TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The battery is further equipped with separator arranged between positive electrode and negative electrode, where (A) when middle layer is arranged between positive electrode and separator, a part of middle layer is entrapped into positive electrode; (B) when middle layer is arranged between negative electrode and separator, a part of middle layer is entrapped into negative electrode; or (C) when middle layer contains a 1st middle layer arranged between positive electrode and separator and a 2nd middle layer arranged between negative electrode and separator, a part of 1st middle layer is entrapped into positive electrode, and a part of 2nd middle layer is entrapped into negative electrode. Middle layer is a separator or an electrolyte layer containing electrolyte solution and high molecular compound holding the electrolyte solution. Preferred Parameters: In case (A), adhesion strength of middle layer with respect to separator is larger than adhesion strength of middle layer with respect to positive electrode; in case (B), adhesion strength of middle layer with respect to separator is larger than adhesion strength of middle layer with respect to negative electrode; or in case (C), adhesion strength of 1st middle layer with respect to separator is larger than adhesion strength of 1st middle layer with respect to positive electrode, and adhesion strength of 2nd middle layer with respect to separator is larger than adhesion strength of 2nd middle layer with respect to negative electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Metal hydroxide contains aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3), magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2), magnesium silicate hydroxide (Mg3Si4O10(OH)2), and/or aluminum silicate hydroxide (Al2SiO3(OH)); and metal hydrate is hydrated alumina (Al2O3.H2O), hydrotalcite (Mg6Al2(CO3)(OH)16.4H2O), sepiolite (Mg9Si12O30(OH)6(OH2)4.6H2O), potassium aluminate silicate dihydrate (K2O.3Al2O3.6SiO2.2H2O), saponite ((Ca/2,Na)0.33(Mg,Fe2+)3(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2.4H2O), palygorskite ((Mg,Al)2Si4O10(OH).6H2O), and/or montmorillonite ((Na,Ca)0.33(Al, Mg)2Si4O10(OH)2.nH2O).n= greater than or equal to 1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Monovalent hydrocarbon group is alkyl group of carbon number 1-5, and monovalent hydroxy-containing hydrocarbon group is hydroxyalkyl group of carbon number 1-5. Polyphosphate contains ammonium polyphosphate, magnesium polyphosphate, barium polyphosphate, zinc polyphosphate, nickel polyphosphate, aluminum polyphosphate, and/or melamine polyphosphate; and melamine salt contains melamine cyanurate and/or melamine sulfate; melamine derivative contains compounds represented by each of melamine and formulae (1-1)-(1-4).