ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The process comprises applying a precursor catalyst layer ink on the polymer electrolyte or on gas diffusion layer by screen printing, where the printing matrix has an internal volume of 2.24-27.21 billion mu m3/cm2, and the printing matrix allows the application of masses of 0.10-4.64 mg of noble metals such as platinum, per cm2 of electrode. The printing speed is 10-110 mm/minute and the printing pressure is 1-3 bar. In the process, drying the electrodes, after printing, is carried out at 80-150 degrees C for 10-40 minutes, and joining the gas diffusion layers of the membrane at 105-145 degrees C and at a pressure of 120-800 kgf/cm2 for 2-13 minutes. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cathode chamber is provided with a stirrer. The concentration of sodium chloride is 0.7 mol/l.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The thermocouples include nickel chrome/nickel or copper iron/nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal is selected from pure lead, lead calcium tin aluminum alloy, lead-antimony alloy, lead-antimony alloy and rare earth alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The anode comprises graphite, lithium-titanium, tin alloy, silica alloy and lithium metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The non-aqueous organic solvent is selected from a group consisting of dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, methylpropyl carbonate, ethylpropyl carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate and butylene carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic solid electrolyte comprises lithium-lanthanum-titanate (LixLayTiO3, where x is 0.3-0.7, y is 0.3-0.7), lithium-lanthanum zirconate (Li7La3Zr2O12), lithium-zinc-germanium oxide (Li3.5Zn0.25GeO4), lithium-titanium phosphate (LiTi2P3O12), lithium-aluminum-gallium-titanium-germanium-silicon phosphate (Li1+x'+y'(Al,Ga)x'(Ti,Ge)2-x'Siy'P3-y'O12, where x' is 0-1 and y' is 0-1), lithium phosphate, lithium phosphorous oxynitride, lithium-phosphorus-containing complex (LiPOD', where D' is chosen from titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, ruthenium, silver, tantalum, tungsten, platinum and gold) and lithium oxynitride (LiAON, where A is chosen from silicon, boron, germanium, aluminum, carbon and gallium).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic base phase change material is selected from alkane, pentaerythritol, polyethylene, acetamide, propyl amide, naphthalene, stearic acid, polyglycols E6000, wax, urea anhydride, glycerol, acetic acid, ethylenediamine or polyglycols E400. The inorganic base phase change material is selected from magnesium chloride hexahydrate, aluminum sulfate decahydrate, ammonium aluminum sulfate dodecahydrate, potassium alum dodecahydrate, magnesium sulfite hexahydrate, strontium bromide hexahydrate, strontium hydroxide octahydrate, barium hydroxide octahydrate, aluminum nitrate nonahydrate, ferric nitrate hexahydrate, nickel(II) nitrate hexahydrate, sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate, zinc sulfate heptahydrate, calcium bromide hexahydrate, zinc nitrate hexahydrate, disodium phosphate dodecahydrate, sodium carbonate decahydrate, sodium sulfate decahydrate, lithium nitrite trihydrate or calcium chloride hexahydrate. The paraffinic phase change material is selected from dodecane, tetradecane, hexadecane, octadecane, nonadecane, eicosane, heneicosane, docosane, tetracosane, hexacosane, heptacosane, octacosane or triacontane. The inactive material is selected polyolefin, polystyrene, polyacrylate, polyamide, polyester, polycaprolactone, polyurethane, gelatin, chitosan, cellulose, melamine resin, urea resin or their derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The negative-electrode collector is formed of one of a copper alloy and stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The heat-treatment (a) is carried out in air. The heat treatment (b) is carried out in nitrogen gas atmosphere. The method further involves covering the graphite particles with amorphous carbon film (A) before heat treatment (a), then alloying with lithium after heat treatment (b), and covering the whole particles with amorphous carbon film (B) after heat treatment (b). The heat treatment (a) is carried out in a state in which the surface layer of the graphite particles is exposed. The temperature of heat treatment (a) and heat treatment (b) is 400-900 degrees C and 800-1400 degrees C, respectively. Preferred Properties: The opening size of the void is 10 nm to 1 mu m. The carbon material has intensity ratio of D and G bands of 0.15 or less, Brunauer, Emmett and Teller specific surface area of less than 9.5 m2/g, measured by nitrogen absorption method and specific surface area of less than 3.1 m2/g measured by mercury porosimetry. The number of carriers on the surface of the carbon material measured by the electron-spin-resonance method is less than 4.8x 1018/g. Preferred Component: The graphite particles are flake shaped artificial graphite particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The active material for non-aqueous secondary battery negative electrodes is formed with natural graphite, artificial graphite, carbonaceous substance coated graphite, resin coating graphite and an amorphous carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of silicon or silicon oxide is 20-75 %mass with respect to 100 %mass active material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The transition metal oxide preferably comprises titanium oxide of formula: TiO2-x, zirconium oxide of formula: ZrO2-x, niobium oxide of formula: NbO2-x or tantalum oxide of formula: TaO2-x. The electroconductive oxide is titanium oxide (Ti4O7, Ti3O5, Ti2O3, TiO or Ti3O2), zirconium oxide, niobium oxide or tantalum oxide.x=more than 0 and 0.2 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The elastomer resin has surface contact angle of 100 degrees C or more with respect to water, and/or solubility of 5 wt.% or more with respect to the organic solvent. Preferred Composition: The elastomer resin is chosen from hydrogenation petroleum resin, block copolymer of polystyrene and polyolefin, styrene-butadiene copolymer, acrylonitrile-butadiene copolymer, and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode active material comprises lithium-containing compound. The negative electrode active material comprises metallic lithium, carbon material, lithium-containing material and their alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte solution is gelatinized electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: A catalyst chosen from potassium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide and cesium fluoride is further injected to solvent of solution (S1).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solvent of solutions (S1) and (S2) is dimethylacetamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl formamide, N-methyl pyrrolidone, diphenyl sulfone or chlorobenzene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Device: The lithium ion battery has positive electrode, negative electrode and electrolyte.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The average longer axis of the primary particle is 1 mu m or less. The average particle diameter is 0.3-50 mu m. The sodium titanate or potassium titanate powder has BET specific surface area of 3-50 m2/g, preferably 5-30 m2/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte contains ( gamma )-butyrolactone as solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Properties: The oxide-type solid electrolyte has diffraction peaks at 2( theta ) of 21.5 plus minus 0.5 degrees , 2( theta ) of 23 plus minus 0.5 degrees , 2( theta ) of 28.5 plus minus 0.5 degrees , 2( theta ) of 29 plus minus 0.5 degrees , 2( theta ) of 32 plus minus 0.5 degrees , 2( theta ) of 36 plus minus 0.5 degrees , 2( theta ) of 38 plus minus 0.5 degrees , and 2( theta ) of 39.5 plus minus 0.5 degrees in X-ray diffraction (CuK( alpha ),( lambda )=1.5418 Angstrom ). The solid electrolyte has the form of glass ceramics or glass. Preferred Compound: The oxide-type solid electrolyte is of formula: (100-x)Li3BO3.xLi2SO4.x=greater than 0 to less than 25.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The first or second redox active molecule is inorganic metal halide compound. The battery enables a semiconductor light absorber electrode selected from a group consisting of Silicon, Silica, Titanium, Titanium dioxide, Germanium, Gallium-Nitride, Gallium-Arsenic, Indium-phosphorus, Gallium-Gallium, Molybdenum disulfide, Molybdenum selenide, Tungsten (IV) sulfide, Tungsten diselenide, Copper-indium-Gallium, Cadmium sulfide, Cadmium selenide and Cadmium telluride. The redox active molecule is a redox active organic molecule.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The positive and negative electrodes comprise an element selected from a group consisting of Carbon, Gallium, Indium, Aluminum, Titanium, Chromium, Iron, Cobalt, Nickel, Copper, Zirconium, Niobium, Tantalum, Molybdenum, Tungsten, Rhenium, Ruthenium, Osmium, Rhodium, Iridium, Palladium, Platinum, Silver and Gold. The first or second redox active molecule contains metal selected from a group consisting of Lithium, potassium, Sodium, Magnesium, Calcium, Titanium, Chromium, Manganese, Iron, Cobalt, Nickel, Copper, Zinc, Lanthanum, Cerium, Neptunium and Uranium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The first or second redox active molecule is organometallic compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameters: Metal foil layer has thickness of 5-30 mu m, preferably 5-20 mu m. Vapor deposition layer has thickness of 50-10000 Angstrom , preferably 50-1000 Angstrom . Exterior material has thickness of 30-80 mu m. Preferred Processes: Vapor deposition layer is formed by vapor-depositing metal, metal oxide, and/or fluoride. A 2nd outer side layer is further laminated on outer side of outer side layer and contains 2nd vapor deposition layer laminated on inner surface and/or outer surface of 2nd heat resistant resin film layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The sodium ferrite-type complex oxide has half value width of 0.13 degrees or less in the diffraction peak of (003)-plane at diffraction angle (2( theta )) of 16.3 degrees vicinity obtained by X-ray diffraction method using Cu-K( alpha ) ray. Preferred Definitions:    x=0.05-0.4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of fluorine in fluorinated linear carbonate is 33-70 %mass. The content of fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate is 3-97 vol.%. The content of fluorinated linear carbonate with respect to solvent is 3-97 vol.%. The total content of fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate and fluorinated linear carbonate with respect to solvent is 6-100 vol.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sultone derivative is of formula (I). The content of fluorinated linear carbonate in the solvent is 5-85 vol.%. The solvent further comprises 10-95 vol.% fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate. The total content of fluorinated linear carbonate and fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate is 40-100 vol.%. The content of sultone derivative in the electrolyte solution is 0.001-30 %mass.m,n=0-6;m+n=1-8;andX=alkyl optionally containing O.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The nickel-cobalt composite hydroxide is heated at 500-1000 degrees C, before mixing with lithium compound. Preferred Composition: The atomic ratio of lithium with respect to metallic element of nickel-cobalt composite hydroxide is 0.95-1.5. The concentration of ammonium ion in the reaction solution during crystallization process is 5-20 g/L. The transition metal ion concentration in the reaction solution after pH control is 100 ppm or less. Preferred Property: The temperature of the reaction solution during crystallization process is 20-70 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solid state electrolyte layer comprises lithium phosphorus oxynitride. The first electrode layer comprises an anode layer comprising carbon or silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solid state electrolyte layer comprises lithium phosphorus oxynitride. The first electrode layer comprises an anode layer comprising carbon or silicon. The second electrode layer comprises cathode layer comprising lithium cobalt oxide and a collector layer comprising titan nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The anion exchange membrane exhibits hydroxide conductivity of (1-10)x 10-2S/cm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (Claimed): The preparation of the copolymer comprises (a) reacting morpholine with hydroquinone to obtain 2,5-bis(morpholinomethyl)benzene-1,4-diol (IV), (b) reacting (IV) with bis(4-fluorophenyl)sulfone and bisphenol A to obtain morpholinium-functionalized poly(ether sulfone) copolymer of formula (III), and (c) reacting (III) with dialkyl sulfate to obtain copolymer having (II). Preferred Method: The step (a) is carried out at 40-80 degrees C in presence of paraformaldehyde. The step (b) is carried out at 120-180 degrees C in presence of potassium carbonate. Preferred Components: The dialkyl sulfate is dimethyl sulfate. Preferred Definitions:    R1, R2 = methyl.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The bisphenol type-resin has weight average molecular weight of 1000-300000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium transition metal cathode material is lithium-rich layered oxide (xLi2MnO3(1-x)LiMO2), where M is third row transition metals.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The polyimide is a condensation product of pyromellitic dianhydride and 4,4'-oxydiphenylamine. The stable free radicals are nitroxide free radical groups. The nitroxide free radical groups include 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl groups.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The coating is an organic polymer. The organic polymer is polyimide. The method utilizes polymer that is polyamic acid or partially imidized polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The light scattering particles are made of a material selected from one of silica, alumina and titania. The anode photocatalyst comprises photocatalytically active metal oxide such as tungsten oxide. The light guide includes sheets silvered with aluminum. The membrane allows an anode fuel catalyst i.e. noble metal catalyst, comprising platinum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The light guide comprises a sheet of light transmissive polymer material e.g. PET, polyethylene and polymethylpentene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The inside of the reaction container is filled in a state such that the plate-shaped hydrogen-producing catalyst is laminated, or it is wound in spiral/coil shape. The portion of gas comprising hydrogen is recycled for the reaction process. The volume ratio of recycled gas comprising hydrogen with respect to mixed gas is 2-10%. Production process is carried out at 700-900 degrees C for 200 hours or more for 30 minutes or more. Preferred Properties: The thickness of the hydrogen-producing catalyst is 20-100 mu m. Several tubular hydrogen-producing catalyst having different diameter is filled inside the refraction container. Preferred Composition: The ratio of the number of molecules of the steam in the mixed gas with respect to carbon atom number in hydrocarbon gas is 1-2.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The amorphous alloy contains at least one of silicon, boron and phosphorus, and copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The ionic compound is chosen from lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium and aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The housing comprises at least one mandrel, extending from an underside of the housing of the ion exchanger cartridge and which is intended, to be releasably inserted in a corresponding receiving device which is arranged non-releasably on the fuel cell vehicle. The fluid connections comprise a quick coupling, preferably a sealing coupling and/or the upper side of the ion exchange cartridge is designed as a removable lid, in the presence of the fluid connections. The receiving device for the mandrel is an elastic bearing, preferably a rubber bush. At least one fastening element, preferably a bracket, is arranged on the upper side of the housing, which is adapted to be releasably connected to a corresponding attachment point of the fuel cell vehicle. The fuel cell vehicle comprises a motor room in which the ion exchanger assembly is arranged to be freely accessible from above. Preferred Method: The clamping of the flow line and return line of the fluid circuit by using a hose clamp assembly and/or by closing the closure couplings is performed after the step (a).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The divalent or polyvalent metal ions are copper(II) ion, iron(II) ion, iron(III) ion, zinc ion, manganese(II) ion, nickel(II) ion, vanadium(III) ion and/or transition metal ions.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Groups: The Chelating/adsorption group is iminodiacetic acid group, carboxylic acid group and/or amino phosphoric acid group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The organic polymer is polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polymethylmethacrylate, polyacrylic acid, polyethylene and/or polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The support is made of polyvinyl pyrrolidine (PVP). The attaching layer is made of halogenated polyolefin and PVC. The nanostructured material is made of polystyrene (PS) and polycaprolactone (PCL).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery is comprised of one of lithium titanium oxide, titanium oxide and niobium titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The acrylate is salt of sodium, lithium and potassium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The polymer has molecular weight of 100000 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The tungsten compound and/or molybdenum compound are chosen from oxides and lithium complex oxides. The lithium transition metal oxide is of formula: LiaNixM1-xO2 (I), where a is 0.95-1.2 (including 0.95 and 1.2), x is more than 0.9, and M is an element chosen from cobalt, manganese, and aluminum. The lithium transition metal oxide is preferably of formula: LiaNixCoyAlzO2 (II), where y and z are 0-0.1. The nonaqueous electrolyte contains lithium salt containing phosphorus-oxygen bond in a molecule, and/or nitrile compound. The lithium salt is lithium difluorophosphate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The nitrile compound is adiponitrile.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The ceramic material is comprised from aluminum nitride or alumina. The active-metal compound region contains nitride or oxide of an active metal. The power module substrate has a metal layer of copper, copper alloy, aluminum or aluminum alloy. The ceramic material and copper material are laminated and joined using copper-phosphorus base brazing sheet containing 3-10 %mass phosphorus. The copper-phosphorus base brazing sheet is copper-phosphorus brazing material, copper-phosphorus-tin brazing material, copper-phosphorus-tin-nickel brazing material, or copper-phosphorus-zinc brazing material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The average degree of polymerization of water-insoluble polysaccharide polymer fiber (E) is 50-1000. Preferred Composition: The particulate-form binder resin (C) is acrylate-type polymer. The usage amount of water-soluble polymer (D) is 0.1-10 pts. wt. in solid content equivalent amount with respect to 100 pts. wt. positive electrode active material (A). The usage amount of water-insoluble polysaccharide polymer fiber (E) is 0.1-2 pts. wt. in solid content equivalent amount with respect to 100 pts. wt. composite particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Parameter: Specific surface area of the composite oxide falls within 0.1-100 m2/g. Preferred Device: The battery pack comprises non-aqueous electrolyte batteries, where each of the non-aqueous electrolyte batteries comprises a negative electrode containing the active material, a positive electrode and a non-aqueous electrolyte. The non-aqueous electrolyte batteries are electrically connected to each other in series, in parallel or its combination. The battery pack further comprises a protective circuit configured to detect a voltage of the non-aqueous electrolyte battery. Preferred Definitions:    M=metal element selected from Fe, Co, Mn, and V;    y=0-0.2; and    z= not less than 0 to 0.6.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The sealing compound is selected from methacrylic acid ester, methacrylic-acid ester oligomer, and solid paraffin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The copper or copper alloy is used in the conductors.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - A surface of the temperature sensor is made of a platinum or platinum alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The conductivity plastic sheet has an additive, which is selected from a group of a glass fiber, a graphite powder, a carbon filter, a coupling agent, an elastomer, a compound bow agent and antioxidant. The carbon electrode comprises the carbonfelt, a carbon paper, a carbon nonwoven fabric, a graphite sheet or a carbon nanotube.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: A valve (24) having a passage position and a locking position, is provided, where the device is in the passage position of the fuel cell through which discharged air can be removed. The output terminal is fluidically connected to the input terminal when the valve assumes the blocking position. The proportion of oxygen in the air is detected by a second sensor. A third sensor is provided for detecting the proportion of supplied hydrogen. A control device is provided and designed such that it controls the amount of supplied hydrogen. The device comprises the drier unit for drying the discharged air, and electrolyzer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The proportion of the oxygen contained in the air is measured before supplying. The current is controlled depending on the supplied proportion hydrogen the fuel cell water flowing through it. The discharged air is dried. The hydrogen supplied to the fuel cell is provided with an electrolyzer. The water generated in the fuel cell and/or a dryer unit is supplied to the electrolyzer. At least a part of current flowing between the sides of the fuel cell is fed to the electrolyzer and/or the dryer unit. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solid polymer electrolyte membrane is Nafion (RTM:Sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene) membrane, Dow membrane, Flemion membrane, Aciplex (RTM:Perfluoro sulfonate) film, BAM3G type partially fluorinated proton exchange membrane and non-fluorinated proton exchange membrane, the non-fluorinated proton exchange membrane is sulfonated styrene/vinyl butylene/styrene triblock copolymer membrane, and PTFE porous membrane, the fluorinated proton exchange membrane is Gore-SelectTM type membrane, sulfonated polyether ether ketone membrane, polysulfone membrane, or polyether ketone membrane, the water electrolysis anode catalyst layer is made of iridium, ruthenium, iridium oxide, ruthenium oxide, tin oxide, and combination of iridium, ruthenium, tin, and ruthenium oxide, and the cathode catalyst layer comprises platinum or palladium. The electrolytic solution is an aqueous solution of nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, and sulfuric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The finely divided electrically conductive carrier comprises activated carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The transition metal comprises palladium, chromium, cobalt and iron. The alkaline earth metal comprises calcium and magnesium. The catalyst is substantially free of platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, silver and gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal and metal oxide are element chosen from silicon, tin, aluminum, indium, gallium, lead, titanium, nickel, magnesium, tungsten, molybdenum and iron, alloy including chosen element, and oxide including chosen element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The redox active element is made from transition metal such as niobium, tungsten and molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The composite phase contains lanthanum copper oxide as the perovskite oxide and copper(II) oxide as metal oxide or contains strontium ferrite as perovskite oxide and iron(III) oxide as metal oxide. The compound powder used in the manufacture is chosen from oxide powder, carbonate powder, hydroxide salt powder, and chloride salt powder. The inorganic raw material powder used in the manufacture comprises lanthanum oxide as compound powder and copper as metal powder or contains strontium carbonate as compound powder and iron as metal powder. Preferred Property: The electroconductivity of composite material is 10-4 S/cm or more. Adhesive strength between the substrate and the forming portion is 3.0 MPa or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reducing agent is potassium iodide, ammonium thiosulfate or tin(II) chloride. The gaseous reducing agent is argon-hydrogen mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The particle diameter of the precursor particles is 12-20 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The crystal nucleation agent is metal and/or inert ceramic. The metal comprises gold, platinum or silver. The inert ceramic comprises yttrium trioxide, zirconium oxide or magnesium oxide. The crystal nucleation agent is inert with respect to glass matrix of glass-ceramic process. The solid electrolyte is a membrane and gas-tight. The glass plates are annealed at temperature 10 degrees C higher than the vitrification point. The crystallization nucleation agent is yttrium trioxide. The solid electrolyte comprises 1-10% inert ceramics and 1-100 ppm gold, silver and/or platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Molybdenum oxide is molybdenum dioxide. The turbostratic material contains cation or amine. The cation includes ammonium ion and/or alkali metal ion, preferably monovalent lithium ion. Starting materials used in production of turbostratic material contains molybdenum, molybdenum dioxide, and sodium molybdate. The layered molybdenum oxide treated with acid, and then reacted with aqueous solution containing quaternary ammonium ion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cathode material further comprises a conductive auxiliary agent, and lithium ion phosphate as the cathode active material. The conductive auxiliary agent is carbonaceous material selected from Ketjen black (RTM: Electro-conductive carbon block), carbon black, carbon fibers and carbon nanotubes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The rare earth compound is composed of erbium trihydroxide and erbium oxyhydroxide. The fluorinated solvent contains a fluoroethylene carbonate, a fluorinated methyl propionate, and fluorinated methyl ethyl carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery represent by element selected from aluminum, magnesium, nickel, iron, manganese, tin, zinc, molybdenum, lead, germanium and barium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Manufacture process further involves pulverizing the carbon raw material, nitrogen raw material and metal element raw material, adjusting average particle diameter, pulverizing precursor and adjusting average particle diameter and/or pulverizing nitrogen-containing carbon material and adjusting average particle diameter. Pulverization process is carried out using bead mill containing beads having diameter of 10-300 mu m. The average particle diameter is adjusted to of 1-300 nm. Pulverization process satisfies a relation: 2200 less than or equal to dD'v less than or equal to 17000, where d is rue specific gravity of bead (g/cm3), D' is diameter of bead ( mu m), and v is circumferential speed (m/s). Heat-processing is carried out in inert gas atmosphere or ammonia-containing gas atmosphere.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The precursor comprises azulminic acid and/or diamino maleonitrile.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The cell wall is made of plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The electrode is made from thermoplastic material e.g. polypropylene or polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameters: Core particles have D50 of 2-5 mu m. Al2O3 is attached to the surface of the core particles as a discontinuous coating in the form of discrete particles having D50 of less than or equal to 100 nm. Preferred Processes: Al2O3 is removably attached to the surface of the core particles by a dry-coating process. During mixing Al2O3 powder and lithium metal oxide core material in a dry-coating procedure, volume V1+V2=Va decreases, until the volume remains constant at a value (Vb), covering the lithium metal oxide core material with Al2O3 particles. Preferred Components: Concentration of zirconium is higher at the surface than in the bulk of the lithium metal oxide core particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The indium-containing substance comprises metal indium, indium sulfate, indium hydroxide, and indium oxide. The negative electrode active material comprises zinc. The second metal ion is made of zinc. The first metal ion is made of lithium, sodium or magnesium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nanoparticles comprise panicles chosen from silica, alumina, zirconia, titania, magnesium oxide and calcium oxide. At least one of cathode and anode is lithium metal electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyalkylene oxide comprises polyethylene oxide. The film contains 5-500 alternating layers. The film further comprises nanoparticles. The weight ratio of nanoparticles and nanofibers is 1:2-2:1, preferably 1.2:1-1:1. Preferred Property: The film has thickness of 3 microns or more and porosity of 30-60%. Preferred Process: The film is obtained by using aprotic solvent which is dimethyl sulfoxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The layer comprises 90 wt.% carbon black, e.g. Super P (RTM: Carbon black) or Super C (RTM: Carbon black), Timcal (RTM: Graphite), Belgium, and 10 wt.-% disperse graphite such as mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB), GFG5, KS6L or reduced graphene oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The layer is free of a binder. The binder is polyvinylidene difluoride or polyvinylidene difluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The positive active material is non-lithium containing active material selected from a group consisting of sulfur, vanadium oxide, manganese oxide, cobalt oxide, a manganese-nickel-oxide spinel, copper sulfide, iron sulfide, layered nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide and iron polyanion oxide. The positive electrode includes lithium containing positive active material selected from a group consisting of lithium manganese IV (4) oxide, lithium cobalt(III) oxide, iron(2+) lithium phosphate, lithium-metal oxide, lithium metal silicate and high efficiency lithium nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The electrodes are made from the thermoplastic resin such as polypropylene or polyethylene, or from duro-plastic such as UV curable plastic or a two-component adhesive. The electrodes are also made from the graphite or carbon fibers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The phosphorus ligand-containing compound is of formula: (R1R2R3)P-M-X or ((R1R2R3)P)5-Fe-X. The halogen is fluorine.R1-R3=linear or branched alkyl or alkoxy;X=halo;andM=Cu, Ag, Fe, Ru or Pt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery further consists of a positive electrode (3), a negative electrode (4), a separator (5), and an insulating layer. The separator and the insulating layer are arranged between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fluorophosphoric acid compound is lithium difluorophosphate or lithium monofluorophosphate, preferably lithium difluorophosphate. The insulating layer is a porous layer containing inorganic oxide formed in the surface facing the positive electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The monofluorotoluene is 2-fluorotoluene. The nonaqueous electrolyte preferably contains 8 %mass or less monofluorotoluene and 4 %mass or less fluorophosphoric acid compound, with respect to mass of the nonaqueous electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrode material is carbon graphite, stainless steel, and conductive polymer. The electrolyte solution is an inorganic salt such as chloride and phosphate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer solution comprises polyvinyl alcohol and copolymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The substrate is glass, nickel, nickel network, stainless steel or titanium.The supported catalyst is platinum, palladium noble metal and their alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The conductive additive contains carbon fiber. The binder contains a water-soluble polymer such as carboxymethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, diacetyl cellulose, styrene monomer and butadiene monomer. The organosilicon compound is selected from a group consisting of ethyl silicate, ethyl polysilicate, methyl polysilicate, propyl polysilicate, butyl polysilicate, tetramethoxysilane, tetraethoxy silane, tetrabutoxy silane and tetrapropoxy silane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The non-conductive elastomer is made from rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The silicon phase contains aluminum to-de-dissolved in silicon. The silicon-type alloy further has aluminum single phase. The sum total content of chromium and titanium in silicon-type alloy is 0.05-30 atomic%. The content of aluminum is 0.05-15 atomic%. The ratio of silicon with respect to total content of chromium, titanium and aluminum is 1-7. The silicon-type alloy contains element chosen from copper, vanadium, manganese, iron, magnesium, boron, phosphorus, gallium, nickel, niobium, zinc and zirconium. The content of element is 0.05-15 atomic%. The content of nickel in the silicon-type alloy is 0.001-1 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fish louse usnea phosphorus is installed between a fuel cell and a reformer, where the water generated in the fuel cell is supplied to the reformer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The second metallic case cover is configured as a clad layered case cover having a first layer of a first metal such as aluminum (Al) and a second layer of a second metal such as copper (Cu).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The nanometer carbon material is graphite. The negative electrode includes elemental nickel. The negative electrode is pure metal nickel foil or a nickel foil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The rare-earth element oxide is cerium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The polyfunctional isocyanate compound has an isocyanurate structure.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The acid-modified polyolefin resin is homopolymer of propylene, or copolymer of propylene and ethylene, and contains acid anhydride of unsaturated carboxylic acid and/or ester of unsaturated carboxylic acid. The corrosion-inhibiting layer further contains cationic polymer. The cationic polymer is an ionic polymer complex containing polyethylenimine, polymer containing carboxylic acid, primary amine-grafted acrylic resin having acryl main structure, polyallylamine or its derivative, or primary amine-grafted resin containing aminophenol. The adhesive agent composition further contains an organometallic catalyst containing a metal chosen from tin, titanium, and zirconium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The silicon alloy contains silicon, aluminum, nickel, copper, iron, titanium, or manganese. The content of silicon in the silicon alloy is 0.5-0.9 atomic%, preferably 0.6-0.8 atomic%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The negative electrode further contains a binder chosen from polyamidoimide, polyimide, and polyamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal porous component consists of tin plating layer. The content of ratio of tin in metal porous component is plus minus 17 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The battery cell is a lithium ion or a lithium polymer battery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The transition metal salt is at least one selected from the group consisting of nitrates, sulfates, acetates, chlorides and oxides containing gold, silver, cobalt, iron, nickel, palladium, ruthenium, titanium, vanadium or chrome.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The nickel microparticles have average particle diameter of 0.05-0.2 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Electrolyte solution contains cyclic ester selected from ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, gamma -butyrolactone, and/or fluoroethylene carbonate in which the volume ratio of cyclic ester is below the volume ratio of dimethyl carbonate, preferably volume ratio of cyclic ester is less than or equal to 30% with respect to whole amount of non-aqueous solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrolyte solution further contains an amine compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium oxometallate (I) comprises lithium oxometallate of formula: Li(8-nx)D'xMaO6, Li(8-x'(n'-4))Ex'Ma(1-x')O6 or Li8ExMa(1-x')O(6+(n'-4)x'/2), where n is formal oxidation state of D', x is 0.00005-2, n' is formal oxidation state of E and x' is 0.00005-0.25. The lithium oxometallate (II) comprises lithium oxometallate of formula: Li(7nx)D'xMbO6, Li(7-x'(n'-5))ExMb(1-x')O6 or Li7ExMb(1x')O(6+(n'5)x'/2). The domains of doped or undoped lithium oxometallate(s) comprise nanoparticles and/or nanosheets of lithium oxometallate(s). The electroconductive matrix comprises conductive carbon and/or conductive metallic nanoparticles. The conductive carbon comprises nanoporous carbon. The composite material is further ground to form nanoparticles. Pyrolysis is carried out in nitrogen and/or argon. Preferred Process: Alternately, the composite material is prepared by providing a slurry of conductive particles and doped or undoped lithium oxometallate(s) in a solvent, drying the slurry, and delaminating sheets of the composite material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solvent is chosen from water, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, tetrahydrofuran, acetone, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 2-butanone, dimethyl sulfoxide and 2-chlorophenol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The composite material further comprises a polymeric binder chosen from polyacrylic acid, poly(vinylidene fluoride), sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, alginate, poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene), carboxymethyl cellulose/styrene-butadiene rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, polytetrafluoroethylene, carboxymethyl cellulose and aqueous binder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The electrolyte is made of polyfluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, phenolic resin, polyurethane, epoxy resin, polyether resin and rubber materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic acid salt is selected from 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazole chloride, 1-propyl group-3-methyl imidazole chloride, 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazole chloride, 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazole tetrafluoroborate, and 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazole hexafluorophosphate. The aluminum ion battery further comprises separator material made of polypropylene microporous membrane materials and polyethylene microporous membrane material, cathode current collector fluid, molybdenum sheet, foamed nickel, platinum film and carbon paper. The conductive agent is selected from carbon nanotubes, acetylene black, super carbon, graphite, carbon powder, platinum paste and silver paste, the binder is PTFE, polyvinylidene fluoride, platinum paste and silver paste.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The elemental substance is chosen from lead, nickel, copper, silver, platinum, gold, palladium, zinc, aluminum, silicon, iron, carbon, boron, nitrogen, sulfur, cobalt, titanium, vanadium, cadmium, chromium , manganese, tin, antimony, tungsten, bismuth, yttrium, zirconium, iridium, niobium, molybdenum, ruthenium, scandium, rhodium, indium and lanthanide. The compound substance is chosen from 58 compounds e.g. lead sulfate, nickel phosphide, copper oxide, silver oxide, palladium chloride, zinc oxide, cobalt sulfide, lithium phosphate, titanium diboride, antimony oxide, iridium chloride, magnesium oxide, polyaniline, polypyrrole and polythiophene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The cathode electrolyte solution and anolyte are separated by an ion-exchange membrane. Preferred Process: The method further involves adding a concentrated hydrochloric acid to cathode electrolyte solution. The space between ion-exchange membrane and anode is 1 mm or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The difference in vanadium ion concentration in cathode electrolyte solution during oxidation-reduction reaction start and vanadium ion concentration in anolyte is 1.5 mol/L or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium-manganese-nickel-cobalt-type complex oxide is of formula: LiMn1/3Ni1/3Co1/3O2. The total amount of ternary complex oxides of lithium-manganese-nickel, lithium-manganese-cobalt, and lithium-nickel-cobalt in the lithium-manganese-nickel-cobalt-type complex oxide is 7 %mass or less. The lithium compound is lithium carbonate. The manganese compound is manganese oxide. The nickel compound is nickel hydroxide. The cobalt compound is cobalt oxide. Preferred Process: The mixture is calcined at a temperature of 550-900 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The first mediator comprises first arene e.g. polyaromatic hydrocarbon and biphenyl, and second arene selected from a group consisting of biphenyl, methylnaphthalene, naphthalene, acenaphthalyne, pyrene, anthracene, coronene, perylene, tetracene, fluorene, azulene and chrysene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The tungsten compound and/or molybdenum compound are/is lithium complex oxide. The tungsten compound and/or molybdenum compound are/is preferably attached to the surface of the carbon material. The negative electrode further contains silicon compound as negative electrode active material. The content of tungsten compound and/or molybdenum compound is 0.1-1.5 mol% with respect to lithium-containing transition metal oxide. The lithium containing transition metal oxide is oxide of formula: LiaNixM1-xO2. The nonaqueous electrolyte contains 0.5-5 %mass fluoroethylene carbonate.M=Co, Mn or Al;anda=0.8-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solar cells are made of gallium arsenide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The manufacture of nickel cobalt composite hydroxide involves controlling average particle diameter of the nucleus produced in the nucleation process to 2 mu m or less, controlling cobalt ion content rate in the metal ion to less than 40 mol%. The ratio of the sum of the metal number of atoms other than lithium contained in lithium mixture and the number of atoms of lithium which prepares lithium mixture is 1:0.95-1.50. Manufacture of positive electrode active material involves carrying out calcination process at 350-950 degrees C after mixing process and before baking process, and carrying out baking process in oxygen concentration of 18-100 vol.% in the oxidative atmosphere, heat-processing the nickel cobalt composite hydroxide particle at 105-750 degrees C before mixing process and further carrying out heat treatment process. Preferred Composition: The cobalt concentration in the high cobalt-containing portion is 70 mol% or more. Preferred Properties: The mean diameter of high cobalt-containing portion is 2 mu m or less. The plate-shaped primary particles have average length of 0.3-1.5 mu m and average thickness of 0.01-0.50 mu m. The positive electrode active material has average particle diameter of 1.70-4 mu m and specific surface area of 1-5 m2/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon carrier of platinum/carbon catalyst is mesoporous carbon-carbon composite, carbon nanotubes or carbon nanofiber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic material includes isopropanol and acetone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The binder is sulfonated block copolymer of polystyrene and copolymer of polyethylene-butylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The layered, active material is pyrolytic graphite, layered double hydroxide, layered oxide, or layered chalcogenide. The electrolyte is a mixture of aluminum halide and ionic liquid. The aluminum halide is aluminum trichloride. Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of aluminum halide to ionic liquid is 1.1 or more. The water content of the electrolyte is 1000 ppm or less. Preferred Properties : The active material has porosity of 0.05-0.95.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ionic liquid is 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The ceramic is chosen from aluminum trioxide, ferrosilicon, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, titanium carbide, titanium diboride, yttrium (III) oxide, zirconium boride, hafnium diboride, zirconium dioxide, zinc oxide, tungsten carbide, tungsten carbide, chromium diboride, boron nitride and cerium dioxide. The alloy phase carries out reverse transformation when metal ion is occluded, and thermoelastic-type diffusionless transformation when metal ion is released. The alloy phase contains 2H-type crystal structure after thermoelastic-type diffusionless transformation, and DO3-type crystal structure. The alloy phase comprises 10-35 atomic% tin, 9.0 atomic% or less titanium, 49.0 atomic% or less vanadium, 49 atomic% or less chromium, 9 atomic% or less manganese, 49 atomic% or less iron, 49 atomic% or less cobalt, 9 atomic% or less nickel, 29 atomic% or less zinc, 49 atomic% or less aluminum, 49 atomic% or less silicon, 5 atomic% or less boron, 5.0 at% or less carbon and remainder of copper and impurity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The negative electrode active substance material further contains carbonaceous powder material (B). The mass ratio of material (B) with respect to material (A) contained in the negative electrode active substance material is 0.01-0.2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The alloy phase contains copper and tin, and has 2H-type crystal structure or DO3-type crystal structure. The material (C) contains 5 atomic% or less carbon, 10-35 atomic% tin, 9 atomic% or less titanium, 49 atomic% or less vanadium, 49 atomic% or less chromium, 9 atomic% or less manganese, 49 atomic% or less iron, 49 atomic% or less cobalt, 9 atomic% or less nickel, 29 atomic% or less zinc, 49 atomic% or less aluminum, 49 atomic% or less silicon, 5 atomic% or less boron, and copper and impurity as remainder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The total mass ratio of several specific particles with respect to total mass of several specific particles and mass of binder contained in the composite particles is 95-99.5%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The alloy phase contains copper and tin, and has 2H-type crystal structure or DO3-type crystal structure. A portion of copper contained in the alloy phase is replaced by titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, zinc, aluminum, tin, boron, or carbon. The alloy phase contains 5 atomic% or less carbon, 10-35 atomic% tin, 9 atomic% or less titanium, 49 atomic% or less vanadium, 49 atomic% or less chromium, 9 atomic% or less manganese, 49 atomic% or less iron, 49 atomic% or less cobalt, 9 atomic% or less nickel, 29 atomic% or less zinc, 49 atomic% or less aluminum, 49 atomic% or less silicon, 5 atomic% or less boron, and copper and impurity as remainder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of oxygen in the oxide layer is 70 atomic% or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The alloy phase contains copper and tin, and has 2H-type crystal structure or DO3-type crystal structure. A portion of copper contained in the alloy phase is replaced by titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, zinc, aluminum, tin, boron, or carbon. The alloy phase contains 5 atomic% or less carbon, 10-35 atomic% tin, 9 atomic% or less titanium, 49 atomic% or less vanadium, 49 atomic% or less chromium, 9 atomic% or less manganese, 49 atomic% or less iron, 49 atomic% or less cobalt, 9 atomic% or less nickel, 29 atomic% or less zinc, 49 atomic% or less aluminum, 49 atomic% or less silicon, 5 atomic% or less boron, and copper and impurity as remainder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The alloy phase contains copper and tin, and has 2H-type crystal structure or DO3-type crystal structure. A portion of copper contained in the alloy phase is replaced by titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, zinc, aluminum, tin, boron, or carbon. The alloy phase contains 5 atomic% or less carbon, 10-35 atomic% tin, 9 atomic% or less titanium, 49 atomic% or less vanadium, 49 atomic% or less chromium, 9 atomic% or less manganese, 49 atomic% or less iron, 49 atomic% or less cobalt, 9 atomic% or less nickel, 29 atomic% or less zinc, 49 atomic% or less aluminum, 49 atomic% or less silicon, 5 atomic% or less boron, and copper and impurity as remainder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Manufacture of solid active material further involves adjusting the sulfuric acid concentration of the sulfuric acid solution, electrolyzing the sulfuric acid solution with respect to negative electrode side by supplying electricity supply between the vanadium-containing solution of the negative electrode side and the sulfuric acid solution of the positive electrode side of an electrolytic cell separated using a diaphragm, generating vanadium-containing sulfuric acid solution, impregnating or coating a portion of solid substance with an organic reductant, generating sulfuric acid solution containing pentavalent vanadium ion in the interior of positive electrode chamber, raising the temperature of sulfuric acid solution containing pentavalent vanadium ions, depositing vanadium(V) sulfate, drying the deposited vanadium(V) sulfate, and adjusting the sulfuric acid concentration of sulfuric acid solution containing pentavalent vanadium ions. Manufacture of electrolyte solution further involves dissolving vanadium pentoxide and sulfuric acid in electrolyte solution obtained by dissolving the solid active material, and obtaining trivalent and/or tetravalent electrolyte solution. Manufacture of vanadium battery further involves supplying pentavalent vanadium electrolyte solution to the battery positive electrode side, supplying the negative electrode side electrolyte solution to battery negative electrode side, and supplying the positive electrode side electrolyte solution to battery positive electrode side.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The step of treating is carried at 300-500 degrees C. The fluorine compound is contacted in solid state with the lithiated transition metal oxide. The fluorine compound is transferred into the gas phase by sublimation or decomposition into a salt and hydrogen fluoride before contacting with the lithiated transition metal oxide. Preferred Components: The lithiated transition metal oxide comprises 0.1-2 wt.% lithium oxide, lithium hydroxide or lithium carbonate. The lithiated transition metal oxide is a powder with an average particle diameter of the secondary particles is 1-50 mu m. The lithiated transition metal oxide is treated with 0.5-2 wt.% fluorine compound. The fluorinated lithiated transition metal oxide contains 0.01-1 wt.% lithium carbonate. EXAMPLE - 20 g Lithiated transition metal oxide (prepared by mixing nickel-cobalt-manganese hydroxide (Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1(OH)2) with lithium hydroxide, calcining under oxygen atmosphere, cooling and deagglomerating) was mixed in a mortar together with 1 wt.% ammonium fluoride and inserted into a box furnace and treated under oxygen to 410 degrees C for 1 hour. The resulting material was cooled under oxygen within 12 hours, deagglomerated in a mortar and sifted to obtain fluorinated lithiated transition metal oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cathode comprises 5-95 wt.%, preferably 40 wt.% olivine structured nanocomposite (B) with respect to total weight of olivine structured nanocomposites (A) and (B). Preferred Component: At least one of olivine structured nanocomposite (A) and (B) is coated with carbon. The inert gas environment used in the preparation of the composite comprises argon and hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The heat guide plate is made of copper or copper alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The pH of raw-material mixed solution is 8 or less. The positive-electrode active material has BET specific surface area of 2-10 m2/g. Preferred Composition: The organic acid salt of lithium is lithium acetate and/or lithium citrate. The active material has composition of formula: Li1.5(NiaMnbCoc(Li)d(X)e)Oz, where X is titanium, zirconium or niobium, e is 0.01-0.2 or e is 0.02-0.15, a+b+c+d+e is 1.5, d is 0.1-0.4, a+b+c+e is 1.1-1.4 and z is number of oxygen, and exhibits diffraction peaks at 20-23 degrees , 35-40 degrees (101), 42-45 degrees (104), and 64-65 degrees (108) and 65-66 degrees (110) measured by X-ray-diffraction measurement.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alloy phase carries out thermal-elasticity-type diffusion-less transformation during occluding metal ion, and carries out reverse transformation during releasing metal ion. The alloy phase contains 10-20 atomic% or 2-27 atomic% tin, and remainder of copper and impurity. A portion of copper in alloy phase is replaced with titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, zinc, aluminum, silicon, boron and/or carbon. The alloy phase contains 10-35 atomic% tin, and 9 atomic% or less titanium, 49 atomic% or less vanadium, 49 atomic% or less chromium, 9 atomic% or less manganese, 49 atomic% iron, 49 atomic% or less cobalt, 9 atomic% or less nickel, 29 atomic% or less zinc, 49 atomic% or less aluminum, 49 atomic% or less silicon, 5 atomic% or less boron and/or 5 atomic% or less carbon, and remainder of copper and impurity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon is chosen from 4-8C alkene and 4-8C conjugated diene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer block (B) is obtained by hydrogenating a carbon-carbon double bond of conjugated diene, and having hydrogenation rate of 30 mol% or more. The polymer block copolymer (Z) further contains polymer block (C) including structural unit derived from an aromatic vinyl compound, and does not have ion-conductive group. The content of compound (X) in the composition is 0.1-25 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of block copolymers (Z). The compound (X) is compound having 3 aromatic rings in a molecule and/or compound having 6 aromatic rings in a molecule, and the polymer which makes a phenol skeleton a repeating unit. The porosity of the porous material is 70-95%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Composition: The porous material is a nonwoven fabric.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The first polymer is at least one selected from a lithium polyacrylate, lithium polymethacrylate, poly(acrylate-co-maleic acid) lithium salt, poly(methylvinylether-alt-maleic acid) lithium salt, and poly(butadiene-co-maleic acid) lithium salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The solid electrolyte layer has thickness of 20-100 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalyst is titanium (III) chloride or titanium (IV) chloride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The co-catalyst is diethylaluminum chloride, ethylaluminum dichloride or triethylaluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (claimed): Compound (I) is prepared by mixing 0.1-0.8 g catalyst and 10-100 mL anhydrous toluene for 5-30 minutes, adding 5-100 mL co-catalyst solution, stirring for 5-30 minutes, adding 11-bromo-1-undecene, stirring at 0-60 degrees C under propylene atmosphere, sealing, polymerizing at 20-50 degrees C, adding 20-200 mL methanol, quenching, settling, filtering, adding 10-100 mL methanol, stirring for 2-8 hours, standing at room temperature for 10-50 hours, vacuum drying at 20-60 degrees C for 12-24 hours, vacuum heating at 120-220 degrees C for 1-3 minutes, pressing, crosslinking, suspending in 30-300 mL trimethylamine or dimethyl hexadecylamine solution and stirring at 45-60 degrees C for 8-24 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode active material comprises lithium tantalate having particle diameter of 0.1-1 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The separator is polyolefin-based porous membrane or porous polymer nonwoven fabric.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The battery cell comprising an electrolyte and porous anode. The electrolyte comprises yttria stabilized zirconia, scandia stabilized zirconia, strontium and magnesium doped lanthanum gallate and gadolinium, or samarium doped ceria. The porous anode comprises a cermet.The redox material comprises zirconium. The inert gas comprises nitrogen.The metal oxide comprises iron oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The method further involves impregnating solid material with organic reductant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The additive (A1) is pyrrole, aniline, alkyloxythiophene including alkylenedioxythiophene and/or dialkoxythiophene, and/or carbazole, preferably pyrrole, aniline, ethylendioxythiophene, propylenedioxythiophene, carbazole and/or dimethoxythiophene. The additive (A2) is polymerizable aromatic monomer, preferably biphenylene and/or cyclohexylbenzene. The electrolyte further comprises aprotic organic solvent and lithium guidance salt. The content of additive (A1) and additive (A2) is 0.01-0.5 wt.% and 1-5 wt.%, respectively with respect to the electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The liquid repelling layer is formed by complete fluorinated resin or fluorinated resin copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene hexafluoropropylene copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer, or polychlorotrifluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Composition: The lithium-containing impurities comprise lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide. The lithium-transition metal composite oxide core is surface-treated with fluorine-based compound chosen from ammonium fluoride, ammonium hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen fluoride, trifluoroacetic acid, and anhydrous hydrogen fluoride. The content of the lithium fluoride is 0.001-0.2 pts. wt. The thickness of the coating layer is 10-500 nm. The content of nickel with respect to the total content of transition metal comprised in the lithium-transition metal composite oxide core is 40 wt.% or more. The lithium-transition metal composite oxide core includes secondary particles. The average diameter of secondary particles is 3-20 mu m. The fluoride-based compound solution comprises water, ether and/or alcohol. The concentration of the fluoride-based compound solution is 0.005-5 M. The lithium-transition metal composite oxide is of formula: LiaNib(M1)c(M2)dO2, where a is more than 0.9 to 1.1, b is 0.5 to less than 0.9, c is 0.1 to less than 0.45, d is 0 to less than 0.15, c+d is 0.1 to 0.6, M1 is cobalt or manganese, and M2 is aluminum, titanium, magnesium, scandium, vanadium, chromium, iron, cobalt, manganese, zinc, boron, silicon, gallium, germanium, nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, zirconium, molybdenum, tungsten, ruthenium, rhodium, platinum, silver or tin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of silicon is 0-1 atomic%. The core particles are silicon particle and/or silicon oxide (SiOa) particles, where a is more than 0 to less than 2. The negative-electrode active material has multilayered structure comprising silicon layer, silicon-oxide layer and layer containing metal element(s).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The conductive carbon material is coated on FeF2.5(0.5H2O) and the conductive carbon material is chosen from multiwall nanotubes and reduced graphene oxide, and is present in an amount of 0.1-50 wt.% based on the total weight of the composite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dielectric material further comprises manganese, rare earth metal that is neodymium, and component selected from cobalt, magnesium, zinc, boron, calcium, silicon and niobium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dielectric material further comprises additives selected from X7R and X8R additives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon is chosen from 4-8C alkene and 4-8C conjugated diene. The ion-conductive group is chosen from sulfonic acid group, phosphonic acid group and their salts of formulae: -SO3M or PO3HM. The usage-amount of compound (X) is 0.01-25 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass block copolymers (Z). The usage-amount of the compound (Y) is 0.01-20 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass block copolymers (Z).M=H, ammonium ion or alkali metal ion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The block copolymer (Z) further consists of a structural unit derived from an aromatic vinyl compound, and contains a polymer block (C) which does not have ion-conductive group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The aasterisk value and basterisk value in the Lasteriskaasteriskbasterisk colorimetric system of the surface of the side which is in contact with the plating solution of foil or cathode drum of foil is 1 or less and 5 or less, respectively. The surface roughness of the surface of the side which is in contact with the cathode drum of foil is 0.50 mu m or more. The Lasterisk values in Lasteriskaasteriskbasterisk colorimetric system is 87-90.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The plating solution is a plating solution comprising dialkylsulfone, aluminum halide, and nitrogen compound chosen from ammonium halide, hydrohalide salt of primary amine, hydrohalide salt of secondary amine, hydrohalide salt of tertiary amine and quaternary ammonium salt of formula: R1R2R3R4N.X.R1-R4=alkyl;andX=counteranion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon nanostructures modified with nitrogen and/or boron is prepared using melamine or boric acid respectively. Preferred Property: The carbon nanostructure materials have hydrogen storage capacity of 6.7 wt.% at 25 degrees C under 35 bar measured with respect to mixture containing zeolite, boron or nitrogen-modified carbon nanostructures, magnesium and transition metal (nickel, cobalt, iron) alloy nanoparticles as catalysts.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The carrier is made of carbon, silica, metal oxides and metal halides.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal is selected from a group consisting of scandium, yttrium, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum, iron, ruthenium, osmium, cobalt, rhodium, iridium, nickel, palladium, platinum, copper, silver, gold, zinc, cadmium, mercury, lanthanides, actinides and blend.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The delithiated cathode additive forms a conductive additive of metal polysulfide e.g. Cobalt Sulfide Powder, copper sulphide, Titanium sulphide, Iron sulphide, Iron disulfide, Nickel sulfide, Manganese II sulphide and Molybdenum disulphide. The cathode additive is made of lithium metal sulfide e.g. lithium-Titanium-sulphide, lithium-Iron-sulphide, lithium-sulphate/copper sulfate, lithium sulphate/Copper, Lithium sulphate/Iron, Lithium sulphate/Iron sulfate, Lithium sulphate/Cobalt, Lithium sulphate/Cobalt sulfate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The cathode additive is selected from a group consisting of cobalt, copper, Nickel, Manganese, Molybdenum, Titanium and Iron. The cathode additive is a lithium containing compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst which oxidizes hydrogen is a metal, or alloy or oxide containing nickel, platinum, palladium, rhenium and/or rhodium. The hydrogenation catalyst is metal or alloy or oxide or cermet containing oxide containing nickel, platinum, rhenium and/or rhodium. Alternately, the catalyst which oxidizes hydrogen is an oxide which has a perovskite type crystal structure of formula: C'D'O3-~d or E'F11-yF'yO3-~d, or oxide which has K2NiF4 crystal structure given by formula: La2-zSrzNiO4-~d, where C' is barium, strontium, calcium, lanthanum and/or samarium, D' is zirconium and cerium or ruthenium, nickel, iron, cobalt and/or manganese, z is 0-0.5, E' is barium, strontium and/or calcium, F1 is ruthenium and zirconium and/or cerium, F' is yttrium, indium or trivalent lanthanoids and y is more than 0.10 and less than 0.80.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The positive electrode comprises lithium complex oxide (LiaMnbM1cOd) as a positive electrode active material, lithium containing phosphoric acid compound (LikM3PO4) as positive electrode active material, where M1 is nickel, cobalt, aluminum, silicon, zirconium, titanium, iron, magnesium and vanadium, a is 0-2, b is 1-3, c is 0-0.5, and d is 3-4.5, M3 is metallic element of periodic table 2-12 groups, and k is 0-1.2. The compound is hexafluoride arsenic-acid lithium compound (LiPF1(CmF2(m+1)6-l)), LiBFn(CoF2(o+1))4-n, where I is 0-6, m is 1-4, n is 0-4, o is 1-4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The first separator consists of main fiber that uses polyolefin-type adhesion fiber and microfiber using high intensity polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of lithium with respect to total content of nickel, cobalt, and manganese in the powder is 1.25-1.65.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The water-soluble organic substance used during manufacturing process is water-soluble saccharide or water-soluble protein. The addition amount of water-soluble organic substance with respect to precursor particle powder during the manufacturing process is 0.01-10 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The central section contains lithium silicate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The counter electrode comprises nickel, tin or stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The heat shrinkable film is made of polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate and PVC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The material is composed of negative electrode active material and a solvent, such as organic solvent or hydrocarbon type organic solvent, preferably hexane, a heptane, toluene, xylene and decalin. The substances having electroconductivity are either acetylene black, carbon black, a carbon nanotube, polyaniline, polyacetylene and polypyrrole.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The negative electrode material is formed by mixing the solvent with substance having binder resin, such as thermoplastic resin and a thermosetting resin. The binder resin is polysiloxane, polyalkylene glycol, PTFE, Polyvinylidene fluoride, Styrene-butadiene (SBR), SBR/Carboxymethyl cellulose, poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), poly(phenylene oxide) (PPO), PEO-PPO copolymer, a branch PEO-PPO copolymer and the alkyl borane containing polyether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The battery and the system for water electrolysis and for circulating the collected hydrogen into container for hydrogen are connected to the accumulator (5) by a means to prevent excessive charging and excessive discharging of the battery. The system for water electrolysis and for circulating the collected hydrogen into container for hydrogen, comprises an electrolyzer (8) and a compressor for circulating the hydrogen from the electrolyzer to the hydrogen container. The electrolyzer is provided with a pressure relay, whose output is connected to the compressor for circulating the hydrogen, a compensation container (11), and a jacket connected to the system of water cooling of the motor. The motor vehicle further comprises a container for oxygen, a compressor for circulating the oxygen from the electrolyzer into oxygen container, and a system for supplying the oxygen from the oxygen container to the motor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The negative electrode active material is mixed powder of graphite and silicon, or composite of graphite and silicon oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium containing compound contains Li2Mn(0.02)Ir(0.98)O3, Li2Mn(0.2)Ir(0.8)O3, Li2Mn(0.4)Ir(0.6)O3 and Li2Mn(0.6)Ir(0.4)O3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The membrane is made of a polyperfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) resin having a porous material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The copper alloy further contains a noble metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The catalytic reactor is tubular fixed bed or copper supported on zirconia in monoclinic crystalline phase. The liquid fuel is ethanol. The dehydrogenation reaction is performed at 200-380 degrees C. The liquid fuel dehydrogenation reactions form hydrogen mixtures, ethyl acetate, acetaldehyde, acetone and crotonaldehyde, methyl ethyl ketone or butanol. The output stream cooling is carried out in a heat exchanger. The formed gaseous stream is subjected to an active carbon bed to promote adsorption of residual acetaldehyde and separate hydrogen gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: In collection of scandium, neutralization precipitation is generated when the acid mine drain containing sulfur component is neutralized, and the precipitation after cleaning process is dissolved in acid, so that 10-50 wt.% slurry concentration is precipitation after the cleaning process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The oxide film is formed of alumina. The surface of the insulating layer consists of silicon nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode material further consists of carbonaceous film which covers surface of the inorganic particles. The content of carbon in carbonaceous film is 0.6-10 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass inorganic particles. Preferred Process: Manufacture process further involves drying slurry containing organic compound which is reaction product during heating, and heat-processing obtained solid in non-oxidizing atmosphere.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The phosphate is rare-earth phosphate or alkaline-earth metal phosphate, and the low valent element is element belongs to group-1 or group-2. The phosphate is lanthanum phosphate. The solid electrolyte layer comprises crystal structure orientated in direction orthogonal to the surface of sheet-like porous base material. The solid electrolyte is porous component in which the sheet-like porous base material has electroconductivity. The sheet-like porous base material is carbon paper. The electrolyte-electrode complex has region in which the solid electrolyte layer is not formed comprises electrode layer which has sheet-like porous base material. The compound comprises lanthanum trioxide and strontium carbonate. Preferred Properties: The thickness of the solid electrolyte layer is 10-300 mu m. The thickness of sheet-like porous base material is 100-500 mu m. Preferred Process: During manufacture of solid electrolyte complex, melt dissolution process is carried at temperature from room temperature to 400 degrees C, and the solid electrolyte layer is formed at 100-400 degrees C and steam partial pressure of 5x 102-2x 105 Pa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal oxides are selected from manganese oxide, copper oxide, zinc oxide, iron oxide, chromium oxide, tin oxide, niobium pentoxide, tungsten oxide, indium oxide, antimony oxide, and cerium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The active element oxide layer contains phosphorus having a concentration of 1.5-10 %mass. The copper-aluminum eutectic layer is formed between active element oxide layer and the copper material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The additive (A) is a compound of formula (I). The additive (B) is cyclic sulfone compound of formula (V). The nonaqueous electrolyte further contains additive (C) chosen from carbonate compound having carbon-carbon unsaturated bond, carbonate compound having fluorine atom, fluorophosphoric acid compound, and cyclic sultone compound. The contents of additives (A)-(C) are 0.001-10 %mass, 0.001-10 %mass, and 0.001-10 %mass, respectively.R1=group chosen from groups of formulae (II) and (III);R2=H, 1-6C alkyl, group (II) or (III);R3=halo, 1-6C (halo)alkyl, 1-6C alkoxy, or group of formula (IV);R4=1-10C alkyl, 2-10C alkenyl or 2-10C alkynyl (all optionally substituted), H, halo, -SiR7R8R9, -CO2R10, -COR11, -P(O)(OR12)2, -SO2R13, -SO2(OR14) or -B(OR15)2;R7-R9=1-10C alkyl, 2-10C alkenyl, or phenyl;R10=H, or optionally substituted 1-10C alkyl, phenyl, or -SiR7R8R9;R11=1-10C alkyl or phenyl;R12,R14,R15=H, optionally substituted 1-10C alkyl, phenyl or -SiR7R8R9;R13=optionally substituted 1-10C alkyl or phenyl;R14=R12;optionally R1+R2+C=3-7C cycloalkane or group of formula (VI);R5,R6=H, 1-10C alkyl, phenyl, or 2-12C dialkylamino;optionally R5+R6+C=3-7C cycloalkane;andoptionally R3+R4+C=R5+R6.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The regulating device is formed of stainless steel or engineering plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ion-conductive substance (A) is obtained by carrying out mechanical milling of at least 1 combination chosen from lithium sulfide, sulfur, phosphorus, and lithium iodide, sulfur, phosphorus and lithium iodide, lithium sulfide, lithium iodide and phosphorus sulfide of formula: PxSy, and lithium iodide and phosphorus sulfide of formula: PxSy, where x and y are integer which gives stoichiometric ratio. The content ratio of components (A)-(C) is 20-55:40-70:5-20.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The positive pole piece further comprises a noble metal layer formed on a surface of the hydrogen storage material layer. The noble metal layer comprises palladium, silver and gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cathode of the non-noble metal catalyst is manganese dioxide, cobalt tetroxide-carbon, nitrogen-containing grapheme or Nitrogen-containing carbon nanotubes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The conductive substrate is selected from dense conductive copper substrate, compact or dense titanium-nickel based substrate, foamed nickel substrate or porous carbon fiber felt substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent is the distilled water or alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The negative-electrode active material is carbon-based material chosen from natural graphite, artificial graphite, carbon fiber, hard carbon, carbon black, carbon nanotubes and activated charcoal, and conductive material chosen from graphite, carbon black, acetylene black, Ketchen Black (RTM: electroconductive carbon black), channel black, furnace black and lamp black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbon-based material further includes fullerene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: Aqueous binder is rubber-based binder, preferably styrene-butadiene rubber having grain size of 90-150 nm and tensile strength of 90-160 kgf.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The average particle diameter of catalyst fine particles is 3-10 nm. In the cyclic voltammogram, the sweep rate is 50 mV/second, and performed in presence of the acidic solution is 0.1-M perchloric acid aqueous solution bubbled at liquid temperature of 25 degrees C, and inert gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The dry coating is performed by using mechano-fusion method, planetary ball mill method, low rotation ball mill method, high rotation ball mill method and/or hybridization method.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of nickel in the lithium-nickel composite oxide is 70-85 mol% with respect to the total mol of metal atoms (excluding lithium). The lithium nickel composite oxide is of formula: Lia(NixM'yM''z)O2, preferably Lia(NixCoyMnz)O2, where M' is cobalt, manganese, nickel, aluminum, manganese or titanium, M'' is calcium, magnesium, aluminum, titanium, strontium, iron, cobalt, manganese, nickel, copper, zinc, yttrium, zirconium, niobium or boron, a is 0-1, x is 0.7-1, y is 0-0.3, z is 0-0.3 and x+y+z is 1. The olivine-type phosphate compound is of formula: LiMPO4, preferably LiFePO4, where M is iron, manganese, nickel, cobalt or vanadium. The content of coating layer is 0.1-10 pts. wt. (preferably, 0.5-5 pts. wt.) with respect to 100 pts. wt. of core. Preferred Properties: The core is primary and secondary particles, and has average diameter of 1-100 mu m, preferably 3-50 mu m. The average diameter of particles of the olivine-type phosphate compound is 10 nm to 1 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The negative electrode further contains a carbon nanotube. The carbon-type active material contains 2 or more of natural graphite, artificial graphite, hard carbon and non-reinforcing carbon black. The ratio of the natural graphite in the carbon-type active material with respect to total weight of the carbon-type active material is 30-80 %mass or less. The positive electrode of the battery contains lithium nickel cobalt aluminum complex oxide or lithium nickel cobalt manganese complex oxide as positive electrode active material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium-cobalt complex oxide is lithium-cobalt-nickel-manganese-aluminum-containing complex oxide (a) of formula: LiCoaNibMncAldMeO2, where M is silicon, titanium, gallium, germanium, ruthenium, lead, or tin, a is 0.65-0.85 (including 0.65 and 0.85), b is 0.05-0.25 (including 0.05 and 0.25), c is 0.03-0.05 (including 0.03 and 0.05), d is 0.005-0.02 (including 0.005 and 0.02), and e is 0-0.02 (including 0 and 0.02). The molar ratio of nickel with respect to manganese in the complex oxide (a) is 1-5 (including 1 and 5). The molar ratio of nickel with respect to aluminum in the complex oxide (a) is 10-30 (including 10 and 30). The molar ratio of nickel and manganese with respect to aluminum in the complex oxide (a) is 10-20 (including 10 and 20). The rare-earth compound is erbium trihydroxide or erbium oxyhydroxide. The oxide is boron oxide or lanthanum trioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The nonaqueous electrolyte contains fluorinated solvent chosen from fluoroethylene carbonate, fluorinated methyl propionate, and fluorinated methyl ethyl carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The silicon compound has a carbon film formed on one or more portion. The negative electrode active material particle is covered with a carbonaceous material. The ion exists at the circumference of the carbon film and/or carbonaceous material. The ion is added in the form of a metal salt and/or substitutable ammonium salt. The metal salt is lithium salt, sodium salt and/or potassium salt. The silicon compound has lithium carbonate (Li2CO3), lithium oxide (Li2O), lithium hydroxide (LiOH) and/or lithium fluoride (LiF) existing at the surface layer. The lithium compound existing inside the silicon compound is lithium silicate (Li2SiO3, Li6Si2O7 and/or Li4SiO4). The negative electrode contains the negative electrode active material and carbon-type active material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The negative electrode material further contains binder which contains carbonyl group, hydroxyl group and/or amino groups as a functional group. The binder contains carboxy methylcellulose or its alkali metal salt, polyacrylic acid or its alkali metal salt, and/or polyvinyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolytic solution contains lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Li-TFSI) and 1-methyl-3-propylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (P13-TFSI). The solid-electrolyte contains lithium-lanthanum-titanate (Li0.35La0.55TiO3). The active material molded component contains lithium-cobalt oxide (LiCoO2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Sheet: The cavity is a space in the contact bonding layer having frame shape portion in alignment with the outer periphery of sheet (10), and enclosed in the frame shape portion. The cavity is opened towards both the main surface at the side of sheet (10) and main surface at the side of sheet (30). The sheet further has an adhesion layer provided in the other main surface of sheet (30). Sheet (30) is affixed on the battery through the adhesion layer. Sheet (10) has impact resistance higher than sheet (30). Sheet (30) has electrical insulation property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The positive electrode active material further comprises heat conducting coefficient ceramic material. The ceramic material is aluminum nitride and/or silicon carbide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The open-circuit voltage is measured at 25 degrees C, or -20 degrees C to 55 degrees C. The lithium storage battery is preferably charged and discharged at a current rate of 5-50 C. The average current rate is preferably applied for a period of more than 30 seconds. Preferred Components: The lithium transition metal phosphate has an olivine structure. The lithium transition metal phosphate compound is lithium-metal phosphate complex (a). Preferred Properties: The specific surface area of lithium transition metal phosphate powder is preferably more than 30 m2/g. The lithium iron phosphate has a specific surface area of more than 30 m2/g. Preferred Definitions:    M=iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The coated electrode further comprises a solid electrolyte interface layer, formed on the carbon coating.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The carbon coating has Young's modulus of 5-200 GPa, hardness of 1-20 GPa, density of 2.23 g/cm3, and thickness of 1 nm to 1 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Solid ion conductor comprises greater than or equal to 2 particles having different average particle diameters. Composite cathode active material contains core comprising material capable of intercalating or deintercalating lithium and coating layer comprising solid ion conductor. Composite cathode active material contains less than or equal to 10 wt.%, preferably less than or equal to 6 wt.% solid ion conductor. Solid ion conductor comprises sodium super ionic conductor (NASICON)-type lithium ion conductor of formula Li1+zMaxMb2-xMcyP3-yO12 (1) or formula Li1+zMaxMb2-x(PO4)3 (2), thio-NASICON-type lithium ion conductor, garnet-type lithium ion conductor, perovskite-type lithium ion conductor, and/or lithium phosphorous oxynitride (LiPON)-type lithium ion conductor. Solid ion conductor comprises LiTi1.2Sn0.8(PO4)3, Li1.5SnTi0.5Al0.5(PO4)3, Li1.3Ti1.7Al0.3(PO4)3, LiAlO2, Li3PO4-Li4SiO4, Li1.3La0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3, and/or La0.5Li0.5TiO3. Core comprises compound of formulae Lix1Co1-yMyO2-aXa (3), Lix1NiyCozM1-y-zO2-aX60 (4), Lix1Mn2-rMrO4-aX60 (5), Lix1Co2-rMrO4-aXa (6), Lix1MeyMzPO4-aXa (7), Li(LiaMe1-a)O2+d (8), Li(LibMecM'e)O2+d (9), pLi2MO3-(1-p)LiMeO2 (10), xLi2MO3-yLiMeO2-zLi1+dM2-dO4 (11), or Li(NiyCozMn1-y-z)O2.Ma-Mb=Zn, Cd, Ni, Mn, Co, Fe, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Al, In, Ga, Y, Lu, Zr, Hf, Sn, Si, Ge, V, Nb, Ta, Sb, or As;Mc=Si or As;x=0-1;y=0-1;z=0-1;1-y-z= greater than or equal to 0;a=0-2;r=0-1;x1=0.9-1.1;b+c+e=1;e=0-0.1;d=0-0.1;p=0-1;x+y+z=1;d=0-0.33;Me=Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Al, Mg, Zr, or B;M=Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, W, Zn, Al, Si, Ni, Mn, Cr, Fe, Mg, Sr, V, or rare earth element;X=O, F, S, or P; andM'=Mo, W, Ir, Ni, or Mg.Preferred Parameters: Average particle diameter (D50) of smaller-diameter particles is less than or equal to 10 mu m. D50 of greater-diameter particles is 10-100 mu m. Preferred Definitions:    x=0-0.8;    z=0-0.8; and    a=0-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Anode contains greater than or equal to 5 wt.%, preferably 5-25 wt.% silicon-based compound. Silicon-based compound is silicon, silicon alloy of formula Si-Y1, or silicon oxide of formula SiOx (1). Nickel-based transition metal oxide has structure of formula LixCoaNibMcO2+a1 (2) or formula LixCoaNibMncO2 (4). Cathode contains greater than or equal to 65 wt.%, preferably 70-90 wt.% lithium cobalt oxide. Lithium cobalt oxide is doped with less than or equal to 20 mol.% nickel.x=0-0.2;Y1=alkali metal, alkali earth metal, Group 13 element, Group 14 element, transition metal, and/or rare earth element provided that Y1 is not Si;x=0.9-1.5;a=0-0.5;b=0-1;c=0-1;a1=-0.1-0.1; andM=Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, W, Zn, Al, Si, Ni, Mn, Cr, Fe, Mg, Sr, V, or rare-earth element.Preferred Parameters: Nickel-based lithium transition metal oxide has onset point temperature of 250-270 degrees C. Cathode has initial charging and discharging efficiency of less than or equal to 91.5%, preferably less than or equal to 88% and mixture density of greater than or equal to 3.5 g/cc. Cathode has initial charging and discharging efficiency of greater than or equal to 200 mAh/g. Nickel-based transition metal oxide primary particles have average particle diameter of 3-5 mu m. Preferred Definitions:    x=0.9-1.1, preferably 0-1.1;    a=0-0.5, preferably 0.1-0.3;    b=0.4-1, preferably 0.4-0.6; and    c=0-0.5, preferably 0.2-0.4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The admixing process further comprises admixing solvent chosen from water, methanol, acetone, ethanol, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), and dimethylformamide (DMF), with the binder precursor and the electroactive material comprising silicon and volatilizing the solvent to form the porous solid electrode material. The method further involves introducing an electrolyte (30) material into the porous solid electrode material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrically-conductive particle is chosen selected from carbon black, graphite, carbon nanotubes, and carbon fibers. The content of electrically-conductive particle, silicon, and polymeric binder is 5-30 %mass, 20-95 %mass and 2-50 %mass respectively.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The binder precursor contains reactive groups (b) chosen from an amino group, an anhydride group, and an epoxide group, to react with reactive group (a) on the functionalized surface of the electroactive material. The method further involves functionalizing a surface of the electroactive material by reacting surface with aminosilane or epoxysilane. The aminosilane contains ( gamma )-aminopropyltriethoxy silane, aminopropyltrimethoxy silane, aminopropylmethyldiethoxy silane, and/or aminopropylmethyldimethoxy silane. The epoxysilane contains trialkyloxyepoxy silane, ( gamma )-glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxy silane, and/or diethoxy(3-glycidyloxypropyl)methylsilane. The binder precursor is formed by reacting a diamine with a dianhydride to form a poly(amic acid) containing anhydride group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymeric binder is chosen from polyalkylene oxide (PAO), polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), polyimide (PI), and copolymers. The binder precursor is a polyamic acid having anhydride end groups.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Composition: The lithium battery is a lithium ion battery containing positive electrode (100), negative electrode (110) having current collector (102,112) comprising aluminum, and negative active material including soft carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The non-aqueous organic solvent contains 20-50 pts. wt. propylene carbonate. The solvent further contains ethylene carbonate, diethylene carbonate, fluoroethylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, methylethyl carbonate, methylpropyl carbonate, ethylpropyl carbonate, methyl isopropyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, dibutyl carbonate, benzonitrile, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran, ( gamma )-butyrolactone, dioxolane, 4-methyl dioxolane, N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, dimethylsulfoxide, dioxane, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, sulfolane, dichloroethane, chlorobenzene, nitrobenzene, diethylene glycol and/or dimethyl ether. The solvent contains 40-90 pts. wt. ethylene carbonate and 1-20 pts. wt. diethylene carbonate. The electrolyte further comprises 0.1-20 wt.% additive containing 1,3-propane sultone, succinic anhydride, ethenyl sulfonyl benzene, fluorobenzene, chlorobenzene, bromobenzene, iodobenzene, biphenyl, cyclohexyl benzene and/or vinylene carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic noble metal complex is 1,5-cyclooctadiene dimethyl platinum complex, ethylene bis(triphenylphosphine) platinum (0), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) platinum (0), bis(tri-tert-butylphosphine) platinum (0), cyclopentadienyl (trimethyl) platinum (IV), cyanidated platinum (II), methylcyclopentadienyl (trimethyl) platinum (IV) and/or (trimethyl) pentamethyl cyclopentadienyl platinum (IV).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of content of lithium and content of phosphorus is 3.15-3.45. The molar ratio of content of sulfur and content of phosphorus is 3.79-4. The solid electrolyte material has diffraction peak in diffraction angle 2( theta ) of 25.9 plus minus 0.3( degrees ), 29.6 plus minus 0.3( degrees ) and 38.8 plus minus 0.3 degrees , and/or 2( theta ) of 17.7 plus minus 0.3( degrees ), 25.9 plus minus 0.3( degrees ), 29.6 plus minus 0.3( degrees ) and 38.8 plus minus 0.3 degrees , in spectrum obtained by the X-ray diffraction using copper-K-( alpha ) ray. Preferred Process: Manufacture of solid electrolyte material involves press-molding the mixture (B) obtained by vitrifying the mixture (A), and crystallizing portion of mixture (B) of vitreous state by heating the press-molded mixture (B) at 280-500 degrees C, in inert gas atmosphere. The mixture (A) is vitrified by mechanochemical process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alloy is prepared by adding reducing agent to an aqueous solution containing a platinum compound, nickel compound and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide such that platinum and nickel ions are reduced.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The capsule is formed of polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoro lochia propylene, polyvinylidene fluoride-trichloroethylene, vinyl chloride resin, the polyethylene resin, polypropylene resin, the poly styrenic resin, acrylic resin and its mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of carbon film (C1) with respect to total 100 %mass alloy-based material (A1) and carbon film (C1), is 3-20 %mass. The alloy-based material (A1) is silicon oxide of formula: SiOx, where x is 0.5-1.5. The average particle diameter (D50) of the carbon particles (B1) is 2-8 times the average particle diameter (D50) of material (A1). The content of material (A1) with respect to total 100 %mass material (A1) and particles (B1) is 10-60 %mass. The carbon particles (B1) are formed by aggregating or bonding together flat-shaped graphite material. The negative electrode further contains a conductive support agent (C') which contains carbon fiber whose aspect ratio is 10-1000 and fiber diameter is 2-1000 nm and are vapor-grown carbon fiber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solvent (E1) is N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone or N,N-dimethylacetamide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The binder (D1) is polyimide or polyamidoimide. The binder material (D') is polyimide and/or precursor of polyimide and polyamidoimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Manufacture of lithium-containing metal oxide further involves performing baking process at temperature higher than the highest calcination temperature after the secondary baking process. Preferred Composition: The lithium-containing metal oxide satisfies the relation: 0.3 less than or equal to MB/(MA+MB) less than or equal to 0.8, where MA is molar fraction of lithium-containing metal oxide (A) and MB is molar fraction of lithium-containing metal oxide (B). Preferred Definitions:    M,M'=Ni.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The back-extraction agent is sodium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The extractant is an acidic extractant, preferably di-2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid or 2-ethylhexyl-mono-2-ethylhexyl sulfonic-acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The chelate resin is resin having imino diacetic acid as a functional group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The temperature of the reaction aqueous solution is 35-45 degrees C. pH value of the reaction aqueous solution at 25 degrees C is controlled to 10.5-13 by controlling ammonium-ion concentration to 5-25 g/L. The nickel manganese composite hydroxide particles are collected by overflowing the reaction aqueous solution in the reaction tank. Preferred Components: The nickel salt and manganese salt is sulfate, nitrate and/or chloride. The ammonium ion donor is ammonia, ammonium sulfate and/or ammonium chloride. The alkaline solution is sodium hydroxide aqueous solution. Preferred Properties: The average circularity of the nickel manganese composite hydroxide particle which has 70% or more of particle size of average particle diameter is 0.82 or more. The tap density of the nickel manganese composite hydroxide particle is 2.2 g/cm3 or more. The average particle diameter of the nickel manganese composite hydroxide particles and positive electrode active material is 7-25 mu m, respectively. The ratio of (d90-d10) with respect to average particle diameter which are the parameters which show the breadth of particle size distribution of the composite hydroxide particles and positive electrode active material is 0.80-1.2, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The VIA group element of the periodic table is tungsten and/or molybdenum. The lithium-containing transition metal oxide is given by the formula: Li1+aNixCoyAlzO2.y=0-0.2;z=0-0.1;andx+y+z=1.Preferred Process: The calcination temperature of the mixture is 750-950 degrees C. The baked product is washed with water to obtain the positive electrode active material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sum total content of carbon material in the adhesive porous layer is 30-95 %mass. The carbon material is chosen from acetylene black, carbon black, graphite, fullerene, graphene, carbon fiber and carbon nanotubes. Preferred Property: The half life of separator is 0 second, based on JIS L1094.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The aqueous solution used for hydrothermal treatment further contains reducing agent. Preferred Process: After hydrothermal treatment, the product is baked with lithium compound, and then baked in reducing atmosphere. Hydrothermal treatment is carried out using oxidizing agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The water soluble carbon source is a monosaccharide or polysaccharide, the monosaccharide is glucose, the polysaccharide is cane sugar, soluble starch or soluble cellulose.
Preferred Definitions:    R1-Si = EtO-Si, MeO-Si, SiO-Si, Cl-Si or CH3COO-Si; and    R4 = -CH2CH2CH2COOH, -CH2CH2CH2NHCH2CH2COOH, -CH2CH-2CH2NHCOCH2CH2COOH, -CH2CH2CH2SO3H, -CH2CH2CH2NHSO3H, -CH2CH2CH2PO3H2, -CH2CH2CH2NHC(CH3)2PO3H2, -CH2CH2CH2N(CH2PO3H2)2, -CH2CH2CH2COOCH3, -CH2CH2CN, -CH2CH2CH2NCH2CH2CN, -CH2CH2CH2COOEt, -CH2CH2CH2COONa, -CH2CH2CH2SO3NH2, -CH2CH2CH2P(O)(OEt)2 or -CH2CH2CH2NHC(CH3)2P(O)(OEt)2.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The use of 16 compounds (I) is specifically claimed e.g. organosilane compounds of formulae (HOSi(CH3)2CH2CH2COOH), ((CH3CH2O)3SiCH2CH2COOH), ((CH3CH2O)3SiCH2CN), ((CH3CH2O)3SiCH2CH2CH2COOH) and ((CH3CH2O)3SiCH2CH2CN).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The second compound further comprises acetylene black, super-conductive carbon black, conductive graphite and electric conduction carbon fiber. The lithium transition metal oxides include lithium cobalt oxide, lithium manganese oxide and lithium nickel oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The additive comprises polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl butyral acid, polyacrylic acid resins, carboxymethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose and ethyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Baking is carried out at temperature more than calcinations temperature. The lithium containing metal oxide A has spinel structure of formula: Li1+kMn2-xMxO4-r.M=nickel and/or manganese.The lithium compound (B) is lithium carbonate or lithium hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The slurry comprises a binder selected from a group consisting of PTFE, polyvinylidene fluoride, cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, carboxymethylcellulose, starch, hydroxypropylcellulose, regenerated cellulose, polyvinyl pyrollidone, tetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymers, sulfonated ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymers, styrene butadiene rubbers, fluoro-rubbers, copolymers and polymer-saponified polyvinyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The total amount of active material (a1) and active material (a2) is 10-90 %mass, preferably 40-90 %mass with respect to the amount of graphite. The amount of complex is 1-40 %mass, preferably 1-30 %mass with respect to the amount of carbon. The complex comprises matrix containing carbon and aggregate dispersed in the matrix.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic substance gas used manufacture of negative electrode active material is propane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The acidic radical containing monomeric unit contains carboxyl group, sulfonic acid group, or phosphoric acid group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The active material is selected from silicon and silicon oxide (SiOx), a silicon-containing electrode material with a silicon surface, and a silicon oxide (SiOx)-containing electrode material with a silicon oxide (SiOx) surface, where x is more than 0, but less than 2. Preferred Composition: The concentration of the polymer binder, the active material i.e. silicon, and the carbon is 1-98 wt.%, 1-80 wt.%, and 1-80 wt.%, respectively.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The poly(amic acid) compound has structure of formula (I). The polar solvent is selected from the group consisting of dimethylformamide, n-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, and dimethylacetamide. The polymer binder further is polymer unit of formula (II), where the polymer binder is capped at either end by a moiety selected from the -COOH, -OH, -CONH2, -CHO, -NH2, and oxirane moiety of formula (a)n, x, y = 1-100000;A, B1 = polymer-forming moiety;R1 = -COOH, -OH, -CONH2, -CHO, -NH2 or oxirane moiety;R2 = -C=O, -CHO, -S-S- or -NO;A = -CH2-CH2-, moieties of formulae (b)-(e) or -Si(-)(-)-O-; andB1 = moieties of formulae (b), (f)-(i) or -CH2-CH2-.. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The inorganic material of electrode comprises hydroxyls and/or metal hydrides, titanium oxides, alloys containing titanium oxide, activated carbon, carbon graphite, silicon, tin, antimony, phosphates, silicates, lamellate oxides or oxides spinels.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The solid content of positive electrode paste is 60 %mass or more. The total of content of polyvinylidene fluoride and polyvinyl acetal is 3 %mass or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sulfide solid electrolyte material does not contain metallic element belongs to 3-16 groups. The electrolyte material comprises composition containing of formula: Li5x+2y+3P1-xS4. The raw material composition comprises lithium sulfide, phosphorus and phosphorus pentasulfide.x=0-0.2;andy=0-0.225.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of lithium nitrate is 0.5-10 wt.%. The content of polysulfide compound is 0.5-5 wt.%. The polysulfide compound is of formula: LiSx, where x is 2-8. The anode is silicon anode and/or silicon-carbon composite anode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte further comprises vinylene carbonate or fluoroethylene carbonate as additive.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The slurry further contains ammonium phosphate. Preferred Property: Calcination process is carried out at 500-800 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The fine primary particle has average particle diameter is 0.01-0.3 mu m. The average particle diameter of bigger primary particles is 0.3-3 mu m. The ratio of thickness of the outer shell portion and the particle size of secondary particles is 5-47%. Preferred Process: Manufacture of positive electrode active material involves carrying out annealing treatment process after baking reaction mixture at 500-800 degrees C for 5-40 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The anode tab is made of aluminum. The cathode tab is made of nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The atom group (X) includes group chosen from groups of formulae (1)-(5). The group (i) is chosen from urethane group, urea group, allophanate group, and biuret group. Triple bond (b) is carbon-carbon triple bond and/or carbon-nitrogen triple bond. The compound (A) further has alkyleneoxy group (d). The compound (A) is of formula (7), (8) or (9). The compound (A) further has monovalent metal ion-containing group of formula (10).R1,P1,W1,Q1=2-4C alkylene;R2,P2,W2,Q2=1-10C bivalent hydrocarbyl;R3=H or 1-20C hydrocarbyl optionally substituted with heteroatom;h,i,k,j=1-40;A=-CO2- or -SO3-;M=monovalent metal ion;andm=0 or 1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alkali metal-containing particles comprise lithium-containing nanoparticles. The lithium-containing nanoparticles comprise lithium ion phosphate. The glass fiber comprise comprises disodium-iron-monofluorophosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The concentration of the yttrium is 1.0 g/L or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The silicon compound is coated or covered with carbon-type material. The coating amount of the carbon-type compound is 15 %mass or less. The lithium compound is lithium carbonate, lithium oxide lithium fluoride, lithium orthosilicate, or lithium silicate (Li6Si2O7 or Li2SiO3).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The organic polymer includes one or more fluoroethylene group, carboxyl group, hydroxyl group and/or carbonate ester groups in a molecule, and contains polyacrylic acid, its alkali metal salt, carboxymethylcellulose, its alkali metal salt, polyvinyl alcohol, polycarbonate and/or polyvinylidene fluoride. The amount of organic polymer is 0.01 %mass or more, preferably less than 5 %mass. The structure of organic polymer is island-like structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The volatile organic fatty acid is propionic acid or butyric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The cluster compound is Chevrel compound of formula: (X1)pM6A8 (IX).X1=alkali metal atom, alkaline-earth metal atom, 12 group-type metal atom, 13 group-type metal atom, 14 group-type metal atom, 3d transition metal atom, or 4d transition metal atom;andp=0-4.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The liquid is a mixture of ionic liquid comprising anions containing halogen atoms, and organic or metal cations, and contains glycol-ether compound. The anions are chosen from non-coordinating halide anions, metal halogen complex anions, halo-aluminate anions of formula: ((Al(X2)3)qX2)- (II), sulfonyl amide anions of formula: N-(-SO2R1)(-SO2R2) (III), and sulfonate anions of formula: R3-S(=O)(=O)-O- (IV). The cations are chosen from alkali-metal cations, alkaline-earth metal cations, quaternary ammonium cations of formula: R5-N+(-R4)(-R6)-R7 (V), nitrogen-containing cations of formula (VI), imidazolium ions of formula (VII), and pyridinium cations of formula (VIII).X2=halo;q=1-2;R1,R2=1-8C alkyl containing H or halo;R3=1-8C alkyl containing halo;R4-R7=optionally substituted 1-8C alkyl or 1-8C alkyloxy alkyl;R8,R9=1-8C alkyl;Y'=direct bond or methylene;R10,R11=1-8C alkyl;andR11=1-8C alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nano lithium sulfide material has primary particle size of 20-30 nm and diameter of 200-700 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The aprotic solvent is tetrahydrofuran. The lithium-based reducing agent is chosen from lithium triethylborohydride, n-butyllithium, and lithium aluminum hydride. The coating of nano lithium sulfide material is carried out in atmosphere including inert gas and carbon-containing precursor compound in a ratio of 10:1-1:10. The carbon containing precursor compound is chosen from methane, ethylene, acetylene, benzene, ethane and carbon monoxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: Coating of graphene oxide or conductive polymer is applied to the carbon-coated nano lithium sulfide material. Suspension (A) comprising graphene oxide is mixed with suspension (B) comprising carbon-coated nano lithium sulfide, super P carbon black, and polyvinylpyrrolidone binder, to form mixed composition containing 50-85 wt.% carbon-coated nano lithium sulfide/graphene oxide composite. Preferred Composition: The carbon-based polymer is chosen from polystyrene, polyacrylonitrile and poly(methyl methacrylate). The mixed composition does not contain liquid solvent. The conductive polymer is chosen from polypyrrole, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrene sulfonate), polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene, polyethylene glycol, polyaniline polysulfide and amylopectin. The carbon-coated nano lithium sulfide material composite comprising conductive polymer coating is treated with ethylene glycol, dimethyl sulfoxide, salt, zwitterion, cosolvent, acid (e.g. sulfuric acid), geminal diol, and/or amphiphilic fluoro compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The retainer part is made of material selected from a group consisting of polyethylene resin, polypropylene resin, polystyrene resin and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The elemental sulfur solution comprises carbon disulfide as a solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Catalyst includes nickel, 2nd metal and electroconductive support material containing carbon. Second metal is chosen from zinc, copper, cobalt, bismuth, indium, chromium and tin. Catalyst has chemical formula of Ni87Zn13. Amount of nickel and 2nd metal loaded to electroconductive support material is greater than or equal to 20 wt.%, preferably greater than or equal to 60 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Property: The aluminum plate has surface arithmetic mean roughness of 0.2 mu m or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Parameters: Thermoplastic resin film has tensile yield strength of 15-25 MPa in film extrusion direction, tensile yield strength of 15-25 MPa in direction orthogonal to film extrusion direction, tensile yield strength of 15-25 MPa in direction of right angle of 45 degrees with respect to film extrusion direction, and tensile yield strength of 15-25 MPa in direction of left angle of 45 degrees with respect to film extrusion direction. Film satisfies relational expressions W divide by V= greater than or equal to 0.85, X divide by V= greater than or equal to 0.88, and Y divide by V= greater than or equal to 0.88, where V is tensile yield strength of thermoplastic resin film in film extrusion direction, W is tensile yield strength of thermoplastic resin film in direction orthogonal to film extrusion direction, X is tensile yield strength of thermoplastic resin film in direction of right angle of 45 degrees with respect to film extrusion direction, and Y is tensile yield strength of thermoplastic resin film in direction of left angle of 45 degrees with respect to film extrusion direction. Preferred Components: Thermoplastic resin film layer is layer with layered structure containing greater than or equal to 2 polymers chosen from polypropylene homopolymer, polypropylene block copolymer, polypropylene random copolymer, and/or ethylene-propylene copolymer rubber. Thermoplastic resin film layer is laminated film formed by laminating coating layer containing random copolymer of polypropylene on both surfaces of middle layer containing block copolymer of polypropylene. Thermoplastic resin film layer is laminated film formed by laminating coating layer on both surfaces of middle layer containing homopolymer of polypropylene and ethylene-propylene copolymer rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Property: The thickness of oxide layer is 3-15 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of electroconductive substance in the silicon oxide particles is 1-30 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The silicon-containing alloy includes silicon-titanium-germanium alloy (SixTiyGezAa, where x, y, and z are more than 0 and less than 100, a is 0 or more and less than 0.5, x+y+z+a=100, and A is unavoidable impurity), silicon-titanium-zinc alloy (SixTiyZnzAa), silicon-titanium-tin alloy (SixTiySnzAa), silicon-tin-aluminum alloy (SixSnyAlzAa), silicon-tin-vanadium alloy (SixSnyVzAa), silicon-tin-carbon alloy (SixSnyCzAa), silicon-zinc-vanadium alloy (SixZnyVzAa), silicon-zinc-tin alloy (SixZnySnzAa), silicon-zinc-aluminum alloy (SixZnyAlzAa), silicon-zinc-carbon alloy (SixZnyCzAa), silicon-aluminum-carbon alloy (SixAlyCzAa) and silicon-aluminum-niobium alloy (SixAlyNbzAa).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer is poly (meth)acrylic acid. The polymer has number average molecular weight of 5000 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The particles contained in the positive electrode active material comprise a composition containing lithium-metal complex oxide (a) of formula: LixM1O2 or Lix(M1,M2)O2, where x is 0.5-1.1, M1 is transition metal element chosen from nickel, manganese, and cobalt, and M2 is an element chosen from magnesium, aluminum, silicon, calcium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, iron, copper, zinc, gallium, germanium, strontium, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, silver, tin, antimony, tellurium, barium, and bismuth. The complex oxide (a) is preferably of formula: Lip(Nix,Coy,Alz)O2, where p is 0.9-1.3 (including 0.9 and 1.3), x is 0.6-0.9, y is 0.1-0.3 (including 0.3), z is 0-0.2 (including 0 and 0.2), and x+y+z is 1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of complex in the negative mix layer is 2-20 %mass with respect to total mass of complex and graphite. The electroconductive material contained in the conductive layer of nonaqueous secondary battery is chosen from carbon black, carbon nanotubes, vapor growth carbon fibers, hardly-graphitized carbon, artificial graphite, and natural graphite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The porous layer of separator contains a resin and inorganic filler.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The average primary particle diameter of the composite oxide is 10-150 nm. The ratio (I(020)/I(003)) is preferably 0.01 or more. Preferred Components: The composite oxide is in the form of spherical particles. The spherical particles of the composite oxide forms aggregate having 3-dimensional meshwork structure. Alternately, mixture of manganese compound particles having an average primary particle diameter of 5-120 nm, transition metal salt, lithium salt and flux, or mixture of lithium salt, flux, and precursor oxide particles comprising manganese and transition metals (Me') and having average primary particle diameter of 5-120 nm and/or precursor hydroxide particles, is heat-processed during manufacture of positive-electrode active material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The used molasses is cane or beet molasses. Preferred Process: After calcination, the silica matrix is removed using 35 %mass hydrofluoric acid, and the material is washed with water until neutral, and dried.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The silicon microcrystals preferably contain 33-65 %mass silicon, 3-10 %mass manganese, 5-15 %mass aluminum, and 20-50 %mass copper. The mass ratio of manganese with respect to silicon is preferably 0.05-0.4.
Preferred Definitions:    M(power)(n+)=alkali metal cation or alkaline earth metal cation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium dendrite-reduction layer comprises trifluoromethanesulfonate. The electrochemical active material in the negative electrode comprises amorphous graphite, crystalline graphite, carbonaceous material, lithium metal, lithium-metal alloy, titanate, silicate, silicon, silicon alloy, tin and tin alloy. The electrochemical active material in the positive electrode comprises lithium-transition metal phosphate of formula: LiMPO4 (where M is transition metal cation chosen from manganese, iron, cobalt and titanium), spinel-type lithium metal or lithium metal oxide (a) and lithium metal or lithium mixed metal oxide (b) which is different from lithium metal or lithium mixed metal oxide (a).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The metal in the lithium metal or lithium metal oxide is cobalt, manganese or nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The separator comprises polymer fibers chosen from polyethylene terephthalate, polyolefin, polyetherimide, polyamide, polyacrylonitrile, polycarbonate, polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyvinylidene fluoride and polystyrene, and support coated with alumina as inorganic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The battery further comprises anodal active material comprising lithium tantalate (Li4Ti5O12) and lithium carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The battery comprises separator formed with polyolefin-based porous membrane or porous polymer nonwoven fabric.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The oxalic acid skeleton-containing organic compound is of formula (I), isocyanate group-containing organic compound is of formula (II), lithium salt of sulfonic acid skeleton-containing organic compound is of formula (III), and succinic acid anhydride compound is of formula (IV). The lithium-transition metal composite oxide having layered rock salt structure is of formula: LiaNibCocMndXeO2, preferably lithium cobaltate of formula: LiCoO2. The cobalt-containing compound is cobalt(II,III) oxide (Co3O4), cobalt(III) oxide (Co2O3), cobalt oxide, cobalt oxyhydroxide (CoOOH) and cobalt(II) carbonate (CoCO3). The titanium-containing oxide is lithium titanate and/or titanium dioxide.X=1-6C alkyl, 2-6C alkenyl or 2-6C alkynyl;R1=1-6C alkyl, 2-6C alkenyl, 6-12C aryl, 1-6C alkyloxy, 2-6C alkenyloxy, 2-6C isocyanato alkyloxy or 6-12C aryloxy (all optionally substituted by halo), or H;Y'=1-6C alkylene in which at least 1 H is optionally substituted by halo, or 2-6C bivalent coupling group including at least 1 ether bond;R2=1-6C alkyl;M=BF3 or PF5;R3,R4=H, halo, or 1-6C alkyl optionally substituted by halo;R5=2-4C alkenyl having double bond at terminal, or 2-4C alkynyl having triple bond at terminal;X=B, Mg, Al, Si, Ti, V, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, Sr, Zr, Nb, Mo, In or Sn;a=0-1.2 (excluding 0);b-e=0-1;andb+c+d+e=1. Preferred Definitions:    M=Al, Mg, Zn, Ni, Co, Fe, Ti, Cu or Cr.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The metallic foil comprises metal selected from iron, silver, gold, copper, chromium, tungsten, aluminum, molybdenum, zinc, nickel, platinum, palladium, cobalt, indium, manganese, silicon, tantalum, titanium, tin, lead, vanadium, ruthenium, iridium, zirconium, rhodium, magnesium and/or metal alloys. The metallic foil is selected from pure iron, low-carbon steel, iron-nickel alloy, iron-copper alloy, iron-cobalt alloy, iron-chromium alloy and stainless steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The metallic foil includes plastic film layer in one-side of the foil. The plastic film layer comprises polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyimide, polyamide, polycarbonate, OCA and/or epoxy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The non-lithium metal-containing material comprises ferrocene, cobaltocene, iron pentacarbonyl, dicobaltoctacarbonyl and/or iron chloride. The fluorine-containing material comprises ammonium bi-fluoride and/or ammonium fluoride. The atomic ratio of non-lithium metal of non-lithium metal containing material and lithium of organo-metallic lithium containing material is 1:3. The atomic ratio of non-lithium metal of non-lithium metal containing material and fluorine of fluorine-containing material is 1:1. Each of nanoparticles of electrode active material comprises non-lithium metal core and lithium fluoride shell. Preferred Property: The mean particle size of nanoparticles is preferably 1-10 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organo-metallic lithium containing material contains alkyl lithium and lithium 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionate. The alkyl lithium is butyl lithium, methyl lithium and/or hexyl lithium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The material (B) is elemental silicon, silicon oxide and/or carbon material. EXAMPLE - 4.2 g Diiodomethane and 8.5 g trifluoromethanesulfonic acid silver were dissolved in 33 ml hexane, and heated-stirred at 65 degrees C for 8 hours. 5.93 g Pyridine (2-(sulfonyloxy)phenyl)sulfonate and 33 ml acetonitrile were added to the reaction solution without separating trifluoromethanesulfonate, and heated-stirred at 65 degrees C for 6 hours. The resultant reaction solution was cooled, and insoluble substance was filtered-separated. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. 300 ml Ethyl acetate was added to the residue, and washed with water. The obtained product was dried with magnesium sulfate and ethyl acetate was distilled under reduced pressure. The obtained crude product was purified in silica gel column using chloroform/ethyl acetate as eluate, to obtain 1.09 g white solid 3H-2,4,1,5-benzodioxadithiepine-1,1,5,5-tetrone with yield of 27%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode contains layered transition metal oxide for metal ion. The negative electrode contains carbon compound for metal ion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer electrolyte layer is made of organic-type polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The fiber diameter and content of the carbon nanotube in the layer is 8-25 nm and 3-30 %mass, respectively. The film thickness of the carbon nanotube content layer and clear layer is 10-50 mu m and 5-40 mu m, respectively. The average reflectance at 380-780 nm measured along laminated surface direction of the laminated material is 5% or less. The average transmittance at 380-780 nm of the base material is 5% or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Solvent mixture comprises 5-30 vol.% cyclic carbonate, 50-80 vol.% 1st non-cyclic carbonate and 2nd non-cyclic carbonate, and 5-20 vol.% linear ester. Cyclic carbonate is ethylene carbonate (EC) or propylene carbonate (PC). 1st non-cyclic carbonate is ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) of fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC). 2nd non-cyclic carbonate is dimethyl carbonate (DMC) or ethylene carbonate (EC). Linear ester is methyl butyrate (MB), methyl propionate (MP), or ethyl propionate (EP), preferably EP. Lithium salt is lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6). Electrolyte contains 0.5 wt.% LiDFOB, 1 wt.% VC, and 1.2 M LiPF6. Solvent mixture comprises 10-30 vol.% 1st cyclic carbonate and 2nd cyclic carbonate, 10-30 vol.% non-cyclic carbonate, and 50-70 vol.% linear ester. A node active material comprises titanate-based material or graphite-based material. Electrolyte produces solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer at anode. Cathode active material comprises lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide (NMC) active material, lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) active material, and/or lithium metal oxide spinel (LMO-spinel) active material. Solvent mixture comprises EC/EMC/DMC/MB with volume ratio of 20:30:40:10, FEC/EMC/MB with volume ratio of 20:20:60, FEC/EMC/MP with volume ratio of 20:20:60, FEC/EMC/EP with volume ratio of 20:20:60, or PC/EMC/DMC/MB with volume ratio of 20:30:40:10. Electrolyte is 1.2 M LiPF6 in FEC/EMC/MB and 1 wt.% LiDFOB, 1.2 M LiPF6 and 0.1 M LiDFOB in FEC/EMC/MP, or 1.2 M LiPF6 in FEC/EMC/EP and 1 wt.% LiDFOB.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Layer: The metal foil layer contains aluminum foil.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The metal foil has a chemical film in at least one surface. The heat-fusible resin layer contains polypropylene resin. The heat-resistant resin layer contains biaxially stretched polyamide film or polyester film or biaxially stretched polyester film and biaxially stretched polyamide film bonded together.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The element is arranged with a sinter material layer made of Nickel-Gold, Nickel-platinum-Gold, Silver Palladium, Gold and silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The primer layer includes hydrodispersable binder e.g. polyurethane latex or polyurethane/polycarbonate latex.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrical device is formed of alloy consisting of silicon titanium zinc (SixTiyZnzAa), silicon titanium tin (SixTiySnzAa), silicon tin aluminum (SixSnyAlzAa), silicon tin vanadium (SixSnyVzAa), silicon tin carbon (SixSnyCzAa), silicon zinc tin (SixZnySnzAa), silicon zinc aluminum (SixZnyAlzAa), silicon zinc carbon (SixZnyCzAa), silicon aluminum carbon (SixAlyCzAa) and silicon aluminum niobium (SixAlyNbzAa) where x is less than 100 greater than 0, y is less than 100 greater than 0, z is less than 100 greater than 0, A is unavoidable impurity, and a is less than 0.5 greater than equal to 0.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The silicon material is silicon-containing alloy chosen from silicon-titanium-germanium alloy (SixTiyGezAa), silicon-titanium-zinc alloy (SixTiyZnzAa), silicon-titanium-tin alloy (SixTiySnzAa), silicon-tin-aluminum alloy ( SixSnyAlzAa), silicon-tin-vanadium alloy (SixSnyVzAa), silicon-tin-carbon alloy (SixSnyCzAa), silicon-zinc-vanadium alloy (SixZnyVzAa), silicon-zinc-tin alloy (SixZnySnzAa), silicon-zinc-aluminum alloy (SixZnyAlzAa), silicon-zinc-carbon alloy (SixZnyCzAa), silicon-aluminum-carbon-alloy (SixAlyCzAa) and silicon-aluminum-niobium alloy (SixAlyNbzAa) (where A is unavoidable impurity, x, y and z are more than 0 to less than 100, a is 0-0.5 (excluding 0.5) and x+y+z+a=100).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode comprises lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide of formula: LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2, LiNi0.7Mn0.05Co0.25O2 and/or LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The core comprises secondary particles including agglomerated primary particles. The overlithiated lithium transition metal oxide is lithium-nickel-cobalt-manganese-metal oxide (Li(LiaNibCocMndMf)O2-xFx), where M is titanium, vanadium, aluminum, magnesium, chromium, iron, zirconium, rhenium, boron, germanium, ruthenium, tin, niobium, molybdenum, and platinum, a+b+c+d+f is 1, a, b, c and d are greater than 0 but less than 1, f is greater than or equal to 0 but less than 1, and x is greater tahn 0 but less than 0.1. The coating layer comprises coating particles comprising lithium vanadate. The transition metal precursor is nickel-cobalt-manganese-metal oxide (NibCocMndMf(OH)y), where M is titanium, vanadium, aluminum, magnesium, chromium, iron, zirconium, rhenium, boron, germanium, ruthenium, tin, niobium, molybdenum, and platinum, b+c+d+f is 1, b, c and d are greater than 0 but less than 1, f is greater than or equal to 0 but less than 1, and y is 2 plus minus 0.2. The method utilizes fluorine compound such as lithium fluoride, magnesium fluoride, strontium fluoride, beryllium fluoride, calcium fluoride, ammonium fluoride, ammonium bifluoride, and ammonium hexafluoroaluminate, and vanadium source such as ammonium metavanadate, sodium metavanadate, potassium metavanadate, vanadium oxide, vanadium oxytrichloride, vanadium tetrachloride, and vanadium trichloride. The lithium precursor includes lithium hydroxide and/or lithium carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium titanium molybdate is a sacrificial positive electrode. The lithium titanium molybdate comprises a metal compound-containing coating layer comprising element selected from sodium, potassium, cesium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, yttrium, lanthanum, titanium, zirconium, vanadium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, silver, gold, zinc, and aluminum. The positive metal compound comprises metal oxide, lithium-containing metal oxide and metal alkoxide. The lithium-transition metal composite oxide comprises lithium cobalt oxide, lithium nickel oxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium manganate, lithium-nickel-cobalt-manganese-oxide (Li(Nia1Cob1Mnc1)O2), lithium-nickel-cobalt-oxide (LiNii-nConO2), lithium-cobalt--manganese-oxide (LiCo1-nMnnO2), lithium-nickel-manganese-oxide (LiNi1-nMnnO2), lithium-nickel-cobalt-manganese-oxide (Li(Nia2COb2Mnc2)O4), lithium-manganese-nickel-oxide (LiMn2-zNizO4), lithium-manganese-cobalt-oxide (LiMn2-zCozO4), lithium cobalt phosphate, lithium iron phosphate, vanadium pentoxide, titanium sulfide and molybdenum sulfide, where a1, b1, c1, n is more than 0, but less than 1, and a1-b1+c1=1, a2, b2, c2, z is more than 0, but less than 2, and a2+b2+c2 = 2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The bisphenol-type resin has weight average molecular weight of 5000-300000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The binder is a particulate-form binder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The binder comprises an acrylic polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The powder of the mixture is supplied to a cylindrical electrode by a carrier gas formed by an inert gas. An arc discharge is carried out between the cylindrical electrode and counter electrode arranged opposingly, and plasma is generated. Preferred Composition: The compounding ratio of silicon in the mixture is 30-80 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The compound (B) has diameter (D90) of less than 25 mu m and diameter (D50) of 4-11 mu m. respectively. The diameter (D50) of the compound (B) is less than diameter (D50) of D50 of the compound (A). Preferred Processes: The manufacture of positive electrode active material further involves making aluminum oxide and compound containing anion chosen from divalent sulfate ion, trivalent phosphate ion and fluorine ion and lithium ion, to exist on the surface of complex oxide (I). Water is added during the mixing the compound (A) and the compound (B). Preferred Composition: The compound (A) is of formula: Nix'Coy'Mnz'M1bCO3 (A-1). The complex oxide (I) comprises lithium-nickel-cobalt-manganese-metal oxide of formula: LiaNixCoyMnzM1bOp.M1=Cr, Fe, Al, Ti, Zr, Mg, Mo, Ru, Nb, V or W;x+y+z=1;a=more than 1.2 to less than 1.6;z=0.5-0.8;b=0-0.1;p=more than 2.1 to less than 2.7;x'=0.19-0.22;y'=0.14-0.18;andz'=0.62-0.67.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The anodal active material comprises lithium tantalate and lithium carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The separator is formed with a polyolefin-based porous membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Manganese compound is preferably manganese(III) oxide. The negative electrode has active material layer (21) containing manganese compound and aluminum compound, provided on the surface of current collector foil. Manganese compounds are microparticles having particle size of 1 nm or more and 100 mu m or less. Aluminum compounds are microparticles having particle size of 20 nm or more and 1000 mu m or less. Positive electrode of lithium ion secondary battery contains lithium manganese oxide of formula: Lix'Mn(2-a-b)NiaMbO4, where M is element chosen from aluminum, magnesium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, iron, copper, zinc, gallium and niobium, x' is 0-1.1, and a and b are 0-0.6. Preferred Composition: The content of manganese compound and aluminum compound is more than 0.4 wt.% and less than 90 wt.% and more than 0.01 wt.% and less than 90 wt.%, respectively. The active material layer contains more than 0.01 wt.% and less than 95 wt.% carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Property: The rate (R) of electrode capacity is 20-90, is measured using formula: R (in %)=(positive electrode capacity/negative electrode capacity)x 100.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The active material contains graphite. The electrolytic solution contains lithium, fluorine, oxygen, and carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The binder (b2) contains styrene monomer or butadiene monomer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The film (f1) in active material layer has thickness of 2-20 nm, and contains water-soluble polymer. The active material is in a form of particles, and has specific surface area (S) of 0.2-7 m2/g. Preferred Composition: The binder (b1) contains carboxymethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, or diacetyl cellulose. The water-soluble polymer contains carboxymethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, or diacetyl cellulose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The frame is formed of a polymer material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The concentration of the lithium difluorophosphate is 0.001-10 mass%. Preferred Components: The lithium electrolyte comprises lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide and/or lithium bis(trifluoromethyl sulfonyl)imide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organophosphorus compound comprises organophosphorus compounds of formulae (I), and/or (II). The nonaqueous solvent comprises cyclic carbonate chosen from ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate and/or fluoroethylene carbonate.R1, R2, R3, R5, R6 = 2-15C alkyl, 2-15C alkenyl, 2-15C alkynyl or 6-15C aryl (all optionally substituted) or H,preferably ethenyl, ethynyl, 2-propenyl, 2-propynyl, 2-butenyl, 2-butynyl, 3-butenyl or 3-butynyl;R1+R2, R1+R3, R2+R3, R5+R6 = ring; andR4 = 1-15C alkyl or 6-15C aryl (both optionally substituted).Preferred Composition: The concentration of the organophosphorus compound is 0.01-10 mass%. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The cathode active material further comprises metal selected from tungsten, molybdenum, titanium and zirconium in the lithium-metal composite oxide component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The second lithium-composite oxide component comprises lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt-oxide components such as (Li(Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3)O2), (Li(Ni(0.5)Mn(0.2)Co(0.3)O2)) or (Li(Ni(0.6)Mn(0.2)Co(0.2)O2)).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic compound is metal halide and/or metal oxide. The heteroatom in the porous carbon material is nitrogen or sulfur. The content of sulfur and nitrogen in the porous carbon material is 3-6.5%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nitrogen (N) is 15-60% quaternary-N and 20-40% pyridinic-N. The sulfur (S) is 35-60% thiophene-S. Preferred Properties: The porous carbon material has BET specific surface area of 650-1450 m2/g, micro porosity of 0.2-0.85 cm3/g and meso porosity of 0.2-1.10 cm3/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte solution further contains electrolyte (B), dissolved in solvent (C) or ionic liquid (D). The electroconductive substance (A1) is chosen from carbon nanotube, carbon nanohorn, graphene, carbon black, fullerene, fullerene oligomer and fullerene polymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte (B) is ammonium compound (B1). The ammonium compound (B1) is chosen from ammonium salt (B11) of formula R2-N+(R1)(R3)(R4). X1- (I) and/or amidinium salt (B12) of formula (R6)N(R7)-C+(R5)-N(R8)(R9). X2-(II). The solvent (C) is an organic solvent.R1-R4=H, amino, 1-20C alkoxy, aldehyde, ether, cyclic hydrocarbyl, 1-20C hydrocarbyl optionally substituted by sulfonyl, O and/or S, and optionally containing carboxy, cyano or nitro;optionally 2 of R1-R4=ring;X1-,X2=organic acid anion and/or inorganic acid anion, preferably 1-20C organic acid anion or boric acid anion;R5-R9=H, or 1-10C hydrocarbyl optionally having hydroxy, amino, nitro, cyano, carboxy, ether or aldehyde;andat least one portion or all R5-R9=ring.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation: No general preparation given. Preferred Property: The polymer has a number average molecular weight of 1000-1 million. Preferred Composition: The active material is coated with 0.01-10 %mass polymer. Preferred Definitions:    B'=hydroxy, carboxy, sulfo, amino, phosphoric acid group, or their salts;    x/(x+y)=0.2-0.9;    A=group of formula (ii);and    R7,R8=H, or linear or branched hydrocarbyl.    EXAMPLE - Water was added to A reaction container as reaction solvent with lithio 2-methyl-2-(prop-2-enamido)propane-1-sulfonate. Further, 4 %mass azobisisobutyronitrile was added to the solution as polymerization initiator. The contents were heated for 3 hours at 60 degrees C, to obtain a polymer. The polymer coated on a positive-electrode active material. The initial stage capacity was 30 mAh and direct current resistance was 600 m( Omega ). The generated gas amount in high-temperature storage test was 0.062 mL.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The negative electrode comprises dilithium sulfide, electroconductive carbon material, binder, and two layers of active material layer comprising silicon oxide, tin oxide and hardly graphitized carbon which occlude-discharge of lithium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The binder comprises polyimide, polyamidoimide, and polyvinylpyrrolidone. The electroconductive carbon precursor is selected from phenol resin, naphthalene resin, furan resin, xylene resin, divinylbenzene resin and styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer cellulose resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon material (b) is carbon black with specific surface area (BET) of 20-1500 m2/g calculated from the adsorption amount of nitrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The composition further comprises binder and viscosifying material. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The compound (A) further comprises compound having a polymerizable unsaturated bond, which is selected from alkenyl ether compound of formula (I), alkenyl compound of formula (II), (meth)acryloyl group, and styryl group.T1-T6 = H or 1-3C alkyl; andT4+T5+T6 = ring. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of component (B) is 0.1-10 pts. wt. with respect to 100 pts. wt. component (A). The component (B) is chosen from lithium phosphate, zirconium oxide, silicon dioxide and zirconium phosphate (Zr2P and Zr3P).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of nickel with respect to nickel, cobalt and manganese in the lithium-containing complex oxide is 0.15-0.5. The molar ratio of cobalt with respect to nickel, cobalt and manganese in the lithium-containing complex oxide is 0-0.33. The molar ratio of manganese with respect to nickel, cobalt and manganese in the lithium-containing complex oxide is 0.33-0.8. The molar ratio of lithium with respect to nickel, cobalt and manganese in the lithium-containing complex oxide is 1.1-1.7. The concentration of nickel is 0.1-2 mol/kg with respect to aqueous solution of nickel sulfate, cobalt sulfate and manganese sulfate. The concentration of alkali is 0.1-2 mol/kg with respect to aqueous solution of sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The cathode active material has initial discharge capacity of 500 or more mAh.g-1 with cut-off voltage of 1.5 V, charge capacity of 80% or more of initial discharge capacity, lithium/lithium ion working potential of 2.5 V or more, voltage difference between charge and discharge of 0.5 V or less. The metals (M1,M2) have same lattice. The particles display rutile-like structure and/or monoclinic-like structure. The solid solution phase is single phase. Preferred Composition: The particles of ternary metal compound comprises single phase including solid solution. Preferred Process: Mechanochemical reaction involves ball-milling the mixture at 50-1000 rpm for 1-25 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The component has a layer made of resin material comprising thermoplastic polymer, which is selected from a group comprising polyethylenes, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyphenylene ether and polyphenylene oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reducing agent is polyimide-type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium salt comprises lithium hydroxide hydrate and/or lithium sulfate. The manganese salt comprises manganese sulfate hydrate, manganese chloride tetrahydrate, manganese nitrate tetrahydrate and/or manganese acetate tetrahydrate. The iron salt comprises iron sulfate heptahydrate, iron chloride tetrahydrate, and/or iron acetate. The phosphate is selected from hydrogen phosphate, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, and/or diammonium hydrogen phosphate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The method utilizes a reducing agent comprising ascorbic acid, citric acid, and/or glucose acid, and a carbon precursor including sucrose, ascorbic acid, citric acid and/or glucose acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The phosphorus group anion is phosphate ion (PO43-). The cathode active material comprises phosphorus group anion-doped lithium manganese oxide further doped with aluminum (LixMn2-yAlyO4-z(PO4)z), where x is 0.9-1.5, y is 0-0.1, and z is 0.001-0.02. The method utilizes a raw material selected from ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, phosphate components such as C6H18O8P2, diethyl phosphate, C6H13O9P and/or aluminum phosphate, a metal salt solution comprising aluminum raw material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The powdery lithium titanate is of formula: LixTi5O12, where x is 3.5-4.The powdery lithium titanate comprises particles (a) and particles (b) having average particle diameter of 0.5-1.0 mu m and 1.0-10 mu m, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: To-be-heated fluid supply part is has porous body.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The sealing element consists of a material selected from nitrile-butadiene rubber, fluorine rubber, ethylene propylene diene monomer (M-class) rubber (EPDM) rubber, and silicone rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The material for the clamping sleeve is an alloy having the composition: wt.% of chromium is 0.3%-0.8%, wt.% of silver is 0.1% to 0.3%, wt.% of iron is 0.04 0.12, wt.% of titanium is 0.03-0.09, wt.% of silicon is 0.01-0.05 and the remaining is copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Property: The voltage of lithium battery is 4 V or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: Binder (I) comprises polar functional group chosen from carboxylic acid group, sulfonic acid group, phosphoric acid group, and hydroxy group, or their salts. The content of repeating unit comprising the polar functional group in binder (I) is 10 mol% or less. The weight average molecular weight of binders (I,II) is 300000 g/mol or more. Binder (I) comprises a repeating unit derived from a monomer containing a polar functional group, a repeating unit derived from a vinylidene fluoride, and optionally, a repeating unit derived from fluorine-containing monomer(s) chosen from tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene, chlorotrifluoroethylene, fluorovinyl and perfluoroalkylvinylether. The content of binder (I) is 3-27 wt.% and the content of binder (II) is 45-82 wt.%. Binder (II) is a vinylidene fluoride binder. The repeating unit derived from an acryl monomer in the non-fluoropolymer binder comprises a nitrile group or a carboxyl group. The weight average molecular weight of non-fluoropolymer binder is 100000 g/mol or more, and the glass transition temperature is ?40 degrees C to 30 degrees C. The content of non-fluoropolymer binder is 5-30 wt.%. The cathode comprises 0.5-5 pts. wt. binder composition with respect to 100 pts. wt. cathode active material. The weight of cathode mixture per unit area of cathode is higher than 54 mg/cm2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Solvent is deionized water, ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, acetone, N,N-dimethylformamide or N-methylpyrrolidone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The partition is a membrane comprising gel, polymer, ceramic material, or composite of polymer and ceramic material, preferably ceramic material. The membrane is preferably lithium ion-conducting membrane comprising ceramic chosen from lithium-lanthanum-titanium oxide perovskite, lithium-aluminum-titanium-phosphorus oxide sodium-zirconium phosphate, lithium-lanthanum-zirconium oxide garnet, lithium-phosphorus sulfide solid electrolyte, and lithium-germanium-phosphorus sulfide solid electrolyte.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal contained in the anode is chosen from lithium, sodium, magnesium, aluminum, silver and copper, preferably lithium, sodium, or magnesium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The nanorod has length-thickness ratio of 1-200, length of 1-10 mu m and thickness of 50 nm to 1 mu m. Preferred Properties: The lithium transition metal phosphate has diffraction peak at angle of diffraction of 40-40.5 degrees and 47-47.5 degrees based on X-ray diffraction measurement and specific surface area of 20-80 m2/g. Preferred Process: During manufacture of lithium transition metal phosphate, thermal process is carried out under reducing atmosphere containing mixed gas of hydrogen and nitrogen with hydrogen flow rate of 5-50 L/minute and nitrogen flow rate of 250-295 L/minute.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The primary aqueous binder is chosen from styrene-butyl acrylate rubber, carboxymethyl cellulose, and hydroxypropyl cellulose. The secondary nonaqueous binder is nonaqueous binder chosen from polyvinylidene fluoride, polyacrylonitrile, acrylonitrile-containing binder, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene, and polypropylene. The coating amount of coating layer (b) is 1-5 wt.% with respect to total weight of the electrode. The coating layer (b) further contains a conducting material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon is 4-8C conjugated diene. The usage amount of the crosslinking agent (X) is 7-11 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass block copolymer (Z). The ion-conductive group is chosen from sulfonic acid of formula: -SO3M and its salt.M=H, ammonium ion, or alkali metal ion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The method further involves mixing obtained high-purity spheniscidite with lithium source, dopant, and carbon source and dissolving mixture in solvent. Preferred Properties: The crystalline spheniscidite has surface area of 20-25 m2/g. The particle size of primary particles and secondary particles is 20-80 nm and 10 mu m or less, respectively. The secondary particles have surface area of 25-35 m2/g. The primary particles have tap density of 0.8-1.4 g/mL. The electrode material has carbon content of 2.1-2.5%. The plate-shaped single-phase ammonium iron phosphate precursor has surface area of 20-25 m2/g. Preferred Composition: The iron (II) salt is selected from iron (II) sulfate, iron (II) chloride, iron (II) nitrate and their hydrate. The phosphate source is chosen from phosphoric acid, phosphorus pentoxide, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, diammonium phosphate, monosodium phosphate, disodium phosphate and trisodium phosphate. The ammonium source is chosen from ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, diammonium hydrogen phosphate, triammonium phosphate and ammonium hydroxide. The lithium source is lithium carbonate. The electrolyte comprises lithium salt and organic solvent(s). The negative electrode comprises non-graphitizable carbon, artificial graphite and natural graphite of carbonaceous materials with silicon or silicon oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent is water or compound comprising alcohol functional group. The lithium salt is chosen from lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium perchlorate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate, lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonimide), lithium bisperfluoroethylsulfonyl imide and lithium complex of formula: LiN(CFSO2)(C4F9SO2) or LiC(CF3SO2)2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Condition: Mixing in a wet jet mill is carried out at 150 MPa or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: Carbon nanotubes (2) are twined round carbon nanotubes (1). The mean diameter of carbon nanotubes (1) is 100-1000 nm and the mean diameter of carbon nanotubes (2) is 1-30 nm. Preferred Composition: The content of carbon nanotubes (2) is 1-20 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass carbon nanotubes (1).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal is iron, cobalt, manganese and/or nickel. The metal oxyhydroxide is cobalt oxyhydroxide. The catalyst further comprises a metal complex containing manganese (ion), iron (ion), cobalt (ion), copper (ion), and/or zinc (ion). The metal complex is a polynuclear metal complex. The content of metal complex is 0.1-1 part mass with respect to 1 part mass metal oxyhydroxide. The catalyst layer comprises 1-20 parts mass electroconductive material and 0.5-5 parts mass binder with respect to 1 part mass catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The ligand contained in the metal complex is an aromatic compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Metal catalyst is platinum (Pt), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), ruthenium (Ru), rhodium (Rh), palladium (Pd), osmium (Os), iridium (Ir), copper (Cu), silver (Ag), gold (Au), strontium (Sn), titanium (Ti), and/or chromium (Cr).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Amino group has structure of formula -L-N(R1)(R2). 6-30 carbon-containing aromatic hydrocarbon compound containing amino group is naphthalene compound, phenanthrene compound, pyrene compound, and/or anthracene compound containing amino group. 6-30 carbon-containing aromatic hydrocarbon compound containing amino group is compound of formulae (1)-(2), anthracene compound containing -NH2 or -(CH2)nNH2 groups, phenanthrene compound containing -NH2 or -(CH2)nNH2 groups, tetracene compound containing -NH2 or -(CH2)nNH2 groups, pentacene compound containing -NH2 or -(CH2)nNH2 groups, or triphenylene compound containing -NH2 or -(CH2)nNH2 groups. Each 100 pts. wt. carbonaceous carrier contains 0.1-50 pts. wt. 6-30 carbon-containing aromatic hydrocarbon compound containing amino group. Each 100 pts. wt. electrode catalyst contains 20-100 pts. wt. carbonaceous carrier. Carbonaceous carrier is carbon black, heat-treated carbon black, heat-treated acetylene black, activated carbon, graphite, highly pure graphite, carbon nanofibers, carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanowires, carbon nanocages, carbon nanohorns, carbon aerogel, carbon nanorings, mesoporous carbon, ordered mesoporous carbon, and/or graphene. Electrode is cathode.R1-R2=H, 1-10C alkyl, or 6-10C aryl;L=chemical bond, 2-10C alkylene, or 6-10C arylene; andn=1-10.Preferred Parameters: Electrode catalyst has ratio maximum peak intensity of D band at 1340-1360 cm-1:maximum peak intensity of G band at 1575-1600 cm-1 measured by Raman spectrometry using laser with wavelength of 514.5 nm of 0.1-1.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Metal (M) is lithium and element which does not produce an irreversible reaction, preferably copper, titanium, aluminum, molybdenum, antimony and/or nickel. The electroconductive metal particles are locally formed at the interface with silicon particles by epitaxial growth.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The flow channels extend stochastically. The storage material is present as a set of isolated pieces arranged mutually without short-range order, and the flow channels extend stochastically between the pieces. The separated pieces of the storage material have a maximum dimension of not greater than 30 mm. The respective isolated piece of the storage material has a channel penetrating the piece. The separated piece has a geometric symmetry, preferably mirror symmetry and/or a rotational symmetry. The channel extends through the isolated pieces such that symmetrical overall shape of piece and channel is formed. The pieces have at least partially the shape of a torus or cuboid arranged in the energy storage such that a piece is in surface contact at a predetermined square area with an adjacent piece. The flow channels have at least partially uniform average extending direction, preferably extend parallel to each other. The two adjacent flow channels are not spaced further apart than the mean diffusion length. The chemical storage material comprises iron and/or iron oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The hydrogenated adhesive agent is obtained by mixing the polyester resin and the polyfunctional isocyanate compound with a liquid mixture formed by mixing and stirring solvent and water. Preferred Composition: The content of water in the hydrogenated adhesive agent is preferably 4000-8000 ppm. Preferred Properties: The polyester resin has number average molecular weight of 8000-25000 and weight average molecular weight of 15000-50000. The ratio of weight average molecular weight with respect to number average molecular weight of polyester resin is 8000-25000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The element of group 5 of periodic table is tantalum. The rare-earth compound is hydroxide, oxide, oxyhydroxide, carbonic acid compound, phosphoric acid compound and/or fluorine compound, preferably hydroxide or oxyhydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The cathode is made up of carbon-based active material, silicon active material and tin-based active material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The alkaline solidification material contains cement, lime or magnesium oxide. The content rate of rare earth metal in waste sludge is 1000 ppm or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The additive (C) is a compound containing zinc. The additive (A) is oxide containing tungsten. The additive (B) is oxide containing titanium, preferably titanium oxide or meta-titanic acid. The additive (C) is oxide containing zinc. The amount of nickel oxide contained in the positive electrode material mixture is 90 %mass or more. The total amount of additives (A-C) is 2.5-15 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass nickel oxide. The mass ratio of additive (B) with respect to the additive (A) is 0.5-5. The mass ratio of additive (C) with respect to the additive (A) is 0.5-10. The nickel oxide contains metallic element integrated in the crystal structure of the nickel oxide. The metallic element is magnesium, cobalt, cadmium and/or zinc. The negative electrode contains hydrogen storage alloy which is capable of absorbing and desorbing hydrogen electrochemically. The alkali electrolyte solution is an aqueous alkali solution containing sodium hydroxide. The concentration of sodium hydroxide in the alkali electrolyte solution is 4-10 mol/dm3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compositions: 1st fluoropolymer binder is copolymer comprising repeating unit derived from tetrafluoroethylene monomer and repeating unit derived from fluorine-containing monomer which is vinylidenefluoride, hexafluoropropylene, chlorotrifluoroethylene, or perfluoroalkylvinylether. 1st fluoropolymer binder comprises polar functional group. Polar functional group comprises carboxylic acid group, sulfonic acid group, phosphoric acid group, hydroxy group, or anhydride group or their salts. 1st fluoropolymer binder is 3-27 wt.% of binder composition. 2nd fluoropolymer binder is 46-94 wt.% of binder composition. Amount of repeating unit derived from acryl monomer is 1-70 wt.%. Repeating unit derived from acryl monomer comprises nitrile group. Repeating unit derived from olefin monomer comprises conjugated diene monomer. Non-fluoropolymer binder is 3-27 wt.% of binder composition. Binder composition is 0.5-5 pts. wt. per 100 pts. wt. of cathode active material. Preferred Parameters: 1st fluoropolymer binder has average molecular weight of greater than or equal to 100,000 g/mol. 2nd fluoropolymer binder has less than or equal to 300,000 g/mol average molecular weight. Non-fluoropolymer binder has less than or equal to 100 iodine value. Non-fluoropolymer binder has - 40-30 degrees C. Cathode mixture has greater than or equal to 54 mg/cm2 unit area. Lithium battery has greater than or equal to 4 V voltage.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The expandable fluid channel is made of aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ion exchange resin is cation exchange resin or anion exchange resin. The cation exchange resin is strongly acidic styrene cation exchange resin, weakly acidic styrene cation exchange resin, strongly acidic macroporous styrene cation exchange resin or weakly acidic macroporous styrene cation exchange resin. The anion exchange resin is strongly basic styrene anion exchange resin, weakly basic styrene anion exchange resin, strongly basic macroporous styrene anion exchange resin or weakly basic macroporous styrene anion exchange resin. Preferred Method: The pretreatment of cation exchange resin is carried out by adding 5-20 g cation exchange resin with 50-100 mL 0.5-1 M hydrochloric acid solution, and stirring at 200-1000 revolutions/minute for 12-24 hours. The pretreatment of anion exchange resin is carried out by adding 5-20 g anion exchange resin with 50-100 mL 0.5-1 M potassium hydroxide alkaline solution, and stirring at 200-1000 revolutions/minute for 12-24 hours. The metal salt solution in cation exchange resin is ferrous chloride solution, ferric chloride solution, nickel nitrate solution, nickel chloride solution, cobalt chloride solution and/or cobalt nitrate solution. The metal salt solution in anion exchange resin is potassium ferricyanide and/or potassium ferrocyanide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The oxide of metal (M) is chosen from iron(II) oxide, iron(II,III) oxide, manganese oxide, manganese(III) oxide, manganese(II,III) oxide, manganese dioxide and titanium oxide. The positive electrode active material has crystal structure of lithium-iron oxyfluoride with space group of Fm-3m of cubic system. Lithium-iron oxyfluoride comprises lithium fluoride, iron(II) oxide and iron(II,III) oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of compound (I) contained in the electrolyte Solution is 0.1-10 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The positive electrode and the negative electrode are comprised from a group which consists of metal-ion containing fluoride, metal oxide, metal sulfide, metal nitride, and metallic phosphorus compound as active material. The anion is selected from the group which consists of the fluoride ion of metal-ion containing fluoride, the oxide ion of metal oxide, the sulfide ion of metal sulfide, nitride ion of metal nitride, and phosphide ion of metallic phosphorus compound. The metal-ion containing fluoride is comprised of metal fluoride and a metal oxy fluoride. The metal ion is a lithium cation. The positive electrode active material is selected from the group which consists of copper fluoride, iron fluoride, carbonyl fluoride, bismuth trifluoride, nickel fluoride, manganese fluoride, and iron-oxide-fluoride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The aryl group is comprised of a phenyl group and a naphthyl group. The secondary battery is selected from the group which consists of heteroaryl group from pyridyl group, furyl group, pyrrolyl group, and thienyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The H2 filling speed is 120 ml/minute; and SiH4 flow rate is 12 ml/minute. The microwave heating reaction is conducted at 120-140 degrees C for 5-8 minutes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The mass ratio of cobalt acetate, graphene oxide and ethylene glycol is 1-3:1.5-2.0:100-200.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The silicon agent is sodium aluminate, aluminum sulfate or aluminum hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The de-foaming agent is octanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrode comprises 1 or more carbon-based high-surface additives, preferably graphene. The cation is chosen from elements of group-I and group-II in the periodic table, preferably lithium or sodium ions.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The monomeric subunit is of formula (16)-(21). The polymer further comprises repeating units (b) derived from thiophene or furan derivative. The repeating unit (b) is of formula (22)-(27).L=linking group or chemical bond;X=O or S;andR''=H, or substituent chosen from alkyl, oxoalkyl, thioalkyl or oligooxyalkylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The vehicle has tires made of conductive rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The resistor sheet is made of graphite highly-ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG), stainless steel, nickel, chrome, nichrome, copper, aluminum and titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The common electrochemically active elemental specie is selected from the group consisting of vanadium, iron, and chromium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The binder further contains 2-50 %mass nitrile-group containing monomeric unit. The solid content concentration of the electroconductive material paste is 5-15 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The provided mineralized liquid is a heavy diesel oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The content of Au nanoparticle active component is 0.1-5 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organically-modified clay is obtained by modified clay by ammonium group. The intumescent agent is dehydrogenation material or carbide-forming material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer resin is chosen from polypropylene, ethylene-vinyl acetate, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, polyethylene, polystyrene, polyurethane, polyamide, polyethylene terephthalate and polybutylene terephthalate. The polymer-clay flame-retardant material composition further comprises compatibilizing agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Negative active material contains 5-15 wt.% graphite-silicon composite. Amount of silicon particle is 1-7.5 wt.% of negative active material. Amount of silicon particle is 15-25 wt.% of graphite-silicon composite. Graphite-silicon composite contains 55-65 wt.% graphite particle and 15-25 wt.% carbon coating layer. Preferred Parameters: Silicon particle has average particle diameter of 50-300 nm. Carbon coating layer has thickness of 0.5-1 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Non-aqueous organic solvent comprises 50-70 vol.% dimethyl carbonate (DMC). Preferred Parameters: Non-aqueous organic solvent has viscosity of 0.3-5 cP.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - An electrolyte comprises electrolyte solution that is made of lithium salt and fluoroethylene carbonate. A non-aqueous organic solvent is made of dimethyl carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The first nonaqueous binder is selected from a group consisting of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), an acrylonitrile-containing binder (X-linking agent), polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene and polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The coating layer includes the lithium carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The cathode active material is made of aluminum, boron, silicon, titanium, niobium, magnesium, calcium, chromium, iron, cobalt, copper, zinc, tin, zirconium, strontium, barium, cerium and tantalum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The first and second separation films has one among polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene / polypropylene bilayer, polyethylene / polypropylene / polyethylene triple layer, polypropylene / polyethylene / polypropylene triple layer. The binder is the polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The conductive sheet is made from steel alloy, titanium alloy, aluminum alloy or nickel alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The lithium-transition metal composite oxide contains nickel, cobalt, manganese and zirconium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The non-aqueous electrolyte contains ethylene carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate and diethyl carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The A3000-type aluminum alloy is chosen from A3003, A3203, A3004, A3104, A3005 or A3105.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The reducing agent is sodium borohydride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: Cellulose has I-type crystal structure and an aspect ratio of 50 or more. The hydroxyl group on the surface of cellulose is chemically modified, preferably the hydroxyl group of 6C-position of each glucose unit is oxidatively modified using co-oxidation agent in the presence of N-oxyl compound into aldehyde group, ketone group, or carboxyl group. The aldehyde group and ketone group are reduced by a reducing agent. The content of carboxyl group in cellulose is 1.2-2.5 mmol/g. By semicarbazide measurement, the sum total content of aldehyde group and ketone group in cellulose is 0.3 mmol/g or less. Preferred Composition: The coating liquid composition comprises 0.05-5 %mass cellulose with respect to 100 %mass solid content.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The halide is preferably bromide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The lithium-nickel-containing transition metal oxide is of formula: LiaNi1-xM1-xO2, where a is 0.9-1.2, x is greater than 0 to less than 1, and M is cobalt, manganese and/or aluminum. The group 6 element is molybdenum and tungsten, preferably tungsten. The adhesion amount of group 6 element adhered to the surface of lithium-nickel-containing transition metal oxide is 0.01-2 mol% with respect to lithium-nickel-containing transition metal oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: An aramid layer is provided in the surface of separator.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The secondary battery contains lithium metal oxide having a spinel structure as positive-electrode active material. Lithium metal oxide is of formula: LixMyMn2yO4-zAz (II), LixNiy'Mn2-y'O4 (III), LiaM'bO4-cAc (IV), or Lia'Tib'O4 (V). Lithium metal oxide (III) is preferably of formula: LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 or LiNi0.4Mn1.6O4. Lithium metal oxide (V) is lithium titanate, or of formula: Li1.33Ti1.67O4.x=0.9-1.2;y=more than 0 and less than 2;z=0 or more and less than 2;M=element chosen from aluminum, magnesium, nickel, cobalt, iron, chromium, vanadium, titanium, copper, boron, calcium, zinc, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, strontium, antimony, tungsten, titanium and bismuth;A=anion with charge of -1 or -2;y'=0.4-0.5;M'=element chosen from titanium, tin, copper, lead, antimony, zinc, iron, indium, aluminum and zirconium;b=0.2-4;a=0.1-4;c=0-0.2;a'=0.5-3;andb'=1-2.5.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: Silane compound is of formula: R1-Si(R2)(R3)-R4 (I). Silane compound (I) is hexamethyldisilazane.R1-R4=H, halo, alkylamino, dialkylamino, alkyl alcohol, 1-20C alkyl, 2-20C alkenyl, 2-20C alkynyl, 1-20C alkoxy, 1-20C alkoxycarbonyl, 1-20C acyl, 3-20C cycloalkyl, 3-18C allyl, 6-18C aryl, nitrile, silazane or phosphate, in which R1-R3 is preferably 1-20C alkyl or 1-20C alkoxy, and R4 is silazane.Preferred Composition: The content of silane compound contained with respect to total content of electrolyte is 3-11 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The tetrapod-shaped powders are made of oxides.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The heat-resistant layer contains tetrapod-shaped powders that are made of zinc, tin, mendelevium, aluminum, vanadium, zirconium, titanium and nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The tetrapod-shaped powders are made of silicon, nitrides and carbides. The negative electrode contains binder made of polyvinylidene fluoride, polyhexafluoropropylene-polyvinylidene fluoride, ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene, polychlorotrifluoroethylene, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene oxide, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, alkylated polyethylene oxide, polyvinyl ether, poly methylmethacrylate, polyethylacrylate, PTFE, polyacrylonitrile and resins. The heat-resistant layer is prepared by using solvent made of nitrogen-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, methyl isobutyl ketone, methyl ether ketone, ketone, methyl ethyl ketone, toluene, xylene, mesitylene, fluorotoluene, diflurorotoluene, trifluorotoluene, nitrogen and nitrogen-dimethylacetamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The pressing unit is plated with silicon-zinc alloy and a chromate treatment is performed on the surfaces as surface treatment to prevent corrosion and cracks due to stress.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The first active material includes hydrogen or bromine, or a solution of bromine and hydrogen bromide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Property: The thickness of the flat-shaped winding electrode assembly is 10 mm or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The filling density of the positive electrode mixture layer and negative electrode mixture layer is 2.2-3 g/cm3 and 0.9-1.5 g/cm/3, respectively. Preferred Composition: The positive electrode mixture layer includes 5 wt.% or more electroconductive agent made of a carbon material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: 2nd battery module is lead acid battery module. 2nd battery module is lithium ion battery module.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The support and the projecting element are made of epoxy resin or glass and epoxy composite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic compound is chosen from p-dicyanoquinone methide of formula (I) or its derivative, o-dicyanoquinone methide of formula (II) or its derivative, and anthraquinone methide of formula (III) or its derivative. The electrolyte solution is gel electrolyte.R1-R16=H, 1-10C alkyl, 1-10C alkenyl, 1-10C alkynyl, allyl, phenyl, halo chosen from F- or Cl-, carbonyl, cyano, amino, nitro, or ester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The aqueous carbonate solution contains potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, or ammonium carbonate. The amount of lithium-transition metal complex oxide added with respect to 1 L water during the manufacturing process is 100-2000 g. The content of sulfate radical and chlorine in the positive electrode active material is 0.2 %mass or less and 0.1 %mass or less, respectively. Preferred Process: The crystallization process is performed by mixing aqueous solution containing nickel and cobalt, and crystallizing aqueous alkali solution. The niobium-containing transition metal complex hydroxide is obtained by coating niobium compound to slurry containing transition metal complex hydroxide of formula: Ni1-a'-b'Coa'Mb'(OH)2 (III), where a' is 0.05-0.35 (including 0.05 and 0.35) and b' is 0-0.1 (including 0 and 0.1).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of content of iron to content of manganese in the composition is 3.5 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cathode active material includes lithium-transition metal oxides and sulfur compounds. The metal oxide includes aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide, tin dioxide, cerium(IV) oxide, zirconium dioxide, barium titanate and yttrium(III) oxide. The particles of metal oxide have an average particle diameter of 10100 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymerized copolymer having electron conductivity and ion conductivity, comprises at least one electron-conducting polymer including polythiophene, polyethylenedioxythiophene, polyaniline, polypyrrole and polyacetylene, or polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, polyalkylene carbonate and polyester. The polymerized copolymer is poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-block-poly(ethylene glycol). The total thickness of the double coating is 10-100 nm. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The area of primary nanoparticles is 30-50% based on the total surface area of the composite. The primary nanoparticles are particles of nickel, silicon and/or silver. Preferred Properties: The graphene nanoparticle composite has electroconductivity of 1000-3000 S/m and thermal conductivity of 5-30 W/mK.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solvent is chosen from aromatic hydrocarbon solvent, alicyclic hydrocarbon-type solvent, and petroleum solvent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of solvent in the liquid coating agent composition is 5-50000 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass elastomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The component (a) is optionally supported on a non-carbonaceous support or oxygen-evolution catalyst. The component (c) has surface area of less than 100 m2/g, and includes graphite. The catalyst layer has thickness of 1-20 mu m. The addition amount of platinum is 0.01-0.08 mg/cm2. The weight ratio of platinum in component (a) with respect to component (c) is 5:95-95:5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nonaqueous electrolyte further contains at least 1 compound chosen from arsenic acid lithium hexafluoride of formula: LiPFa(CtF2t+1)6-a and LiBFb(CuF2u+1)4-b as electrolytic salt. The nonaqueous electrolyte contains carbonate-type solvent as solvent.a=0-6;t,u=1-4;andb=0-4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte solution contains sodium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide as electrolyte. The electrolyte solution contains anion component chosen from iodine ion, tetrafluoroborate ion, hexafluorophosphate ion, bis(trifluoro methylsulfonyl)imide ion, tetrafluoropropylsulfonate ion, octafluoropentylsulfonate ion, heptafluorobutylsulfonate ion, and pentadecylfluorooctylsulfonate ion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The active material contains zinc species. The elemental metal and/or metal in metal oxide are chosen from indium, thallium, tin, bismuth, lead, and gallium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer has structural unit (A) derived from unsaturated polyalkylene glycol-type monomer (a) of formula (I), and structural unit (B) derived from unsaturated carboxylic acid-type monomer (b) of formula (II).R1=H or a 1-30C hydrocarbyl;R2=H or methyl;AO=2-18C oxyalkylene;p=0-2;q=0 or 1;r=average added mole number of oxyalkylene, 2-300;R3,R4=H, methyl, or -COOM2;R5=H or methyl;andM1,M2=H, metal, ammonium, or amino.(i) R3 and R4 are not -COOM2 simultaneously; and (ii) when R4 is -COOM2, R4 and -COOM1 optionally form acid anhydride group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of iron and manganese is 4.3 or more. The foil has thickness of 10-20 mu m and width of 1200 mm or more, at the time of completion of rolling process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Gas stream comprises hydrogen, nitrogen and/or argon and further comprises ammonia. Preferred Process: The method further involves contacting microspheres with steam to activate microspheres. The catalyst is a metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium secondary battery includes lithium titanate compound of formula Li1.33Ti1.67O4 (I).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon-based active material has a particle diameter of 1-1000 nanometers, and is selected from carbon nanotube, carbon nanohorn or carbon nanofiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal is contained in a lubrication agent comprising molybdenum sulfide or tungsten sulfide, preferably molybdenum sulfide. The content of molybdenum with respect to aluminum is 0.001-0.7 %mass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The metal material of the container and the metal material of the cover component are aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Property: The nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery is charged such that the electric potential of positive electrode is 4.6 V on lithium standard.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The lithium-cobalt complex oxide is of formula: LiCoxNiyMnzAlvGewO2.x=0.8 or more to less than 1;y=0.05-0.15;z=0.01-0.1;v=0.005-0.02;andw=0.005-0.02.A rare-earth compound is adhered to a portion of the surface of lithium-cobalt complex oxide. The rare-earth compound is hydroxide and/or oxyhydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The nonaqueous electrolyte of the battery contains a fluorinated solvent, preferably fluoroethylene carbonate, fluorinated methyl propionate, and/or fluorinated methyl ethyl carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The pores comprise water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The diameter of average major axis direction of the primary particles is 0.3-2 mu m. The lithium-rich metal complex oxide particles have peak of (110) plane derived from lithium metal oxide (020) of 2( theta ) of 20-22 degrees , in a powder X-ray-diffraction measurement. The secondary particles have average particle diameter of 3-10 mu m, maximal diameter of less than 50 mu m and tap density of 1.5-2.4 g/cm3. Preferred Composition: The inorganic acid is hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid. The slurry concentration during pickling is 100-1500 g/L.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The thickness of nickel plating layer is 2-10 nm. The thickness of copper plating layer is 0.1-5 mu m. The thickness of manganese plating layer is 0.1-5 mu m. The ratio of thickness of copper plating layer and thickness of manganese plating layer is 1 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The first component comprises element selected from the group consisting of aluminum, silver, magnesium, indium, lead, tin, antimony, zinc, and silicon. The second component comprises element selected from the group consisting of titanium, vanadium, iron, manganese, nickel, cobalt and copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Elements (M,M') are manganese, nickel and/or cobalt, and aluminum, magnesium, lithium, and/or first or second row transition metal other than manganese, nickel and cobalt. Element (M") is nickel and/or cobalt, and aluminum, magnesium, and/or first or second row transition metal other than manganese, nickel and cobalt. Preferably, element (M) is manganese, element (M') is manganese, nickel and cobalt, and element (M") is nickel and cobalt. Cobalt constitutes 1-30 atom%, preferably 20 atom% of transition metals in spinel component. The combination of manganese and nickel constitutes 70-99 atom% of transition metals in spinel component. Manganese and nickel constitute 80 atom% of transition metals in spinel component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The oxide-based coating is selected from the group consisting of: aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide, tin dioxide, titanium dioxide, vanadium pentoxide, hafnium dioxide, zirconium dioxide, and zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The oxide-based coating is composed of metal selected from the group consisting of: titanium, aluminum, tin, vanadium, hafnium, zirconium, zinc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of oxygen in the carbon material is 1.0-3.1%. The content of nitrogen in carbon material is 1.0-4.1 %. Preferred Property: The crystallite size of carbon material is 44 Angstrom or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer material is an aromatic polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium/transition metal molar ratio is preferably greater than 1.2 to less than 1.6. The content of sodium and potassium is 1000-20000 ppm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The electroconductive component (A) is resin containing foamed resin. The active material particles (B) are active material particles covered with the coating material in which surface at least one portion contains resin for coating, and conductive support agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Composition: The electroconductive component (A) is conductive fiber containing conductive fibers including nonwoven fabrics, textile fabrics or knitted fabrics, or conductive fiber which is dispersed and exists between main surfaces (11,12).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of fibrous nanocarbon is 10-60 vol.%. The porous nanocarbon layer contains elements chosen from nickel, cobalt and/or iron, in amount of 0.5-50 atomic%. Preferred Property: The largest distance between the adjacent noble metal-containing sheets is 30-400 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The anode and/or cathode comprises a gas diffusion electrode comprising carbon and/or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The alloy comprises a crystal structure of C-14- and C-15-type Laves phases. The content of C-15-type Laves phase is 10-60 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The cathode material is prepared by utilizing iron source, preferably iron acetate, manganese source, preferably manganese acetate, lithium source, preferably lithium hydroxide and phosphate source, preferably ammonium phosphate.
Preferred Definitions:    Q=Al, Ti, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Ga or Zr.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The hydroxyl-containing modified fluorocarbon resin has hydroxyl value of 30-100 mg potassium hydroxide/g. Preferred Composition: The polyol composition comprises fluorine-containing polyurethane polyol having molecular weight of 15000-35000. The fluorine-containing polyurethane bonding adhesive preferably comprises 65-92 wt.% polyol composition, 0.5-4.5 wt.% hydroxyl-containing modified fluorocarbon resin and 5-15 wt.% epoxy resin. The epoxy resin is chosen from bisphenol A epoxy resin, bisphenol F epoxy resin, butadiene epoxy resin, phenol-formaldehyde novolac epoxy resin, phenol biphenyl-formaldehyde novolac epoxy resin, phenol p-xylene formaldehyde novolac epoxy resin, phenol biphenylene formaldehyde novolac epoxy resin, phenol dicyclopentadiene formaldehyde novolac epoxy resin, benzaldehyde novolac epoxy resin, biphenyl-formaldehyde novolac epoxy resin, naphthalene-formaldehyde novolac epoxy resin, bisphenol A phenol novolac epoxy resin and resorcinol novolac epoxy resin. The conductive coating comprises polyaniline, polypyrrole and/or polythiophene. The hydroxyl-containing modified fluorocarbon resin has chemical structure of formula: (CFXCY'Z)m(CH2CHOH)n.X,Y',Z=halo or H;andm,n=more than 0.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The iron oxide nanoparticle is amorphous/crystalline iron oxide (Fe3O4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method involves utilizing inorganic acid such as hydrochloric acid or a sulfuric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cathode active material is a mixture of rhombohedral material and monoclinic material. The method utilizes a lithium source that is lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide, lithium nitrate and/or lithium acetate, and a fluorine source that is lithium fluoride, ammonium fluoride, sodium fluoride, potassium fluoride, cesium fluoride, rubidium fluoride, titanium fluoride, silver fluorides (AgF, AgF2), barium fluoride, calcium fluoride, copper fluoride, cadmium fluoride, iron fluoride, mercury fluorides (HgF2, Hg2F2), manganese fluoride, magnesium fluoride, nickel fluoride, lead fluoride, tin fluoride, strontium fluoride, xenon fluoride, zinc fluoride, aluminum fluoride, born trifluoride, bismuth fluoride, cerium fluorides (CeF3, CeF4), chromium fluoride, dysprosium fluoride, europium fluoride, gallium fluoride, gadolinium fluoride, iron fluoride (FeF3), holmium fluoride, indium fluoride, lanthanum fluoride, lutetium fluoride, manganese fluoride, neodymium fluoride, VOF3, praseodymium fluoride, antimony fluoride, scandium fluoride, samarium fluoride, terbium fluoride, titanium fluoride, thulium fluoride, yttrium fluoride, ytterbium fluoride, thallium fluoride, germanium tetrafluoride, hafnium tetrafluoride, silicon tetrafluoride, tin tetrafluoride, titanium tetrafluoride, vanadium tetrafluoride, zirconium tetrafluoride, niobium pentafluoride, antimony pentafluoride, tantalum pentafluoride, bismuth pentafluoride, molybdenum hexafluoride, rhenium hexafluoride, sulfur hexafluoride and/or tungsten hexafluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon material is selected from carbon felt, graphite felt, carbon paper or carbon cloth.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrogenated zeolite is FAU (Y-type), MFI (ZSM-5), BEA ( alpha -type), and/or ALPO (SAPO) zeolite. The transition metal is transition metal of atomic numbers 21-29, transition metal of atomic numbers 39-47, and/or transition metal of atomic numbers 57-79, preferably vanadium, manganese, iron, cobalt and/or nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium ferromanganese complex oxide has spinel-type crystal structure. Manganese in the lithium ferromanganese complex oxide has average valence of 3.5-4. The lithium ferromanganese complex oxide is of formula: Lix1Fey1Mnz1O4.x1=1.1-1.7;y1=0.05-0.5;z1=1.3-1.9;andy1/z1=0.05-0.35.Preferred Property: The lithium ferromanganese complex oxide has lattice constant of 0.8-0.82 nm. Preferred Process: The baking is carried out at 400-500 degrees C for 1-48 hours. The collection of lithium further involves contacting lithium-containing aqueous solution with a base.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The positive electrode contains an indolizine-based material. The indolizine-based material contains one of the following compounds and/or is obtained by polymerization of one or more compounds of formula (I) and/or (II).R1=a hydrogen atom or any linear or branched alkyl chain, or glycolic chain, having 1-8 carbon atoms, an ester whose alcoholic residue is an alkyl chain which is linear or branched having up to 8 carbons/an ester having up to 10 carbon atoms in all, a benzene ring, or a naphthalene ring substituted at the 1 or 2 position;R2-R5=H, methyl, branched or linear alkyl chains up to 8 carbon atoms, halogens, esters and amides preferably with 8 or less carbon atoms, alkyl and aryl nitriles preferably with 8 or less carbon atoms, nitro derivatives, sulfones and sulfoxides, perfluoroalkyl preferably with 8 or less carbon atoms, alkoxy groups preferably with 8 or less carbon atoms, dialkylamino preferably with 8 or less carbon atoms, diarylamino, phenyl, 1-naphthyl, or 2-naphthyl; andpi=a double bond, a triple bond, or double or triple bonds conjugated in a number of 2 or 3, such as a benzenic ring, a thiophenic ring, a furane ring or a pyridine ring, such rings being optionally substituted by substituents as defined for R2 to R5; andn=at least 1, and preferably equal to 1.Preferred Composition: The positive electrode or the negative electrode contains at least 50 mass% of the indolizine-based material. Preferred Process: The indolizine-based material is obtained by polymerization of indolizine compounds having structures of formulae 1-5. Preferred Definitions:    R1=Me (preferred) or C6H5; and    pi=-CH=CH-, -C6H4-, or 2,5-thienyl.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The dielectric components include material selected from polyimide, polytetrafluorethylene, and benzocyclobutene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The concentration of the lithium nickel-based oxide is 90-95 wt.%. The concentration of the lithium manganese oxide is 5-10 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The concentration of the fluoroethylene carbonate is 3-30 pts. wt. The concentration of the succinonitrile is 1-5 pts. wt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic fine particles are zirconium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The diaphragm further contains porous membrane (p2) laminated on the main surface (a2) opposite to the main surface (a1) of the porous support component, and mixed layer (m2) containing inorganic fine particles and ion exchange resin, laminated on the main surface of porous support component where porous membrane (p2) is not in contact. The mixed layer (m2) contains 10-97 wt.% inorganic fine particles and 3-90 wt.% ion exchange resin. The porous membranes (p1) and/or (p2) contain polysulfone, polyether sulfone and/or polyphenyl sulfone, and inorganic fine particles. The ion exchange resin contains fluorine-containing polymer which includes sulfonic acid group. The ion exchange resin is perfluoro ion exchange resin. Preferred Properties: The average hole diameter of porous membrane (p1) and/or porous membrane (p2) is 0.05-6 mu m. The weight of mixed layers (m1) and/or (m2) with respect to unit area is 0.01-5 mg/cm2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Component: The porous support component is nonwoven fabric or woven fabric, and/or polyphenylene sulfide fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The lid is made of plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal salts are selected from metal sulfate, and metal nitrate. The complex ion is selected between lactic acid, succinic acid, formic acid, acetic acid, dimethyl sulfoxide, methanesulphonic acid methanesulfonic acid, dimethyl sulfone, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, ethylene carbonate, ethyl acetate, glycerine, (1,3-butylene glycol), or gluconic acid. The precipitation agent is the mixture of the sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide, or lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide. The reactor performs reaction in the nitrogen atmosphere. The anode material is represented by the chemical formula i.e. LiaM1xM2yM3zM4wO2-8.M1,M2 and M3=nickel, cobalt or manganese; andM4=iron, sodium, magnesium, calcium, titanium, vanadeium, chromium, copper, zinc, germanium, lanthanum, cerium, thallium, strontium, aluminum, silver, barium, zirconium, neodymium, molybdenum, gallium, boron or phosphorus. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Property: The redox flow battery has electrical resistance of 2-6 Omega .cm at 25 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of inorganic particles is 30-70 wt.%. The inorganic particles are silica, alumina, zirconia and/or titania. Preferred Properties: The inorganic particles have number average particle diameter of 10-300 nm and BET surface area of 100-450 m2/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of polyolefin resin is 30-70 wt.%. The polyolefin resin includes polyethylene, polypropylene and/or ethylene-propylene copolymer. Preferred Properties: The polyolefin resin has weight average molecular weight of 300000-1500000 g/mol. The separator bromine permeability of 1.3-2.2 (x 10-5 cm2/minute).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The monofluoro phosphate and difluoro phosphate are lithium salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nitrile compound is propionitrile, butyronitrile, lauronitrile, succinonitrile, glutaronitrile, adiponitrile, pimelonitrile, sebaconitrile, 2-methylglutaronitrile, crotononitrile, 3-methoxy acrylonitrile and 3-methoxy propionitrile. The isocyanate compound has isocyanato group. The aromatic hydrocarbon is cyclohexylbenzene, tert-butylbenzene and tert-pentylbenzene. The fluorinated aromatic compound is fluorobenzene, difluorobenzene, trifluoro benzene, tetrafluoro benzene, pentafluorobenzene, hexafluoro benzene and benzotrifluoride. The acid anhydrides are succinic-acid anhydride, maleic acid anhydride, citraconic-acid anhydride, itaconic anhydride, acrylic acid anhydride, methacrylic acid anhydride and crotonic anhydrides. Preferred Composition: The content of the compound (I) is 0.01-10 mass% with respect to the whole quantity of the non-aqueous electrolyte solution. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The negative-electrode active material of the metal-air cell is lithium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The concentration of perfluorocarbon in the electrolyte solution is 10-60 wt.%. The electrolyte is lithium perfluoroalkylsulfonate, which is contained in a concentration of 0.5-2 mol/L in the electrolyte solution.