TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The step of causing the NPHAs to spontaneously assemble into a composite nanoparticle structure comprises: a process comprising film hydration, direct dissolution, nanoprecipitation, interfacial instability, dialysis, electrospray, extrusion or sonication; and dissolving the NPHAs in an organic solvent, and allowing the NPHAs to assemble into the composite nanoparticle structure. Preferred Components: The composite nanoparticle structure comprises at least 2 NPHAs, preferably at least 10 NPHAs. The hydrophobic nanoparticle is hydrophobic semiconductor quantum dots, precious metal nanoparticles, polymer nanoparticles, lipid nanoparticles, iron oxide nanoparticles, carbon nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, graphenes, fullerenes, nanowires, nanorods, and/or their derivatives, and the hydrophilic polymer is polyethylene glycol (or polyethylene oxide), polyanhydrides, poly(acrylic acids), polyacrylamide, poly(methyl vinyl ether), poly(styrene sulfonic acid), poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(2-vinyl N-methyl pyridinium iodide), poly(4-vinyl N-methyl pyridinium iodide), poly(vinylamine)poly(ethylene imine) and/or their derivatives. The hydrophilic nanoparticle is hydrophilic semiconductor quantum dots, precious metal nanoparticles, polymer nanoparticles, lipid nanoparticles, iron oxide nanoparticles, carbon nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, graphenes, fullerenes, nanowires, nanorods, and/or their derivatives. The hydrophobic polymer is poly alkyl(acrylate), polydiene, polyimidazole, polylactone and polylactide, polyolefin, polyoxazoline, polyoxirane, polypyridine, polysiloxane, polystyrene, poly vinyl anthracene/phenanthrene, poly vinyl naphthalene, poly vinylcyclohexane, poly(acrylonitrile), poly(adipic anhydride), poly(ferrocenyl dimethylsilane), poly(N-vinyl caprolactam), poly (N-vinyl carbazole), poly(vinylidene fluoride), poly(vinyl acetate), poly(1-azabicyclo(4.2.0)octane) (polyconidine), poly(1-(trimethylsilyl)-1-propyne), and/or their derivatives. The organic solvent is chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, and/or dichloromethane, the amphiphile is poly(styrene-b-ethylene glycol), poly( epsilon -caprolactone-b-ethylene glycol), poly(ethylene glycol-b-distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine), and/or a peptide amphiphile, and the hydrophobic nanoparticles is semiconducting nanoparticles, metallic nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, and/or carbonaceous nanoparticles. The composite nanoparticle structure: comprises at least one first quantum dot having a first emission wavelength and at least one second quantum dot having a second emission wavelength that is different from the first emission wavelength; comprises at least one quantum dot and at least one magnetic nanoparticle; and further comprises a functional group, where the functional group is a peptide, a polypeptide, a protein, a ligand, an antibody, DNA, and/or RNA. The NPHAs comprise a nanoparticle comprising metallic nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, and/or carbonaceous nanoparticles. The first emission wavelength is 490-560 nm and the second emission wavelength is 590-700 nm. The composite nanoparticle structure comprises: at least one first quantum dot encapsulated in the assembly structure (including micelle and vesicle types of structures), where the first quantum dot has a first emission wavelength; and at least one second quantum dot encapsulated in the micelle, where the second quantum dot has a second emission wavelength that is different from the first emission wavelength. The composite nanoparticle structure further comprises at least one additional nanoparticle encapsulated in the micelle, where the additional nanoparticle is metallic nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, and/or carbonaceous nanoparticles. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.