TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The method further involves reacting the functionalized carbon nanostructure for conversion of substituted isobenzofulvene group to substituted indane group. The functionalized carbon nanostructure is exposed to peroxide-containing reagent, resulting in epoxidation of the substituted isobenzofulvene group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon nanostructure comprises fused network of aromatic rings, optionally comprising a border in which the fused network terminates. The substituted isobenzofulvene group or substituted indane group is attached to the network via at least one ring atom of the network. Two ring atoms of the substituted isobenzofulvene group or substituted indane group form covalent bonds with two ring atoms of the network of aromatic rings. The carbon nanostructure comprises two substituted isobenzofulvene groups or two indane groups substituted with epoxide ring. The substituted isobenzofulvene group or substituted indane group is substituted with an electron-withdrawing group or electron-donating group. The carbon nanostructure is single-walled or multi-walled nanotube or fullerene. The fullerene is 36C, 50C, 60C, 61C, 70C, 76C, 84C, and theirs metal derivative and substituted derivatives. The electron donor material comprises conducting polymer, semiconducting polymer and low-band gap polymer. The device has an inverted structure. The isobenzofulvene group precursor is prepared in situ and/or has structure of formula (A).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The low-band gap polymer is poly(3-hexylthiophene), poly(2,6-(4,4-bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta (2,1-B;3,4-B ') dithiophene)-alt-4,7(2,1,3-15 benzothiadiazole)) or poly((4'-(4,8-di(2-ethylhexyloxy)benzo(l,2-b:4,5-b')dithiophen-2-yl)-2',1',3'-benzothiadiazole-6,7-diyl)-co-(4'-(4,8-di(2-ethylhexyloxy)benzo(1,2-b:4,5-b')dithiophen-2-yl)-(1-octylnonyl)-benzotriazole-6,7'-diyl)). The conducting polymer is polyaniline, polythiophene, polypyrrole, polyphenylene, polyarylene, poly(bisthiophene phenylene), ladder polymer, poly(arylene vinylene), poly(arylene ethynylene), and their metal derivatives or substituted derivatives.