TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The anode comprises carbon, lithium metal, silicon, silicon oxide, tin, tin oxide, antimony, sodium and/or magnesium. The anode further comprises carbonaceous material or mixture of carbonaceous material and lithium powder. The metal (Ml) includes lithium. The metal (M2) is chosen from cesium, rubidium, potassium, barium, strontium, calcium, lithium, sodium, magnesium, aluminum, lanthanum and europium, preferably cesium. The content of cation of metal (M2) in electrolyte composition is 0.1-50 wt.% (preferably 5-30 wt.%) based on content of cation of metal (Ml). The energy storage device further has a cathode comprising lithium-metal-titanium oxide (Li4-xMxTi5O12, where M is magnesium, aluminum, barium, strontium or tantalum, and x is 0-1), manganese oxide, vanadium pentoxide, vanadium oxide, lithium-vanadium oxide, lithium-metal-phosphorus oxide (LiM'1xM'21-xPO4, where M'1 or M'2 is iron, manganese, nickel, cobalt, chromium or titanium), lithium-vanadium-phosphorus oxide (Li3V2-xM'x(PO4)3, where M' is chromium, cobalt, iron, magnesium, yttrium, titanium, niobium or cerium), lithium-vanadium fluorophosphate, lithium-metal oxide (LiM'1xM'21-xO2 or LiM'1xM'2yM'31-x-yO2, where M'3 is M'1, and y is x), lithium-manganese oxide (LiMn2-yXyO4, where X is chromium, aluminum or iron), lithium-nickel-manganese oxide (LiNi0.5-yXyMn1.5O4), lithium manganese oxide-lithium metal oxide (aLi2MnO3.(1-a)LiM11bM12cM131-b-cO2, where M11-M13 is manganese, nickel, cobalt, chromium and/or iron, a is 0.3-0.5, b and c are 0.5 or less), lithium-metal-silicon oxide (Li2M14SiO4, where M14 is manganese, iron or cobalt), lithium-metal-silicon oxyfluoride (Li2M14SO4), lithium-iron-manganese-phosphorus oxide (Li2-x(Fe1-yMny)P2O7), and chromium oxide (Cr3O8 or Cr2O5). The solid electrolyte interphase-forming additive is water. The amount of water is 100 ppm or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The surface-smoothing additive comprises an anion chosen from hexafluorophosphate, bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide, hexafluoroarsenate, perchlorate ion and bis(oxalate)borate, or hexafluorophosphate, hexafluoroarsenate, perchlorate ion, bis(oxalate)borate, tetrafluoroborate, tetrafluoroaluminate, bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, imidobis(sulfuryl fluoride), trifluoromethanesulfonate ion, difluoro(oxalato)borate, monovalent chlorine ion, monovalent boron ion, monovalent iron ion and monovalent iodine ion. The electrolyte composition further comprises solid electrolyte interphase-forming additive chosen from vinylene carbonate, fluoroethylene carbonate, vinyl ethylene carbonate, 4-methylene ethylene carbonate and water. The electrolyte composition is solution containing aprotic solvent chosen from carbonate, carboxylate, ether, lactone, sulfone, phosphate, phosphite and nitrile.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer comprises material chosen from polyethylene glycol, polyethylene oxide, poly(methyl methacrylate), polyacrylonitrile, copolymer and block copolymer. The copolymer is chosen from poly(ethylene oxide)-co-poly(propylene oxide) and poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene). The block copolymer is chosen from poly(methyl methacrylate)- beta -poly(oligo(oxyethylene)methacrylate) and poly(ethylene oxide)- beta -polystyrene. The polymer comprises gel polymer containing liquid electrolyte solution soaked in material chosen from polyethylene glycol, polyethylene oxide, poly(methyl methacrylate), polyacrylonitrile, copolymer and block copolymer. The amount of liquid electrolyte is 1-90 wt.% based on total weight of liquid electrolyte and polymer.