TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Metal-containing precursor is chosen from acetate salts, isopropoxide salts, chloride salt, or nitrate salts in which salts contain metal of lanthanum (La), strontium (Sr), scandium (Sc), yttrium (Y), cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), cerium (Ce), gadolinium (Gd), manganese (Mn), zirconium (Zr), barium (Ba), nickel (Ni), tin (Sn), silicon (Si), vanadium (V), tungsten (W), lithium (Li), titanium (Ti), germanium (Ge), antimony (Sb), aluminum (Al), chrome (Cr), calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), silver (Ag), platinum (Pt), gold (Au) and molybdenum (Mo). Produced metal containing nanofibers and/or nanotubes are metal nanofibers and/or nanotubes, e.g. silver or platinum nanofibers and/or nanotubes, metal oxide nanofibers and/or nanotubes or Perovskite oxide nanofibers and/or nanotubes. Produced metal-containing nanofibers and/or nanotubes are metal oxide nanofibers and/or nanotubes of zirconium oxide if metal-containing precursor is zirconium acetate, zirconium isopropoxide, zirconium chloride, or zirconium nitrate, cerium oxide if metal-containing precursor is cerium acetate, cerium isopropoxide, cerium chloride or cerium nitrate, nickel oxide if metal-containing precursor is nickel acetate, nickel isopropoxide, nickel chloride or nickel nitrate, zinc oxide if metal-containing precursor is zinc acetate, zinc isopropoxide, zinc chloride or zinc nitrate, calcium oxide if metal-containing precursor is calcium acetate, calcium isopropoxide, calcium chloride or calcium nitrate, or strontium sodium silicon oxide (SNS) if metal-containing precursor mixture contains mixture of sodium acetate, sodium isopropoxide, sodium chloride or sodium nitrate, strontium acetate, strontium isopropoxide, strontium chloride or strontium nitrate, and tetramethyl orthosilicate or silicon dioxide. Produced metal-containing nanofibers and/or nanotubes are produced Perovskite oxide nanofibers and/or nanotubes of lanthanum strontium cobalt ferrite (LSCF) oxide if metal-containing precursor mixture contains lanthanum acetate, lanthanum isopropoxide, lanthanum chloride or lanthanum nitrate, strontium acetate, strontium isopropoxide, strontium chloride or strontium nitrate, cobalt acetate, cobalt isopropoxide, cobalt chloride or cobalt nitrate, and iron acetate, iron isopropoxide, iron chloride or iron nitrate, lanthanum strontium cobalt (LSC) oxide if metal-containing precursor mixture contains lanthanum acetate, lanthanum isopropoxide, lanthanum chloride or lanthanum nitrate, strontium acetate, strontium isopropoxide, strontium chloride or strontium nitrate, and cobalt acetate, cobalt isopropoxide, cobalt chloride or cobalt nitrate, lanthanum strontium manganite (LSM) oxide if metal-containing precursor mixture contains lanthanum acetate, lanthanum isopropoxide, lanthanum chloride or lanthanum nitrate, strontium acetate, strontium isopropoxide, strontium chloride or strontium nitrate, and manganese acetate, manganese isopropoxide, manganese chloride or manganese nitrate, or ceria gadolinium oxide (CGO) if metal-containing precursor mixture contains cerium acetate, cerium isopropoxide, cerium chloride or cerium nitrate, and gadolinium acetate, gadolinium isopropoxide, gadolinium chloride or gadolinium nitrate. Lanthanum, strontium, cobalt and oxide are distributed in ratio of La0.6Sr0.4CoO3-d.d=0-3.Preferred Process: Heating process is in-situ sintering process in presence of air, and gas mixture containing oxygen or pure oxygen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: Polymer is chosen from polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene oxide, poly acrylic acid, polyacrylonitrile polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, polymethyl methacrylate, polybenzimidazole or mixture of greater than or equal to 2 polymers. Solvent is chosen from water, alcohol, isopropanol, dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethylacetamide (DMAc), acetate acid, and acetone. Preferred Conditions: Heating temperature is 350-1200 degrees C, preferably 350-700 degrees C.